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Turn

Turn is a versatile English word primarily functioning as a verb meaning to cause something to rotate around an axis or center, or to change direction, position, or form, and as a noun referring to such a rotation, a bend or deviation in course, or an individual's sequential opportunity to perform an action.^[1]^[2] Its etymology traces to late Old English turnian ("to rotate or revolve"), partly borrowed from Old French torner and ultimately from Latin tornare ("to turn on a lathe"), derived from tornus ("lathe" or "tool for rounding"), itself from Ancient Greek tórmos (a circular tool or lathe).^[3]^[4] Among English words, "turn" ranks highly for polysemy, with the Oxford English Dictionary documenting over 60 distinct senses across its verb and noun forms, encompassing physical motion, transformation, and abstract shifts like "a turn of phrase" or "to turn hostile."^[5]^[6] This breadth reflects its evolution from Proto-Indo-European roots associated with turning or shaping materials, adapting over centuries to idiomatic expressions in literature, everyday speech, and technical contexts without notable controversies beyond interpretive variances in usage.^[3]

Etymology

Linguistic origins and semantic evolution

The English verb "turn" derives from the Proto-Indo-European root *terh₂-, denoting frictional motion, rubbing, or boring through resistance, as evidenced by cognates such as Sanskrit tárati ("crosses over, overcomes"), which implies surmounting an obstacle via turning or twisting effort, Ancient Greek teréō ("to bore, wear away"), and Latin terō ("to rub, wear down").^[3] This root's association with rotational or twisting action under friction provided the semantic foundation for mechanical and directional concepts, distinct from unrelated PIE roots like wer- (bending) or kʷel- (revolving without friction).^[3] In Old English, the borrowed form turnian (late attestations circa 1000 CE) initially signified turning on a lathe or rotational shaping, reflecting Latin tornāre ("to round off, fashion") via ecclesiastical or trade influences from Greek tornos ("lathe, circle-drawing tool").^[4] Parallel to this, the native tyrnan (from Proto-Germanic ternaną, linked to the same PIE terh₂-) conveyed twisting or fleeing motions, appearing in compounds for directional pivots by the 10th century, as semantic broadening extended frictional rotation to abstract shifts in path or orientation without implying devices. This dual lexical layer—borrowed for artisanal precision, native for organic motion—prefigured later expansions, though early texts like glosses to Latin works show limited metaphorical use confined to physical reorientation. Following the Norman Conquest in 1066, Old French torner ("to turn around, transform") reinforced and hybridized these senses, introducing connotations of reversal or alteration by the 12th century, as Norman scribes integrated it into Middle English administrative and narrative texts.^[3] By the 1300s, this fusion yielded dual literal applications (e.g., turning a wheel for propulsion) and emergent metaphorical ones (e.g., "turn of events" for unexpected directional change in fortune), driven by analogy to physical pivots rather than arbitrary drift, with Chaucer's works exemplifying the shift toward sequential or causal transitions in human affairs.^[4] Such evolution prioritized observable causal mechanisms—friction yielding rotation, then redirection—over unsubstantiated cultural impositions, maintaining core semantics amid lexical borrowing.

Core physical meanings

Rotation, revolution, and directional change

In physics, rotation refers to the motion of a body spinning around an internal axis passing through its center of mass, as described by Newtonian mechanics where angular displacement is measured relative to that fixed axis.^[8] This intrinsic spin contrasts with translation, producing effects like gyroscopic stability due to conservation of angular momentum absent external torques. For Earth, one complete rotation on its axis constitutes a sidereal day of approximately 23 hours, 56 minutes, and 4 seconds, during which a fixed star returns to the same position in the sky.^[9] Revolution, by contrast, denotes the orbital motion of a body around an external center, such as a planet encircling a star, where the path traces a conic section under gravitational force per Newton's law of universal gravitation.^[10] Unlike rotation's self-contained axis, revolution involves a changing position vector from the central body, with the orbiting object's own rotation independent unless tidally locked. Earth's revolution around the Sun completes one full orbit in about 365.256 days, yielding seasonal variations from varying solar incidence angles.^[11] Partial revolutions occur in elliptical paths, deviating from ideal circles due to initial velocity and gravitational potential energy. Directional change in motion, a form of turning, requires acceleration as velocity—a vector with magnitude and direction—alters course, even at constant speed, per the vector definition in kinematics.^[12] For curvilinear paths, a centripetal force provides the inward acceleration a_c = v^2 / r, where v is tangential speed and r radius, enabling circular turns; real paths often helical or irregular due to inertial resistance and frictional dissipation.^[13] In rotational contexts, torque \tau = I \alpha—with I as moment of inertia and \alpha angular acceleration—induces such changes, quantifiable in radians (SI unit) or degrees, as in a 180° reversal demanding net torque to overcome angular momentum.^[14] Deviations from geometric ideals arise from non-conservative forces like friction, reducing efficiency in sustained turns.^[15]

