Taskrabbit
TaskRabbit is an online marketplace platform that connects individuals seeking assistance with local independent contractors, known as Taskers, for a variety of on-demand services including furniture assembly, home repairs, cleaning, mounting, moving help, errands, and handyman tasks.[1][2] Founded in 2008 by Leah Busque in Boston—initially under the name RunMyErrand after Busque's personal experience needing dog food on a snowy night—the company rebranded to TaskRabbit and expanded across the United States, establishing itself as a pioneer in the task-based segment of the gig economy by enabling peer-to-peer matching of freelance labor with local demand.[3][4][5] In September 2017, TaskRabbit was acquired by IKEA, which leveraged the platform to offer integrated services like furniture assembly, enhancing its utility for home-related tasks and contributing to sustained growth, as marked by milestones such as its 15th anniversary in 2023.[6][7][8] While celebrated for disrupting traditional service models through flexible, same-day access to skilled labor, TaskRabbit has encountered controversies over Tasker accountability, including disputes where the platform was not held liable for damages caused by contractors and criticisms of service inconsistencies under its "Happiness Pledge."[9][10][11]History
Founding and Early Development (2008–2016)
TaskRabbit was founded in 2008 by Leah Busque in Cambridge, Massachusetts, after she sought dog food during a snowstorm but lacked time to retrieve it herself, inspiring a platform to connect individuals needing errands completed with local "runners" available to perform them.[7][4] Initially operating as RunMyErrand, the service launched in the Boston area with an auction-style model where task posters received bids from runners, who were vetted for reliability.[12] This approach addressed a gap in on-demand, peer-to-peer task fulfillment, predating broader gig economy platforms.[13] In April 2010, RunMyErrand rebranded to TaskRabbit to better reflect its expanded scope beyond simple errands to diverse tasks like furniture assembly and virtual assistance, coinciding with a headquarters relocation from Boston to San Francisco to access Silicon Valley's talent and investor networks.[14][15] The company secured $1.8 million in seed funding in 2009, led by First Round Capital, enabling initial scaling and technology improvements.[16] By 2011, TaskRabbit raised a $5 million Series A round from investors including Shasta Ventures, Floodgate, and Baseline Ventures, which supported geographic expansion to cities such as New York and Los Angeles.[17][18] Through 2013–2016, TaskRabbit grew its tasker network and refined its platform, introducing structured categories and background checks to enhance trust and safety, while operating in over 20 U.S. markets by mid-decade.[19] Additional funding rounds, including a Series B, accumulated over $37 million total by 2016, though the company faced competitive pressures leading to a valuation down round that year to $40 million from a prior peak exceeding $100 million.[20][21] This period solidified TaskRabbit's role as a pioneer in the on-demand services sector, emphasizing flexible work opportunities amid rising demand for convenient, localized help.[22]Acquisition by IKEA and Subsequent Growth (2017–2025)
In September 2017, IKEA Group signed an agreement to acquire TaskRabbit, with the deal finalized in October of that year, allowing TaskRabbit to operate as an independent entity while leveraging IKEA's resources for expanded services, particularly in furniture assembly and home setup tasks.[23][6] The acquisition aimed to address common customer pain points in IKEA's flat-pack furniture model by integrating TaskRabbit's on-demand labor platform, following a successful pilot partnership in London stores.[8] Following the acquisition, TaskRabbit experienced accelerated growth through deeper integration with IKEA, including in-store booking options for assembly services launched in 2018, which contributed to a more than doubling of overall task bookings and an increase in furniture assembly tasks from 2% to 10% of total volume by 2019.[24] The platform expanded geographically, entering the Canadian market in September 2018 across major cities like Toronto and Vancouver, and scaling operations in over 45 markets across the US, UK, and Canada.[25] By February 2025, TaskRabbit and IKEA announced enhanced technology integrations to streamline assembly bookings across North America and Europe, enabling seamless API connections for retailers to offer on-demand services directly at purchase.[26] TaskRabbit's business segment, TaskRabbit for Business, emerged as a key growth driver post-2017, focusing on retail partnerships for installation and setup, with new integrations in 2025 including brands like Windmill, TUSHY, UPLIFT Desk, and Arcade1Up, alongside European partners such as Danetti and Millie & Jones.[27] In August 2025, the platform achieved nationwide coverage in all 50 US states, unlocking access for additional clients and taskers in underserved areas and supporting specialized tasks like nursery setups, which saw a 25% booking increase in prior years.[28][29] By September 2025, TaskRabbit introduced a Partner API to further empower retailers with customized assembly solutions, reducing customer friction and opening revenue streams through embedded service offerings.[30]Business Model and Operations
Revenue Generation and Pricing
