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ASR

'''ASR''' is an initialism with multiple meanings in various fields. The following outline lists some of the most common uses:

In the military: [[Army Service Ribbon]] and [[Adjusted Service Rating Score]]
In organizations and companies: [[ASR Nederland]], [[Association for the Sociology of Religion]], [[American Sugar Refining]], [[Alpha Sigma Rho]], and [[Aid Still Required]]
In science: [[Ancestral sequence reconstruction]], [[Acute stress reaction]], and [[Adult sex ratio]]
In technology: [[Automatic speech recognition]], [[Airport surveillance radar]], [[Automotive shredder residue]], [[Aquifer storage and recovery]], and [[Anti-Slip Regulation]]
In computing: [[Cisco Aggregation Services Router]] and [[RWTH ASR]]
In transport: [[Erkilet International Airport]] and [[State Railway of Thailand ASR class]]
Other uses: [[Asr (prayer)]] and [[Academy at Swift River]]

For more details, see the respective sections below.

Military

Army Service Ribbon

The Army Service Ribbon (ASR) is a military decoration of the United States Army awarded to recognize the successful completion of initial entry training and honorable active Federal service.^[1] Established by the Secretary of the Army on 10 April 1981 and announced in Department of the Army General Orders (DAGO) 1990-15, the ASR became effective on 1 August 1981 as a ribbon-only award with no accompanying medal or appurtenances.^[1] It is presented to members of the Active Army, Army National Guard, and U.S. Army Reserve in active Reserve status who meet the criteria, and it may be awarded retroactively to those in Regular Army status on or after 1 August 1981 who completed qualifying training prior to that date.^[1] Eligibility for the ASR requires the successful completion of initial entry training, which includes Basic Combat Training and Advanced Individual Training for enlisted Soldiers, or branch-specific basic officer leadership courses for commissioned officers.^[1] For Soldiers whose military occupational specialty or area of concentration is based on civilian-acquired or other service-acquired skills, the ribbon is awarded after four months of honorable active Federal service instead of formal training.^[1] The service must be honorable, and the award is limited to one per individual regardless of completing multiple types of initial training, such as both enlisted and officer programs.^[1] Exclusions apply to service or training completed before 10 April 1981, subsequent periods of service after initial entry, non-Federal active duty, or any dishonorable service; certain training-only periods without honorable active duty integration are also ineligible.^[1] Posthumous awards are authorized if the Soldier dies in the line of duty during qualifying training or service on or after 1 August 1981.^[1] No devices, such as oak leaf clusters or numerals, are authorized for the ASR, emphasizing its status as a one-time entitlement award entered directly into personnel records without formal orders.^[1] Unlike the Army Good Conduct Medal, which recognizes sustained exemplary conduct over extended periods, the ASR focuses solely on initial qualification and entry-level honorable service.^[1]