Engineering and mechanics

Applications in machinery and transportation

In machining, the lathe exemplifies rotational turning to shape materials symmetrically around an axis, with origins tracing to ancient Egyptian bow lathes circa 1300 BCE, where a bow-driven strap rotated wood against a cutting tool for precise cylindrical forms.^[16]^[17] These early devices achieved surface finishes suitable for decorative and functional artifacts, demonstrating foundational efficiency in material removal rates limited primarily by human power input. By the 20th century, lathes evolved to numerically controlled (NC) systems in the 1950s, followed by computer numerical control (CNC) integration, enabling automated precision turning with tolerances under 0.001 mm and spindle speeds exceeding 10,000 RPM, which boosted productivity by factors of 10-100 compared to manual operation through reduced setup times and error minimization.^[18]^[19] In transportation, vehicle turning relies on steering geometries like Ackermann linkage, invented in 1817, which adjusts inner and outer wheel angles differentially to minimize tire scrub during low-speed maneuvers, improving efficiency by reducing energy losses from tire deformation—verifiable in modern simulations showing up to 15% lower rolling resistance in turns.^[20] Turn signal indicators, required under Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) 108 incorporating SAE J588 standards effective for 1968 model-year vehicles, use amber lights to signal directional intent, with empirical data indicating a 22% reduction in rear-end collisions for amber-equipped vehicles versus red (95% confidence interval: 12-30%).^[21]^[22] High-speed turning dynamics in automobiles involve suspension systems and tire interactions to counter centrifugal forces, where independent suspension allows controlled body roll and maintains tire contact patches for optimal grip. Skidpad testing, standard in vehicle development, quantifies this via steady-state cornering on a 300-foot diameter circle, with elite performance cars achieving lateral accelerations of 1.0-1.2 g before understeer onset, correlating to tire friction coefficients of 1.0-1.1 under dry conditions and enabling safer handling by delaying slip angles beyond 10 degrees.^[23] Such metrics, derived from repeatable ISO 3888-2 double-lane change extensions, underscore causal links between suspension stiffness tuning and turn stability, reducing rollover risks in empirical crash avoidance scenarios.^[24]

Scientific and technical uses

Protocols and computing

In networking protocols, "TURN" refers to Traversal Using Relays around NAT, a standardized extension to the STUN protocol that enables endpoints behind restrictive NATs or firewalls to exchange data by relaying traffic through a designated server.^[25] Developed to address STUN's limitations—such as its inability to handle symmetric NATs where inbound connections cannot reuse outbound mappings—TURN was first specified in RFC 5766 in April 2010.^[25] Unlike STUN, which primarily discovers public addresses and keeps NAT bindings alive via outbound probes, TURN allocates a relayed transport address on the server, allowing peers to send packets to that address, which the server then forwards without assuming symmetric path behavior.^[25] TURN operates by having clients request allocations from the server via UDP or TCP, receiving permissions to relay specific peer addresses and handling data channels for media streams.^[25] Authentication employs long-term credentials, where clients provide a username and password-derived message integrity key, enabling the server to verify requests without short-lived nonces in basic modes, though nonces enhance replay protection.^[25] This mechanism supports dynamic username generation, often timestamped for time-bound access, reducing credential exposure risks in deployments.^[26] Within the Interactive Connectivity Establishment (ICE) framework, defined in RFC 5245, TURN provides relay candidates alongside host and server-reflexive candidates, prioritized by connectivity cost during negotiation.^[27] In WebRTC implementations, following its 2011 standardization trajectory, TURN servers facilitate peer-to-peer media exchange by relaying UDP/TCP streams when direct paths fail, empirically boosting success rates in firewall-constrained environments where up to 20-30% of connections require relays due to NAT traversal barriers.^[28] This relay role ensures robust traversal without relying on endpoint modifications, though it introduces latency and bandwidth overhead on the server.^[25]

Biological and other scientific contexts

In protein secondary structure, the α-helix consists of a right-handed coil with 3.6 amino acid residues per helical turn and a pitch of 5.4 Å, stabilized by hydrogen bonds between the carbonyl oxygen of residue i and the amide hydrogen of residue i+4.^[29] This configuration, first proposed by Linus Pauling, Robert Corey, and Herman Branson in 1951 based on stereochemical modeling and X-ray diffraction data from fibrous proteins like keratin, maximizes backbone hydrogen bonding while maintaining optimal bond angles and van der Waals distances.^[30] Empirical validation through crystallographic studies confirms the α-helix's prevalence in globular and fibrous proteins, contributing to their folding stability and functional motifs.^[31] In renal anatomy, the loop of Henle features a hairpin turn at its medullary apex, where the descending thin limb transitions to the ascending thin limb, facilitating the countercurrent multiplier system.^[32] This U-shaped bend, observed in mammalian nephrons via histological sections and microdissection, enables passive water efflux in the descending limb and solute reabsorption in the ascending limb, generating a corticomedullary osmotic gradient up to 1200 mOsm/L in humans.^[33] Physiological experiments, including micropuncture studies in rats, demonstrate that disrupting this turn impairs urine concentration, underscoring its role in water conservation under antidiuretic conditions.^[34] In geophysics, the Foucault pendulum exhibits an apparent precession—or turning—of its swing plane due to Earth's daily rotation, providing direct empirical evidence of the planet's axial turn.^[35] Demonstrated by Léon Foucault in 1851 using a 67-meter wire and 28-kg bob at the Paris Observatory, the precession rate is Ω sin φ, where Ω is Earth's sidereal rotation rate (7.292 × 10⁻⁵ rad/s) and φ is latitude, completing a full relative turn in 32 hours at Paris (48.9° N).^[36] This inertial effect, independent of local forces, has been replicated globally, confirming Earth's uniform rotation without reliance on astronomical observations.^[37] In orbital mechanics, precession manifests as the gradual turning of an orbit's major axis, as in the 43 arcseconds per century advance of Mercury's perihelion, attributable to relativistic effects atop Newtonian perturbations.^[38]