TaskRabbit generates revenue primarily through transaction-based fees on completed tasks, deducting a service fee from payments before disbursing earnings to Taskers. The service fee is set at 15% of the task subtotal (the amount quoted by the Tasker for labor and any add-ons), which the platform retains as its commission.[31][32][33] Clients pay this subtotal plus a separate 7.5% Trust & Support fee added to the invoice, covering platform insurance, customer service, and dispute handling; this fee is not deducted from Tasker earnings but contributes to operational costs while indirectly supporting revenue stability.[34][35] Taskers establish their own hourly rates or fixed prices per task, visible upfront to clients during booking, allowing market-driven pricing without platform-set minimums beyond category guidelines.[36] Payments are processed exclusively through the platform, with TaskRabbit withholding its 15% cut post-completion and verification. Additional revenue streams include peak pricing surcharges applied during high-demand periods (e.g., holidays or events), which increase task costs by 20–50% and are retained by the platform. Taskers also incur a one-time $25 registration fee upon onboarding.[34][32] In 2024, Taskers earned over $177 million across more than 1.6 million tasks, reflecting gross transaction volumes exceeding this figure after accounting for the platform's fees; specific annual revenue figures for TaskRabbit are not publicly disclosed but derive directly from these scaled commissions. While some Taskers report effective platform takes approaching 30% when including indirect costs like payment processing, the core model remains commission-focused without subscription tiers for individual users.Tasker Recruitment, Vetting, and Compensation
Taskers, the independent contractors who perform services on the Taskrabbit platform, are recruited through an open online application process available to individuals meeting basic eligibility criteria. Applicants must be at least 18 years old, possess a valid U.S. Social Security Number (SSN) for initial background verification (which can later be updated to an Employer Identification Number), and reside or operate in one of Taskrabbit's active U.S. cities.[40] The recruitment begins with creating an account on the Taskrabbit website, followed by downloading the dedicated Tasker mobile app, where users build a profile by selecting offered services, specifying locations, verifying personal information, and defining a work area map.[2] [41] Applicants then pay a nonrefundable $25 registration fee in applicable markets and set availability slots before activation, enabling them to receive task invitations based on proximity, skills, and ratings.[2] This self-service model emphasizes flexibility, allowing potential taskers to join without formal interviews or prior experience in specific categories, though platform analytics later influence visibility in searches.[42] Vetting for taskers involves mandatory identity confirmation and criminal background screening to ensure platform safety, conducted prior to approval. All U.S. taskers undergo identity verification through third-party services, requiring upload of government-issued ID and a selfie for facial matching, with processing typically completed within two business days.[43] [41] Complementing this, Taskrabbit partners with Checkr to perform comprehensive criminal background checks, querying national, local county, and sex offender registries for convictions, with applicants able to monitor status via Checkr's portal.[44] [45] These checks focus on criminal history but do not guarantee absence of risks, as Taskrabbit explicitly states no employment vetting beyond this and relies on user ratings for ongoing accountability; certain felonies may disqualify applicants depending on recency and severity, though policies allow case-by-case reviews.[46] [45] International operations may vary, but U.S. standards prioritize these baseline safeguards without skills certifications or reference checks.[45] Compensation for taskers operates on a model where earners retain full control over pricing while the platform charges fees exclusively to clients. Taskers select from fixed-price tasks, platform-pre-set hourly rates by category, or custom self-set hourly rates, typically ranging from $20 to $89 per hour depending on task type, location, and expertise.[36] [47] Taskers receive 100% of their quoted rate, any client tips, and reimbursements for expenses like materials, with no deductions from these amounts; Taskrabbit instead levies a service fee (around 15%) plus a Trust & Support fee (5-15%) on the total client bill to cover platform operations and insurance.[48] [49] Payments process via Stripe, depositing funds to taskers' accounts within 1-3 business days post-task completion and client approval.[36] Aggregate earnings data indicate variability, with over $177 million paid out to U.S. taskers in 2024 across 1.6 million tasks, though individual income hinges on volume, ratings, and market saturation rather than guaranteed minimums.[50] High performers, such as those achieving "Elite" status by completing 50+ tasks in a category and maintaining top ratings, gain preferential search visibility to boost potential earnings.[51]Services and Features
Core Task Categories
Taskrabbit's core task categories primarily revolve around practical, hands-on services for household maintenance, assembly, and personal assistance, with furniture assembly being one of the most utilized due to partnerships like IKEA. As of 2025, the platform supports over 35 categories, allowing users to hire "Taskers" for tasks ranging from manual labor to skilled repairs, though availability varies by location and Tasker expertise.[28][52] These categories have evolved through updates, such as merging shopping and delivery into "Errands" and rebranding others for clarity, like "Painting" to "Indoor Painting" and "Yard Work & Removal" to "Yard Work."[53][54] Key categories include:- Furniture Assembly: Taskers unbox, build, and clean up after assembling items like desks, beds, and sofas, with over 890,000 such services completed, particularly for IKEA products.[1] This remains a high-demand area, often involving sustainable or complex designs.