Adjusted Service Rating Score

The Adjusted Service Rating Score (ASRS) was a point-based system established by the U.S. War Department in May 1945 to facilitate the equitable and orderly demobilization of over 8 million soldiers in the aftermath of World War II's European theater.^[2] Announced shortly after V-E Day on May 8, 1945, the system aimed to prioritize releases based on individual merit rather than arbitrary unit disbandments, addressing morale concerns and preventing the chaotic discharges seen after World War I.^[3] By assigning points for service duration, overseas assignments, family obligations, campaign participation, and military decorations, the ASRS sought to balance rapid personnel reductions with ongoing needs for occupation forces in Europe and preparations for the Pacific theater.^[4] Points under the ASRS were calculated as follows: 1 point per month of domestic service since September 16, 1940, plus an additional 1 point per month of overseas service during the same period, effectively doubling credits for time abroad.^[4] Dependents contributed significantly, with 12 points awarded for each child under 18 years old, capped at three children for a maximum of 36 points; no separate points were allocated for spouses.^[3] Combat-related credits included 5 points per campaign participation (via battle stars on theater ribbons) and 5 points per decoration, such as the Purple Heart, Bronze Star, or Silver Star, though higher awards like the Medal of Honor could yield multiples based on receipt.^[2] These allocations emphasized length of service and family status as primary factors, with combat bonuses providing targeted recognition for frontline contributions.^[4] Eligibility for discharge initially required a minimum score of 85 points, which was lowered to 80 points on August 13, 1945, following V-J Day, and progressively reduced further—to 70 points by October 1945 and 60 points by November 1945—as global hostilities ended and occupation demands stabilized.^[2] This adjustment enabled the swift release of high-scoring personnel, resulting in the demobilization of over 4 million soldiers by the end of the year, shrinking the Army from 8.3 million personnel in May 1945 to 684,000 by July 1947.^[3] The system's efficiency in processing monthly quotas of up to 800,000 discharges highlighted its role in Operation Magic Carpet, the broader repatriation effort.^[2] Despite its successes, the ASRS drew substantial criticism for inherent inequities, particularly how it allowed some junior officers and rear-echelon staff—often with longer stateside service or more dependents—to surpass combat veterans in points, despite the latter's higher risks and shorter overall tenures.^[3] Frontline soldiers expressed resentment over equal campaign credits for support roles and the undervaluation of decorations relative to time-based points, leading to morale issues, protests, and congressional scrutiny of the War Department's administration.^[2] These flaws underscored administrative challenges, including score recomputations and exemptions for "essential" specialists, ultimately informing post-WWII reforms in military personnel management.^[4]

Air-sea rescue

Air-sea rescue encompasses military-coordinated search and rescue operations aimed at locating and recovering personnel in distress over water bodies, such as downed pilots, aircrews, and sailors from aircraft or vessel incidents. These efforts originated during World War II, when U.S. and Allied forces increasingly relied on dedicated assets to address the high risk of ditching in oceanic theaters. The U.S. Army Air Forces and Navy established formal air-sea rescue units in 1943, employing a combination of aircraft like the PBY Catalina flying boats, surface ships designated as lifeguard vessels, and submarines positioned for rapid intervention to retrieve survivors.^[5]^[6] In the Pacific theater, these operations proved vital, with U.S. forces recovering over 2,150 flight personnel from all services through coordinated air and sea efforts.^[6] Key techniques developed during this period focused on enhancing survivor visibility and location accuracy while minimizing exposure time in hazardous waters. Personnel were equipped with dye markers, which released fluorescent green stains in the sea to mark positions for overhead aircraft during daylight searches.^[7] Radio beacons, including direction-finding equipment, allowed distressed individuals to transmit signals for triangulation by rescue units.^[8] As helicopter technology advanced post-war, deployment of rescue swimmers or hoist operations from rotary-wing aircraft became a cornerstone method, enabling direct extractions even in rough seas.^[8] These approaches significantly improved survival rates, with submarines alone accounting for 504 airmen rescues across all services during the conflict.^[9] In the modern context, air-sea rescue has integrated into multinational frameworks, including NATO's allied joint doctrine for personnel recovery, which emphasizes coordinated use of air, surface, and subsurface assets in maritime environments.^[10] The U.S. Coast Guard plays a central role in domestic and international protocols, maintaining readiness for prompt alerts and launches, often within 15 to 30 minutes of a distress signal to maximize survivor viability. These evolutions build on WWII foundations, incorporating advanced radar, satellite communications, and joint exercises like NATO's maritime search and rescue drills to ensure interoperability among allies.^[11] Essential equipment supports these operations by sustaining survivors until extraction. Inflatable life rafts provide immediate flotation and shelter, often equipped with canopies for protection from elements.^[12] Survival kits include essentials like rations, desalination tablets, medical supplies, and signaling tools such as flares and electronic beacons.^[13] Sea anchors, including drogue systems like those in MK-series configurations, are deployed to stabilize rafts by reducing drift and facing them into waves, preventing capsizing.^[14] Air-sea rescue often overlaps with combat search and rescue in contested areas, where tactics must account for adversarial threats during recovery.^[15]