Games and sports

Turn-taking and sequential play

Turn-taking structures player interactions in games by enforcing sequential alternation, where participants act in a predetermined order rather than simultaneously, thereby establishing clear boundaries for decision-making and resource use.^[39] This mechanic preallocates opportunities, facilitating orderly progression and mitigating overlaps that could lead to contention.^[40] In classic board games, such as Monopoly—commercialized by Parker Brothers in 1935—turn order begins with the player rolling the highest dice sum, followed by clockwise rotation among participants.^[41] Each turn confines actions like dice rolling, token movement, property acquisition, and transactions to the active player, with trades permissible between turns but core gameplay isolated to prevent interference.^[42] This rigid sequencing enforces equity in action timing, empirically streamlining interactions by resolving potential disputes over priority through explicit rules.^[39] Video game implementations distinguish turn-based from real-time formats, with the former suspending universal time advancement to permit unhurried evaluation. The Civilization series, launched in 1991 by MicroProse, exemplifies this in its 4X strategy framework, where players alternate full turns to direct units, research technologies, and expand empires, prioritizing cognitive depth over speed-based reflexes.^[43] Such systems accommodate complex planning without the chaos of concurrent inputs, as seen in contrasts with real-time strategy titles that demand immediate multitasking.^[44] Developmental psychology reveals turn-taking's role in fostering cooperation, particularly through equitable allocation that signals mutual benefit. Experimental studies demonstrate that children learn to alternate turns strategically by age five, coordinating for collective gains in resource-sharing scenarios and enhancing prosocial bonds.^[45] Fairness in this sequencing correlates with improved collaborative efficiency, as uneven distributions prompt avoidance of inequitable partners, underscoring causal links between structured alternation and sustained group engagement.^[46]^[47]

Maneuvers and techniques

In artistic gymnastics, dismount turns on apparatus like the balance beam or floor exercise incorporate aerial twists to enhance difficulty and execution scores under the Fédération Internationale de Gymnastique (FIG) Code of Points. A full twist (360 degrees) in a salto dismount typically adds 0.5 to the element's difficulty value (DV), evaluated based on the feet's position at landing to confirm completion, with the overall dismount DV equaling the performed element's rating (e.g., a D-rated dismount yields 0.4 DV).^[48] These maneuvers demand precise body control to maintain rotation axis and avoid deductions for under- or over-rotation, grounded in biomechanical principles of angular momentum conservation during flight phases lasting 0.5–1 second. In competitive cycling, peloton turns during races like the Tour de France require coordinated maneuvers to preserve aerodynamic efficiency and minimize energy expenditure. Riders position in echelon formations on crosswinds or tight corners, reducing drag for sheltered cyclists to 5–10% of an isolated rider's via slipstream effects, as quantified by computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations and wind tunnel tests.^[49] Optimal core positioning (rows 12–14) during such turns further cuts drag by up to 76% in alternative team setups, enabling sustained speeds over 40 km/h through bends without excessive braking or gap formation.^[50] Biomechanically, riders lean at angles up to 45–60 degrees while shifting weight inward, maximizing centrifugal force balance against tire grip coefficients of 1.0–1.5 on asphalt.^[52] Taekwondo employs spinning pivots in techniques like the turning hook kick or spinning heel kick to generate strike power through rapid torso and hip rotation around the support leg. These maneuvers leverage pivot leg stability for torque production, achieving kicking velocities up to 18.3 m/s in roundhouse variants and impact forces exceeding 2,000 N via angular momentum transfer from the rotating body mass.^[53] Electromyographic studies show heightened activation in hip flexors and extensors during the pivot phase, correlating with age-related kinematic variations where elite practitioners optimize ground reaction forces for 20–30% greater power output compared to linear kicks.^[54]^[55] This rotational efficiency stems from biomechanical coupling of linear leg extension with pivot-initiated spin, minimizing energy loss to non-propulsive segments.^[56]

Entertainment

Film and television

The Wrong Turn horror film series, initiated in 2003, centers on protagonists making literal wrong turns into remote Appalachian forests, encountering cannibalistic mutants; the inaugural entry, directed by Rob Schmidt, earned $28.6 million worldwide on a $12.6 million budget.^[57] Subsequent installments shifted to direct-to-video releases, accumulating significant home video sales exceeding $21 million across the franchise, though critics noted predictability in plot mechanics over innovative narrative shifts.^[58] The series' reliance on survival horror tropes, including sudden directional errors precipitating chases, exemplifies formulaic "turns" in genre filmmaking, with the 2003 film's Rotten Tomatoes score at 40% reflecting audience appeal amid critical dismissal of contrived perils.^[59] Adaptations of Henry James's The Turn of the Screw have appeared in film and television, emphasizing psychological ambiguity and supernatural "turns" in the governess's perceptions of ghostly apparitions at a remote estate. The 1999 television film, directed by Tim Fywell and starring Patsy Kensit as the governess, aired on ITV and focused on the novella's core hauntings, garnering mixed reception for its fidelity to the source's eerie pivots between reality and delusion, though some viewers found the pacing uneven.^[60] Earlier, the 1974 film version, directed by Don Sharp with Lynn Redgrave, adapted the story for theatrical release, highlighting the estate's isolating "turns" that amplify the protagonist's unraveling, but it achieved limited commercial success and variable critical praise for visual tension.^[61] These productions often prioritize atmospheric dread over empirical resolution, with adaptations like the 2020 The Turning—a looser take starring Mackenzie Davis—criticized for diluting the original's subtle causal ambiguities in favor of overt horror jumps, resulting in a domestic gross under $20 million against production costs exceeding that figure.^[62] In television, TURN: Washington's Spies (2014–2017), an AMC historical drama, depicts the Culper Spy Ring's covert operations during the American Revolution, where espionage "turns" the war's intelligence tide through betrayals and coded maneuvers.^[63] Spanning four seasons with Jamie Bell as Abraham Woodhull, the series drew from Alexander Rose's book Washington's Spies, earning an 8.1/10 IMDb rating from over 24,000 users for its portrayal of strategic pivots amid historical events, though season one critics scored it 54% on Rotten Tomatoes, citing occasional dramatic liberties with timelines.^[64] The show's narrative arcs, involving literal directional deceptions like hidden routes and metaphorical loyalty shifts, underscore causal realism in spycraft, contrasting with mainstream thrillers' shock-oriented twists by grounding turns in documented Revolutionary War contingencies.^[65]