- Mounting and Installation: Encompasses general mounting of shelves, TVs, and fixtures, as well as specialized tasks like hanging chandeliers or installing shower doors; subcategories include TV Mounting and General Mounting.[55][1]
- Cleaning: Covers home cleaning services, from routine tidying to deep cleans, addressing household maintenance needs.[55][56]
- Help Moving and Heavy Lifting: Involves transporting items, disassembling furniture for relocation, and labor-intensive tasks like loading trucks.[55][56]
- Home Repairs and Handyman Services: Includes light carpentry, patching walls, electrical help (e.g., wiring fixtures), plumbing fixes (e.g., unclogging drains), and appliance repairs, excluding major construction.[54][1][56]
- Yard Work and Outdoor Tasks: Focuses on landscaping, removal of debris, and outdoor maintenance, restructured from broader yard work categories.[55][54]
- Errands and Personal Assistance: Combines shopping, delivery, organization, and event planning, providing flexible support for daily chores.[53][57]
- Painting: Primarily indoor applications, with options for outdoor extensions in updated skills.[54]
Platform Technology and User Experience
TaskRabbit operates through a web platform and dedicated mobile applications for iOS and Android, facilitating connections between clients seeking assistance with household tasks and independent contractors known as Taskers. The core technology enables users to browse task categories such as furniture assembly, mounting, cleaning, and errands, input specific requirements, and select from available providers.[1] The system supports same-day scheduling in many locations, with booking initiated by selecting a task type, entering details like location and duration, and reviewing options for Taskers.[1] Matching occurs via an algorithm that ranks Taskers for display to clients based on criteria including availability, ratings from prior jobs, skill relevance to the requested task, and proximity.[60] Clients filter results by price, expertise, and reviews before selecting a provider, after which in-app messaging allows coordination of specifics. Payments process securely through the platform, incorporating Tasker-set rates plus a mandatory service fee of 15% to 30% depending on task value, with options for tipping post-completion.[61] Real-time features include push notifications for updates and integrated tracking for ongoing tasks where applicable.[62] User experience emphasizes streamlined interfaces, with sequential steps for task selection, provider comparison, and confirmation designed to minimize friction. The iOS app, for instance, receives a 4.8 out of 5 rating from over 45,000 user reviews, praising intuitive navigation, reliable notifications, and ease of communication.[62] Taskers access profiles to manage availability, bid on or accept instant bookings, and track earnings, while clients benefit from post-task reviews that influence future matches. Safeguards like background checks on Taskers and the Happiness Pledge—offering up to $10,000 coverage for damages or theft on eligible bookings—enhance trust, though users must verify coverage applicability.[63] The platform's backend supports scalability for high-volume transactions, though specific architectural details such as database or server technologies remain proprietary.[64]Expansion and Market Position
Geographic and Operational Expansion
TaskRabbit originated in Boston, Massachusetts, in 2008 as RunMyErrand before rebranding to TaskRabbit and extending to San Francisco in 2009.[65] Following a $5 million Series A funding round in 2010, the platform quickly scaled domestically, adding major markets such as New York, Los Angeles, and Chicago within the next year, reaching over 2,000 taskers by 2011.[18] [66] By mid-2014, it operated in 40 U.S. cities, supported by a pivot from an auction-style bidding system to fixed-price tasks, which improved matching efficiency and enabled further growth amid rising user numbers exceeding 1.25 million in 2013.[67] [68] The company's inaugural international venture launched in London, United Kingdom, in November 2013, marking its shift beyond North America.[69] After acquisition by IKEA's Ingka Group in 2017, expansion accelerated, leveraging synergies in home services like furniture assembly. Canada joined in September 2018 with initial rollouts in Toronto, Vancouver, and Montreal; France followed in September 2019 starting in Paris; Germany debuted in November 2019 in Berlin and the Rhine-Ruhr area; and Italy entered in March 2021 via Milan and Rome, onboarding 3,000 taskers across 40-plus categories.[70] [71] [72] Subsequent entries included Spain and Portugal in the early 2020s, culminating in operations across eight countries by 2025.[73] Domestically, TaskRabbit maintained a presence in over 70 U.S. markets pre-2025 but concentrated in urban hubs, with incremental additions like Memphis, Jacksonville, and New Haven in June 2018.[74] On August 5, 2025, it achieved full nationwide coverage, expanding into all 50 states via 50 new cities and nine previously unserved states such as Alabama and Alaska, thereby broadening access to over 140 task categories including mounting and cleaning.[28] [29] This operational scaling, integrated with IKEA's retail network in 200-plus stores worldwide, emphasized vetted taskers and localized compliance adaptations to sustain platform reliability amid gig economy demands.[26]Strategic Partnerships and Business Integrations