Organizations and companies

ASR Nederland

ASR Nederland N.V., commonly known as a.s.r., is a Dutch multinational insurance and financial services company headquartered in Utrecht, Netherlands.^[16] The company traces its origins to 1720 with the establishment of N.V. Maatschappij van Assurantie, Discontering en Beleening der Stad Rotterdam, but its modern form emerged from the 2000 merger between Fortis AMEV and the ASR Group, which included insurers such as De Amersfoortse, Stad Rotterdam Verzekeringen, and Woudsend Verzekeringen.^[16] This consolidation positioned a.s.r. as a major player in the Dutch insurance sector, focusing on a broad portfolio of products for private individuals, self-employed professionals, and small to medium-sized enterprises.^[17] The company provides a range of services including property and casualty insurance, disability coverage, health insurance, life insurance, pensions, mortgages, and banking through its subsidiary Knab.^[17] As of 2023, a.s.r. served over 3.5 million customers and generated gross premiums received of €8.8 billion, reflecting its significant scale in non-life and life segments.^[18]^[19] In 2024, the operating result increased to €1,428 million.^[20] Key brands and subsidiaries include De Amersfoortse for SME-focused offerings and Europeesche Verzekeringen, which was integrated into the a.s.r. brand in 2023 after operating as a specialist in travel and expatriate insurance since 1920.^[16]^[21] Following the 2008 financial crisis, the Dutch government acquired a majority stake in a.s.r. as part of the Fortis bailout, leading to its spin-off as a standalone entity in 2008.^[16] The company went public via an initial public offering on Euronext Amsterdam in 2016, with the state fully divesting its remaining 20.5% stake in 2017, marking its complete re-privatization and return to private ownership.^[22] In recent years, a.s.r. expanded through the 2023 acquisition of Aegon Nederland, enhancing its market position; in September 2025, Aegon sold additional shares in a.s.r., further reducing its stake.^[16]^[23] a.s.r.'s business model emphasizes digital innovation, such as online platforms and data-driven services, alongside sustainability-linked policies that promote climate risk reduction and ethical investments, excluding sectors like tobacco and child labor.^[24]^[25] As one of the largest insurers in the Netherlands, it holds a notable presence in the broader European insurance market.^[16]

Association for the Sociology of Religion

The Association for the Sociology of Religion (ASR) is an international scholarly organization dedicated to advancing theoretical and empirical research in the sociology of religion. Founded on March 26, 1938, as the American Catholic Sociological Society (ACSS) at Loyola University Chicago by Ralph A. Gallagher, S.J., it initially focused on Catholic perspectives but evolved into a diverse, global entity.^[26] By its first year, the society had grown to approximately 100 members and committed to holding annual meetings while launching its journal, The American Catholic Sociological Review.^[26] In 1958, it aligned its annual meetings with those of the American Sociological Association (ASA), fostering closer ties to the broader sociological community; the journal was renamed Sociological Analysis in 1964.^[26]^[27] The organization achieved full independence and rebranded as the ASR in 1970, reflecting its expanded scope beyond Catholic sociology, with membership surpassing 700 scholars worldwide by the early 21st century.^[26]^[28] ASR's core activities include organizing annual conferences that facilitate the exchange of research on religious phenomena and publishing the peer-reviewed journal Sociology of Religion: A Quarterly Review, which members receive in print and online formats.^[28] These efforts promote interdisciplinary approaches, integrating sociological methods with historical, comparative, and theoretical analyses of topics such as secularization, religious movements, and global faith dynamics.^[28] The association also hosts joint sessions and receptions with the ASA's Religion Section during ASA meetings, enhancing collaborative opportunities among sociologists and scholars from related disciplines.^[28] Additionally, ASR offers grants, awards, and professional development resources to support innovative studies in the field.^[28] Membership in ASR is open to researchers and academics globally, emphasizing rigorous empirical and theoretical investigations into religion's social dimensions, with benefits including discounted access to publications and conference participation.^[28] Over the decades, the organization has marked significant milestones, such as its journal's renaming in 1993 to its current title, underscoring its commitment to contemporary scholarship.^[26] Through these initiatives, ASR continues to serve as a vital hub for understanding religion's role in society.^[28]