Literature

Henry James's The Turn of the Screw (1898) is a gothic horror novella that prominently features "turn" in its title, evoking a pivotal shift in perception or fate, as the story unfolds through the unreliable narration of a young governess tasked with caring for two orphaned children at a remote English estate.^[66] The plot hinges on her visions of spectral figures—the former valet Peter Quint and the previous governess Miss Jessel—whom she believes possess the children, Miles and Flora, leading to escalating psychological tension and the children's apparent corruption.^[67] James structures the narrative with structural innovations, including framed storytelling and delayed revelations, to amplify uncertainty about the governess's reliability, drawing from 19th-century interests in spiritualism and emerging psychoanalysis. The novella's enduring influence stems from its intentional ambiguity regarding the ghosts' ontology—whether objective supernatural presences or subjective projections of the governess's hysteria—prompting divergent interpretations that reflect broader debates on perception and reality in literature.^[68] Early critics like Edmund Wilson (1934) advanced the "hallucination" view, attributing the apparitions to the governess's sexual repression and authority issues, a reading bolstered by textual cues such as her isolation and obsessive focus on the children, though later apparitionist responses cited independent corroborations, like the housekeeper's partial sightings, to argue for ghostly autonomy.^[69]^[70] This polarity has sustained scholarly discourse, with analyses emphasizing James's preface, where he described the tale as a "fable of susceptibility to impression," underscoring causal realism in how narrative gaps invite reader inference over authorial resolution.^[71] Beyond titular uses, "turn" functions idiomatically in prose to signify abrupt plot reversals, particularly in detective fiction, where it denotes a narrative pivot that upends assumptions and redirects investigation, as in Agatha Christie's The Murder of Roger Ackroyd (1926), whose late revelation recontextualizes the entire inquiry through misdirected clues.^[72] Such devices, rooted in 19th-century conventions of sensation novels, leverage empirical misdirection—false alibis or red herrings—to simulate causal chains disrupted by withheld facts, enhancing verisimilitude while challenging readers' deductive reasoning.^[73] In these motifs, the "turn" underscores literature's capacity for structural innovation, mirroring real-world evidentiary shifts in logic and testimony without resolving into moral absolutes.^[74]

Music

In music notation, a turn (also known as gruppetto) is an ornament comprising four notes executed rapidly around a principal note: the note immediately above it, the principal note itself, the note immediately below, and the principal note again.^[75]^[76] This embellishment, common in Baroque-era compositions, adds expressive flourish without altering the harmonic structure, though execution varies by period and performer—often starting on the beat in later styles but preceding it in early Baroque practice.^[77] An inverted turn reverses the sequence, beginning with the lower neighbor before ascending to the upper one, providing contrast in melodic contour.^[77] The song "Turn! Turn! Turn! (To Everything There Is a Season)," written by Pete Seeger in 1959 as an adaptation of verses from the biblical Book of Ecclesiastes, exemplifies a composition incorporating "turn" thematically.^[78] Seeger's folk arrangement emphasized cycles of life and change, later interpreted with an anti-war connotation amid the Vietnam era.^[79] The Byrds' electrified rock rendition, released as a single on October 1, 1965, and featured on their album of the same name issued December 6, 1965, propelled it to the top of the Billboard Hot 100 chart, holding #1 for three weeks starting December 4, 1965.^[80]^[81] This version's jangly 12-string guitar and harmonious vocals bridged folk traditions with emerging folk-rock, achieving over 1 million U.S. sales and influencing the genre's mainstream appeal, though purists critiqued the commercialization of Seeger's acoustic original.^[80] Other recordings titled "Turn," such as the eponymous 1999 album by Irish indie rock trio Turn, shifted toward pop-oriented songwriting, charting at #16 in Ireland and highlighting the band's evolution from raw post-punk roots.^[82] While such works demonstrate "turn" as a motif for transformation in modern indie contexts, their niche success underscores the challenges of sustaining innovation against pop's formulaic tendencies, where repetitive "turn around" phrases in choruses risk cliché without harmonic depth.^[83]