In September 2017, Taskrabbit was acquired by Ingka Group, the world's largest IKEA retailer, for an undisclosed sum, integrating the platform into IKEA's ecosystem to provide on-demand furniture assembly and related services.[75] This move built on prior pilot partnerships in markets like the UK, where Taskrabbit taskers handled IKEA assembly to address customer pain points in post-purchase setup.[76] Post-acquisition, the integration deepened through technological and operational alignments, enabling IKEA customers to book and pay for Taskrabbit assembly services directly at checkout, both online and in stores.[77] By February 2025, the partnership expanded across North America and Europe, with a fully integrated "Seamless Assembly Solution" that increased assembly bookings by 50% and improved customer satisfaction scores to 4.8 out of 5.[26] This integration streamlined IKEA's omnichannel experience, reducing unassembled furniture returns and enhancing service scalability via Taskrabbit's vetted tasker network.[78] Building on the IKEA model, Taskrabbit launched "Taskrabbit for Business" in 2025 to facilitate similar integrations with other retailers, offering customizable Partner Pages and API access for embedding on-demand services like assembly and mounting.[30] In June 2025, this initiative debuted in the U.S. with partners including Windmill air conditioners, TUSHY bidets, UPLIFT Desk, and Arcade1Up gaming products, providing co-branded booking flows that boosted partner sales conversions.[79] By September 2025, over 10 new partners, such as Desky, had joined, with the API program allowing brands to programmatically access Taskrabbit's tasker marketplace for tasks like installation and white-glove delivery.[30] These integrations emphasize transparent pricing and real-time availability, contrasting with fragmented third-party services, though adoption remains concentrated in home goods retail.[80]Economic and Social Impact
Role in the Gig Economy
TaskRabbit operates as a digital marketplace that facilitates on-demand, short-term labor services, exemplifying the gig economy's emphasis on flexible, task-based work over traditional employment structures. Launched in 2008, the platform matches independent contractors, known as Taskers, with clients seeking assistance for errands, assembly, cleaning, and other household tasks, thereby enabling a peer-to-peer model that bypasses conventional hiring processes. This structure aligns with the gig economy's core mechanism of leveraging technology to connect supply and demand for sporadic labor, allowing participants to engage in work without long-term commitments or employer-provided benefits.[32] By providing Taskers with the autonomy to select tasks, set availability, and earn based on completed jobs—typically through a 15% platform commission—TaskRabbit contributes to the gig economy's appeal for supplemental income and schedule flexibility, attracting demographics such as students, retirees, and parents. In 2024 alone, Taskers completed over 1.6 million tasks across the platform, earning high satisfaction ratings with more than 936,000 five-star reviews, while clients reported saving over 3.49 million hours. The platform's expansion to all 50 U.S. states by August 2025 has broadened access to this model, underscoring its role in scaling localized gig services nationally and responding to rising demand for convenient outsourcing amid busy lifestyles.[50][81] TaskRabbit's integration into the gig economy also reflects broader labor market dynamics, where platforms like it serve as buffers during economic uncertainty; for instance, CEO Ania Smith noted a 15-20% surge in Tasker applications in 2025 compared to the prior year, suggesting heightened reliance on gig work as a recession indicator. Research indicates such platforms foster entrepreneurship by lowering entry barriers for service providers, potentially encouraging transitions from gig tasks to full businesses, though this occurs amid debates over income stability. Overall, TaskRabbit reinforces the gig economy's causal role in fragmenting traditional jobs into discrete, app-mediated opportunities, prioritizing efficiency and choice over job security.[82][83]Empirical Benefits and Empirical Critiques