Places

Geographical and named locations

English Turn is a sharp southward bend in the Mississippi River, located approximately 15 miles (24 km) below New Orleans in Plaquemines Parish, Louisiana, United States, at coordinates roughly 29°55′N 89°58′W. The feature, navigable by large vessels, derives its name from a 1699 incident in which French explorer Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville reportedly persuaded an English vessel's captain to turn back by claiming Spanish sovereignty over the area.^[84] Turn Hill is a modest elevation in Somerset, England, reaching 104 meters (341 ft) above sea level, situated at 51°04′47″N 02°50′11″W near the village of High Ham. The site, part of the Aller and Beer Woods Nature Reserve managed by the National Trust, offers views over the Somerset Levels and consists of grassland and woodland covering about 1.25 acres (0.5 ha).^[85]^[86] Obscure settlements named Turn are recorded in two locations: one in Ústecký kraj, Czech Republic, and another in Toshkent Region, Uzbekistan, both positioned above the equator with the Czech instance farther north. Precise coordinates for these minor places remain unverified in standard geographic databases, though they appear on global place-name indices.^[87]

Other uses

Idiomatic expressions and figurative language

The word "turn" extends metaphorically in English idioms from its physical connotations of rotation, deviation, or redirection to abstract domains like rhetoric, decision-making, and contingency. These expressions often preserve a causal link to spatial or mechanical origins, such as the pivot of a wheel or the curve of a path, reflecting how language evolves from observable actions to figurative evaluations of change.^[88] "Turn of phrase" denotes a distinctive or artful manner of wording, implying a stylistic twist akin to bending language. The phrase originated in the 16th century, with early usage tied to the calligraphy trade, where "turn" referred to the curved flourish produced by a pen's motion on paper.^[89] This etymological root underscores a causal progression from manual dexterity in writing to rhetorical innovation, as scribes' physical techniques influenced perceptions of verbal elegance. Google Books Ngram Viewer data shows "turn of phrase" entering printed English around 1580, with consistent but low-frequency usage through the 19th century, rising modestly in 20th-century literary contexts to quantify its niche persistence in discourse analysis. In policy and politics, "U-turn" signifies an abrupt, full reversal of direction, evoking a vehicle's sharp 180-degree maneuver to face the opposite way. The term entered political lexicon from automotive terminology in the early 20th century, following the proliferation of cars that enabled such turns, and gained prominence in critiques of governmental inconsistency, as in Margaret Thatcher's 1980 rejection of policy reversals.^[90] Unlike incremental adjustments grounded in new empirical evidence, U-turns are frequently derided for implying opportunism over causal rigor, though defenders argue they enable pragmatic responses to unforeseen realities.^[91] Expressions like "take a turn for the worse" describe a sudden deterioration, metaphorically extending the literal deviation of a path or wheel to health, fortunes, or events veering negatively. First attested in 18th-century medical writing for patients' conditions shifting adversely, it embodies a directional causality where unchecked factors precipitate decline, contrasting with "turn for the better" recoveries. Such idioms highlight language's reliance on navigational primitives to model probabilistic outcomes, with corpus analyses confirming their prevalence in evaluative narratives over literal contexts.^[92]

Organizations, brands, and miscellaneous

Turn Inc. was a digital advertising technology company founded in 2004, headquartered in Redwood City, California, that developed a marketing platform integrating data management, media execution, and analytics for ad buyers and agencies.^[93]^[94] The firm enabled real-time insights and automated planning for digital media campaigns, serving over 1,000 customers before its acquisition by Amobee for $310 million in February 2017, after which it operated as part of Amobee's expanded digital solutions.^[95]^[96] The tUrn initiative, centered at Santa Clara University, organizes virtual and in-person events to foster dialogue and action on the climate crisis, emphasizing student leadership and global perspectives through Zoom sessions open to the public.^[97] It includes annual Climate Crisis & Awareness Action Weeks, with the 10th edition held from April 22 to 26, 2024, featuring campus activities for faculty, staff, and students.^[98] turn is a cannabis lifestyle brand founded in 2021 in Orange County, California, focused on premium vapes, live resin, and rosin products using advanced podpak technology for discreet, federally legal THC consumption.^[99]^[100] The brand promotes community and reflection, expanding from cannabis oils derived from premium flower to collaborations enhancing product innovation.^[101] In electromagnetism, the ampere-turn (At) denotes the meter-kilogram-second unit of magnetomotive force, defined as the force produced by one ampere of current flowing through one turn of a coil, used to quantify magnetic field strength in electromagnets and relays.^[102]^[103] This measure, independent of coil geometry, calculates total magnetomotive force as current multiplied by the number of turns, with applications in assessing reed switch actuation where approximately 0.1 millitesla per ampere-turn activates the device under ideal conditions.^[104]^[105]

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verb ; a · to cause to move around an axis or a center : make rotate or revolve. turn a wheel. turn a crank ; c · to execute or perform by rotating or revolving.Synonyms of turn · Turn on · About-turn · Star turn
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A closer look into the α-helix basin | Scientific Reports - Nature
Dec 5, 2016 · There are 3.7 amino acid (AA) residues per turn, with a translation of 1.47 Å per residue along the α-helical axis, and a hydrogen bond (HB) ...
[32]
The concentrating mechanism in the renal medulla - ScienceDirect
... Henle's loop as fluid flows from the outer medulla to the hairpin turn. This ... Countercurrent multiplication by the thin loops of Henle. Am J Physiol ...
[33]
The loop of Henle | Deranged Physiology
Dec 18, 2023 · The point of this part of the nephron is the countercurrent multiplier mechanism which manufactures a hypertonic environment in the renal medulla.
[34]
Urine-Concentrating Mechanism in the Inner Medulla
Aug 1, 2013 · In the OM, this osmotic gradient is generated by countercurrent multiplication within the loops of Henle, driven by the active ...Missing: multiplier | Show results with:multiplier
[35]
Foucault Pendulum | Smithsonian Institution
The earth, on the other hand, will rotate once every 24 hours underneath the pendulum. Thus if you stood watching the pendulum, after a quarter of an hour or so ...
[36]
Foucault and the rotation of the Earth - ScienceDirect.com
However the Foucault pendulum was the first direct experimental proof of Earth rotation. 3. The invention of the gyroscope. In spite of his great success, ...
[37]
Foucault Pendulum - Physclips.
With respect to the earth, the period of precession of the pendulum is 23.9 hours divided by the sine of the latitude. For most latitudes, this is considerably ...
[38]
[PDF] Rotation of the swing plane of Foucault's pendulum and Thomas ...
Aug 2, 2009 · Jean Bernard Lщon Foucault conducted his first pendulum experiment in Paris in January 1851, aiming to prove rotation of the Earth by evidently ...
[39]
[PDF] Achieving Preallocation: Turn Transition Practices in Board Games
Sep 21, 2020 · This paper contributes an analysis of practices for managing a preallocated turn-taking system in board games, expanding existing studies of ...
[40]
[PDF] Rule-Adjustment Mechanics in Tabletop Games - DSpace@MIT
Rules are what turn these activities and objects into games: rules describe the various actions a player can take and define how they should interact with other.
[41]
https://fgbradleys.com/wp-content/uploads/rules/Monopoly_Rules.pdf
[42]
[PDF] Monopoly: 1935 Classic Edition Reproduction Rulebook
You may buy and sell houses during your turn, or in between the turns of other players. There are exactly 32 houses and 12 hotels in the game. (Place aside any ...
[43]
Turn-Based VS Real-Time - Game Developer
One of the most basic differences between the turn-based and real-time mediums is the natural appeal and approachability offered by each.Missing: 1991 | Show results with:1991
[44]
Build, gather, brawl, repeat: The history of real-time strategy games
Sep 15, 2017 · Its diplomacy, trade, and technology systems were no match for Civilization or a grand strategy game like its turn-based contemporary ...
[45]
Children Learn to Take Turns for Mutual Gain
Jun 21, 2016 · The ability to take turns to ensure future benefits is a fundamental and strategic social behavior that expands the range of cooperative ...
[46]
Children avoid inefficient but fair partners in a cooperative game
Jun 29, 2020 · These findings shed new light on the links between partner choice, fairness and cooperation in child development.
[47]
Fairness takes time: Development of cooperative decision-making in ...
The current study examined the development of fairness behavior and tested whether children's fair choices are fast and intuitive or slow and deliberate.
[48]
[PDF] USA Gymnastics Code of Points Guide to Judging Updated 3.20.24 . 0
1.4.6. When determining difficulty value for elements with twist, the Difficulty Judge will evaluate the element based on the position of the feet at landing.<|separator|>
[49]
Aerodynamic drag in cycling pelotons: New insights by CFD ...
Aerodynamic drag at mid rear of peloton reduces down to 5–10% that of isolated rider. This study shows that previous assumptions of drag reductions in pelotons ...
[50]
Aerodynamic Simulation Reveals Best Position in a Peloton of Cyclists
Jul 5, 2018 · The simulation results confirm that the best position is in the core of the peloton close its head, row 12 to 14.
[51]
Alternative formations can reduce aerodynamic drag of protected ...
Jul 21, 2025 · Using advanced simulation and wind tunnel testing, this new study quantified the aerodynamic advantage of alternative team formations used by ...<|separator|>
[52]
Cycling study finds alternative formations can reduce drag of ...
Jul 21, 2025 · Using advanced simulation and wind tunnel testing, this new study quantified the aerodynamic advantage of alternative team formations used by ...
[53]
Impact Force and Velocities for Kicking Strikes in Combat Sports - NIH
Among the techniques analysed, the roundhouse kick exhibited the highest kicking velocity at 18.3 m/s, whilst the side kick produced the highest impact force at ...
[54]
Differences in Pivot Leg Kinematics and Electromyography ... - NIH
Jun 1, 2021 · This study analyses the effects on TKD players in the lower extremity kinematic and neuromuscular reactions from different kicking heights.Missing: power generation