TaskRabbit's platform has demonstrated empirical benefits in enhancing labor market flexibility and entrepreneurship. A 2025 study by the London School of Economics analyzed online gig platforms including TaskRabbit and found they positively influence the labor market by providing safety nets that encourage individuals to pursue entrepreneurial ventures, reducing perceived risks associated with business formation.[83] Similarly, research on skill-biased technical change examined TaskRabbit's effects on service workers and concluded that such platforms do not displace middle-skilled incumbents but instead promote occupational mobility, enabling transitions to higher-value roles.[84] A McKinsey Global Institute report on independent work, encompassing gig platforms like TaskRabbit, estimated that such arrangements cushion unemployment spikes, boost labor force participation by 1-2 percentage points in affected demographics, and stimulate consumer demand through supplemental income.[85] Worker earnings data reveal average hourly rates for TaskRabbit tasks ranging from $10.10 to $23.56, with a mean of $17.53 as of October 2025, allowing part-time Taskers to potentially generate $1,000 to $1,500 monthly depending on task volume and location.[86] A Pew Research Center survey of U.S. gig platform users, including those on TaskRabbit-like services, reported that 57% viewed their experiences positively, citing schedule control and supplemental income as primary advantages, with 16% of Americans having earned from such platforms by 2021.[87] Empirical critiques highlight precarity and uneven outcomes. An Economic Policy Institute analysis of gig workers, applicable to platforms like TaskRabbit, found 14% earned below the federal minimum wage on an hourly basis after expenses, with 29% below state minima, underscoring income volatility and lack of employer-provided benefits.[88] Qualitative scoping reviews of platform-mediated gig work identify recurrent safety hazards, including physical risks from tasks like furniture assembly or deliveries, verbal abuse, and harassment, though TaskRabbit mandates background checks for Taskers; incident data remains anecdotal rather than systematically quantified.[89] Michigan State University research on gig economy effects noted short-term income smoothing for prime-age workers via platforms like TaskRabbit but observed prolonged entrapment in such roles, potentially hindering long-term career advancement due to skill stagnation and absence of portable benefits.[90] These findings, drawn from broader gig economy datasets, reflect systemic issues in TaskRabbit's model, where algorithmic pricing and competition can suppress wages without offsetting structural supports.Controversies
Legal Challenges and Litigation
In Finholt v. TaskRabbit, a class action lawsuit filed in California alleged that TaskRabbit improperly classified its "Taskers" as independent contractors rather than employees, depriving them of overtime pay, minimum wage, and other labor protections under state law.[91] The suit, represented by The Graves Firm, claimed TaskRabbit exerted significant control over workers' tasks, scheduling, and performance metrics, supporting employee status.[91] The case was settled confidentially, with no admission of liability by TaskRabbit.[91] TaskRabbit has also encountered disputes over unemployment insurance obligations. In a 2019 New York Unemployment Insurance Appeal Board decision (Appeal Board No. 600549), the board upheld TaskRabbit's liability for contributions on Tasker earnings, finding the company exercised sufficient direction and control—such as through platform algorithms, task assignment protocols, and payment guarantees—to indicate an employment relationship for UI purposes.[92] A prior 2017 board ruling similarly rejected TaskRabbit's independent contractor defense, emphasizing the platform's role in matching, pricing, and dispute resolution.[93] In June 2025, Cross v. TaskRabbit, Inc. was initiated as a proposed class action in the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California, accusing the platform of deceptive practices by advertising Tasker hourly rates without disclosing mandatory service fees (up to 30%) added only at checkout, violating consumer protection laws including California's Unfair Competition Law.[11] The complaint seeks damages, restitution, and injunctive relief for affected users nationwide.[11] As of October 2025, the case remains pending without resolution.