[55]
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/24748668.2025.2526278
[56]
Lower limb electromyographic characteristics and implications of ...
Jan 25, 2024 · Taekwondo features several key techniques, including the roundhouse kick, side kick, spinning kick, back kick, inside kick, and outside crescent ...
[57]
Wrong Turn - Box Office Mojo
Wrong Turn grossed $28,650,575 worldwide, with $15,418,790 domestically and $13,231,785 internationally.
[58]
Wrong Turn (2003) - IMDb
Rating 6.1/10 (142,838) Box office ; Budget. $12,600,000 (estimated) ; Gross US & Canada. $15,418,790 ; Opening weekend US & Canada · Jun 1, 2003 ; Gross worldwide. $28,650,575.Full cast & crew · Parents guide · Wrong Turn · Wrong Turn 2: Dead End
[59]
Wrong Turn - Rotten Tomatoes
Rating 40% (84) Release Date (Streaming): Nov 25, 2015 ; Box Office (Gross USA): $15.4M ; Runtime: 1h 24m ; Sound Mix: Dolby Stereo , Dolby Digital , Dolby A , Surround , Dolby SR.
[60]
The Turn of the Screw: 9 Notable Film Adaptations Base on Henry ...
The Turn of the Screw: 9 Notable Film Adaptations Base on Henry James 1898 Novella · 9. The Innocents · 8. The Turn of the Screw · 7. Nightmare Classics · 6.
[61]
Techniques of Ambiguity in Three Film Adaptations of “The Turn of ...
... Film Adaptations of “The Turn of the Screw”: J. Clayton's The Innocents (1961), D. Curtis's The Turn of the Screw (1974), and A. Aloy's Presence of Mind ...<|separator|>
[62]
Every Turn of the Screw Adaptation Ranked (Including The Haunting ...
Nov 14, 2020 · Every Turn of the Screw Adaptation Ranked (Including The Haunting of Bly Manor) · 12. The Turning (2020) · 11. In A Dark Place (2006) · 10. The ...
[63]
TURN: Washington's Spies (TV Series 2014–2017) - IMDb
Rating 8.1/10 (24,679) There is an inevitable march to the gallows for the captured spies on both sides. Benedict Arnold demands glory revenge. 9.4/10. Rate. Top-rated.User reviews · Full cast & crew · Parents guide · Episode list
[64]
Season 1 – TURN: Washington's Spies - Rotten Tomatoes
Rating 54% (39) Discover reviews, ratings, and trailers for TURN: Washington's Spies: Season 1 on Rotten Tomatoes. Stay updated with critic and audience scores today!
[65]
Turn: Washington's Spies Reviews - Metacritic
Rating 62% (35) Based on Alexander Rose's book Washington's Spies, the historical drama series focuses on Abe Woodhull (Jamie Bell), who forms the first spy ring with his ...<|separator|>
[66]
Ever Scarier: On “The Turn of the Screw” | The New Yorker
Oct 29, 2012 · An eerie prefiguring of this scenario occurs in “The Turn of the Screw,” which was published in 1898. Its unnamed narrator is a young woman, a ...
[67]
The Use of Ambiguity in "The Turn of the Screw" by Henry James
Dec 26, 2023 · In “The Turn of the Screw”, Henry James uses ambiguity to make the events in the story intriguing. The style is especially evident in the ...
[68]
The Inherent Ambiguity of Henry James's The Turn of the Screw
Dec 27, 2024 · Henry James's The Turn of the Screw (1898) is perceived as one of his most controversial pieces of literature due to the variety of critical ...
[69]
The Turn of the Screw - Henry James literary criticism
In 1947, Robert Liddell opens his discussion of the apparitionist/non-apparitionist debate by observing, "The `hallucination' theory of The Turn of the Screw is ...
[70]
The Unsolved Mystery of Henry James' Turn of the Screw - BookerTalk
Oct 18, 2015 · I chose The Turn of the Screw simply because I've been long ... ghosts as supernatural figures and those who view them as hallucinations.
[71]
Chapter I - Henry James on The Turn of the Screw
The first point to be made is that James did not come down unequivocally on one side or the other of the central controversy concerning The Turn of the Screw-- ...
[72]
What is a Plot Twist | Use and Examples in Narrative - Bibisco
A plot twist is a literary device that disrupts readers' expectations and challenges their assumptions about the story. It is a surprising turn of events that ...Missing: detective | Show results with:detective
[73]
7 Mystery Novels With the Best Twists - Writer's Digest
Nov 16, 2023 · Related Stories. How to Turn Your Family Folklore Into Historical Fiction, by Melora Fern. HistoricalHow to Turn Your Family Folklore Into ...
[74]
Designing Thriller and Mystery Twists That Work | Jane Friedman
Jan 25, 2024 · This applies to all the main twists: the midpoint twist (at 50%, where the story takes a turn), the climactic twist (at roughly 85%, where ...
[75]
The Turn: Understanding Musical Ornaments and Their Significance
A standard turn is a group of four sequential notes: an upper auxiliary note one-half to a whole step above the principal note, the principal note.
[76]
The Turn - A Guide to Ornamentation - 8notes.com
The turn divides the note over which it is placed (the principal note) into four notes: the note of the scale above, the principal note, the semitone below.
[77]
Musical Ornament Guide: 8 Types of Music Ornamentation - 2025
Oct 22, 2021 · Turn: Sometimes indicated by the Italian word gruppetto, a turn is essentially a four note pattern that features (in order) the written note, ...
[78]
Turn! Turn! Turn! — The Byrds' 1965 hit used lyrics that dated back ...
Oct 29, 2018 · Pete Seeger composed “Turn! Turn! Turn!” in 1959 in response to a letter from his publisher. “Pete,” it read, “can't you write another song ...Missing: date | Show results with:date
[79]
Turn, turn, turn - Information Research