[94] TaskRabbit faced a 2024 civil tribunal claim in British Columbia, Canada, where a client sought over CAD 10,000 for property damage allegedly caused by a Tasker's negligence during a furniture assembly task.[9] The Civil Resolution Tribunal ruled TaskRabbit not vicariously liable, citing the independent contractor status of Taskers and the platform's limited role in vetting or supervising individual performances beyond background checks and insurance pledges.[9] A 2018 data breach compromised personal information of approximately 3.75 million users and Taskers, including names, emails, phone numbers, and some payment details, leading to phishing attempts and platform downtime.[95] While no major class action litigation directly stemming from the incident has been publicly resolved, it prompted regulatory notifications and user complaints, with TaskRabbit offering credit monitoring but facing criticism for delayed disclosure.[95]Platform Practices and Worker Feedback
Taskrabbit classifies its workers, known as Taskers, as independent contractors rather than employees, allowing them to set their own hourly rates, availability, and service categories while requiring compliance with platform policies on task scope, tools, and completion standards.[96][97] To register, prospective Taskers must be at least 18 years old, pass identity verification and background checks (in the US), pay a one-time $25 fee in applicable cities, and complete an orientation process via the app.[2][98] Taskers receive 100% of the rates they set for clients, plus any tips or reimbursements for expenses (with receipts required), though the platform charges clients a separate service fee (typically 15%) and trust & support fee, which do not deduct from Tasker earnings.[49][36] The platform enforces a one-hour minimum for most tasks and mandates all communication and invoicing occur within its app to maintain records, prohibiting off-platform negotiations that could bypass fees.[96] Taskrabbit provides limited worker protections, such as a Happiness Pledge primarily benefiting clients for task issues up to $10,000, but offers no health insurance, workers' compensation, or unemployment benefits, leaving Taskers to manage their own taxes, expenses, and liabilities.[45][98] Performance is evaluated through client ratings and reviews post-task, which influence visibility in the matching algorithm; low ratings can lead to account suspension or reduced job opportunities, though specific thresholds are not publicly detailed.[99] Disputes over payments or task outcomes are handled via platform support, requiring evidence like photos or receipts, but Taskers report inconsistent enforcement favoring clients in some cases.[100] The platform's trust and safety measures include data security and background checks, but studies have identified potential biases in task matching, such as racial or gender disparities in job assignments, based on anonymized data from 2017.[45][101] Worker feedback highlights flexibility as a primary advantage, with Taskers appreciating the ability to control schedules and earnings potential—reportedly $20 to $89 per hour depending on skills and location—but critiques focus on operational challenges and economic viability.[47] On Indeed, Taskers rate the platform 3.5 out of 5, praising supplemental income for stay-at-home parents or side hustlers but decrying absent benefits, erratic job volume, and inadequate support for issues like client no-shows or unsafe tasks.[102] Glassdoor reviews average 3.3 out of 5 for Tasker roles, noting work-life balance at 3.4 but lower scores for culture (2.9) and career growth (3.0), with complaints about algorithm changes reducing visibility for experienced workers.[103] Reddit discussions from 2023–2025 indicate declining bookings, with some Taskers reporting income drops of over 50% compared to prior years, attributed to increased competition, policy shifts mandating on-platform communication, and market saturation post-COVID recovery.[104][105] While official claims emphasize empowerment through self-pricing, empirical accounts reveal causal pressures from platform dependency, such as pressure to accept low-ball offers to maintain ratings amid sparse opportunities, without structural safeguards against exploitation.[2][106]| Aspect | Positive Feedback | Negative Feedback |
|---|---|---|
| Flexibility | Set own rates and hours; supplemental income viable for skilled tasks.[107] | Inconsistent job flow leads to downtime; algorithm favors new or high-rated Taskers.[103] |
| Support | App-based tools for matching and payments.[108] | Limited dispute resolution; no benefits or insurance, increasing personal risk.[98] |
| Earnings | 100% retention of set rates plus tips; potential $20–$89/hour.[47] | Declining volumes (e.g., 50%+ income drop 2023–2025); high client fees indirectly deter bookings.[105][109] |