Dec 4, 2019 · Turn, turn, turn is a hit 1965 folk song written by Pete Seeger and performed by the Byrds. It expresses the reality of a changing, or turning, ...
[80]
The Byrds | Biography, Music & News | Billboard
The Byrds ; Turn! Turn! Turn! (To Everything There Is A Season) · 10/23/65. 1 ; Mr. Tambourine Man · 5/15/65. 1 ; Eight Miles High · 4/09/66. 14 ; So You Want To Be A ...
[81]
The Last Word: …Turn, Turn, Turn… - The Zebra Press
Apr 2, 2024 · The Byrds released a song titled “Turn, Turn, Turn.” It became a huge hit and landed as #1 on Billboard's Hot 100 charts on 4 December of that year.
[82]
Interviews | Irish band Turn - CLUAS
Turn have been consistently one of the country's finest live acts. This week the three-piece finally release their debut album Antisocial, and guess what?
[83]
The Best Irish Albums, 1999 to 2009 - CLUAS
Albums ranked 50 to 41 in the top 50 Irish Albums released between 1999 to 2009, as voted by the Writers of music website CLUAS.com.<|separator|>
[84]
Reminiscences of Two Years with the Colored Troops
For reasons that afterwards transpired, we dropped down the stream some fifteen miles to a point called English Turn. It derived its name, as I remember the ...
[85]
Turn Hill, Somerset - British Place Names
Turn Hill is a hill or mountain in Somerset ; Latitude/Longitude: 51°4'47"N 2°50'11"W ; Eastings/Northings: 341500, 131500 ; OS Grid: ST415315 ; Mapcode Local: GBR ...
[86]
Turn Hill (NT) | Out & About | High Ham Parish Council
Turn Hill – 1.25 acres of grass and woodland, at a height of 100m, with far-reaching views across Sedgemoor to the Quantocks. The land was given to the National ...
[87]
How many places are named Turn? - Geotargit
Turn can be found in 2 countries throughout the world. The majority of the cities named Turn can be found above the equator. The northern most place is in the ...
[88]
Turn - Idioms by The Free Dictionary
a turn of phrase · a turn of speed · a turn of the screw · a turn-up for the book · a turn-up for the book(s) ...
[89]
Turn Of Phrase - Meaning & Origin Of The Phrase
'Turn of phrase' originated in the 16th century, when it was used to describe the craft of calligraphy. The earliest known example of the phrase is from Matthew ...
[90]
https://www.wsj.com/articles/u-turn-a-full-turnabout-in-politics-or-on-the-road-11666302882
[91]
U-turns: is this the most indecisive government ever? Help us ...
Feb 7, 2013 · The phrase "u-turn" is forever associated with Margaret Thatcher - her famous line from the Conservative party conference of 1980 has shaped how ...Missing: origin | Show results with:origin
[92]
https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/take-a-turn-for-the-worse
[93]
Turn - LinkedIn
Turn delivers real-time insights that transform the way leading advertising agencies and enterprises make decisions. The Turn Marketing Platform enables ...
[94]
Turn Inc - Company Profile and News - Bloomberg Markets
Turn Inc. offers data and media management platform technologies. The Company provides platforms which allows centralized management of multiple inventory ...
[95]
Turn Is Acquired by Amobee for $310M, More News - CMSWire
Feb 24, 2017 · ... Turn, a longtime competitor in the ad tech space. Redwood City-based Turn, founded in 2004, has more than 800 employees and 1,000 customers.
[96]
Amobee Acquires Turn
Feb 23, 2017 · Amobee has entered an agreement to acquire Turn, a leading multi-channel DSP and DMP with advanced data analytics capabilities serving brands and agencies.
[97]
tUrn - Santa Clara University
tUrn is centered at Santa Clara University and various other sites around the world. It takes place on zoom and is free and open to the public. Certain ...Headlinerscategory linksGoalsResourcesHappenings: Where to tUrn UpMenu
[98]
10th tUrn Climate Crisis & Awareness Action Week, Santa Clara ...
Apr 22, 2024 · There are daily in-person events from 22 to 26 April on the SCU campus for faculty, staff, students, and approved guests. Those interested can ...<|separator|>
[99]
turn | LinkedIn
Self-Owned. Founded: 2021. Specialties: Lifestyle Brand, Community, and Turn Technology. Locations. Primary. Orange County, CA, US. Get directions. Employees at ...
[100]
Behind the Brand: Robert Everdeen of TURN on Revolutionizing ...
Feb 20, 2025 · TURN, co-founded by Robert Everdeen, has quickly become one of California's fastest-growing cannabis brands, making strides not only in the Golden State but ...
[101]
wtf is turn x MADE?
Oct 15, 2024 · MADE collaborates with turn to transform premium cannabis flower into unique oils, marking a significant milestone in the industry.Missing: founded | Show results with:founded
[102]
AMPERE-TURN Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster
The meaning of AMPERE-TURN is the meter-kilogram-second unit of magnetomotive force equal to the magnetomotive force around a path that links with one turn ...
[103]
Ampere-turns – Knowledge and References - Taylor & Francis
An ampere-turn is a unit of measurement for the magnetic field strength of an electromagnet, calculated by multiplying the current passing through a coil by ...
[104]
[PDF] Ampere turn versus mT and Gauss Application Note - Littelfuse
The rule is that about 0.1 mT. (1 Gauss) per reed switch Ampere*turn will activate the reed switch when both magnet poles are near the two ends of the switch.<|control11|><|separator|>
[105]
Ampere Turns (AT) vs. milliTesla (mT) - Standex Electronics
Ampere Turns (AT) vs. milliTesla (mT) looks at the reed switch in terms of measuring its closure, release and contact resistance using a coil with a given ...