American Sugar Refining

The American Sugar Refining Company (ASR) was established in 1891 in New York as a reorganization of the Sugar Refineries Company, commonly known as the Sugar Trust, which had been formed in 1887 by industry leaders including Henry O. Havemeyer to consolidate fragmented refineries and achieve economies of scale in sugar processing.^[29]^[30] This formation allowed ASR to rapidly expand by acquiring competitors, resulting in control over nearly 98% of U.S. sugar refining capacity shortly after the 1891 reorganization, though its share had declined to around 50% by 1907.^[31]^[32] The company's operations centered on refining raw cane sugar imported primarily from Cuba, supplemented by domestic beet sugar sources, which enabled efficient production and distribution across the United States.^[30] ASR maintained its market dominance through aggressive acquisitions and vertical integration, including investments in Cuban plantations and U.S. beet fields, until facing significant antitrust challenges in the early 20th century.^[33] The U.S. government initiated the landmark 1895 Supreme Court case United States v. E.C. Knight Co., alleging that ASR's 1891 purchase of Philadelphia refineries violated the Sherman Antitrust Act by creating a manufacturing monopoly; however, the Court ruled 8-1 that the acquisitions affected intrastate manufacturing rather than interstate commerce, allowing ASR to persist largely intact.^[33] Renewed scrutiny culminated in a 1910 federal antitrust suit accusing the company of monopolistic practices and corruption in lobbying for favorable tariffs, leading to congressional hearings in 1911-1912 and internal reforms, though no formal dissolution occurred.^[30] During this period, ASR introduced iconic consumer brands like Domino Sugar in 1900, which became synonymous with refined granulated sugar and helped embed the company in everyday American households.^[34] The company also encountered controversy in the early 1900s over allegations of manipulating weighing scales at its facilities to underreport sugar imports and evade customs duties, with federal prosecutors detailing methods such as "rolling the ball" to falsify balances, resulting in estimated fraud of up to 14 pounds per lot and prompting investigations by the Treasury Department.^[35]^[36] These scandals highlighted ethical lapses amid ASR's market power but did not derail its operations, as the firm continued to refine millions of tons annually from its key plants in Brooklyn, New York, and Baltimore, Maryland. In its modern iteration, ASR evolved through a series of mergers and acquisitions, culminating in 2013 when American Sugar Refining, Inc.—a direct descendant incorporating historic assets like the Domino brand and original refineries—rebranded as ASR Group under the ownership of the Fanjul family's Florida Crystals Corporation.^[37] Today, ASR Group operates as the world's largest refiner and marketer of cane sugar, with an annual capacity exceeding 6 million tons, and maintains major facilities including the Baltimore Refinery in Maryland; the Yonkers Refinery in New York is scheduled to close at the end of 2025.^[38]^[39]^[40] This continuity underscores ASR's enduring influence on the U.S. food industry, where it standardized refined sugar distribution and supported widespread adoption in baking, confectionery, and processed foods.^[41]

Alpha Sigma Rho

Alpha Sigma Rho Sorority, Inc. is an Asian-interest social sorority founded in the fall of 1998 at the University of Georgia in Athens by twelve women seeking to promote sisterhood, cultural diversity, and unity among Asian-American women.^[42] As the first Asian-interest sorority in Georgia and the Southeast, it was established as an inclusive organization open to women of all heritages who share an interest in Asian awareness and intercultural relationships, emphasizing mutual respect and bridging cultural barriers.^[42]^[43] The sorority's motto, "Strength in Unity," reflects its core values of academic excellence, interpersonal growth, moral development, and collective empowerment.^[44] Its official colors are red, white, and silver, symbolizing passion, purity, and elegance, while symbols such as the calla lily flower, swan mascot, opal gemstone, and the Chinese character for "woman" (女) are revealed to members during initiation to underscore themes of grace and femininity.^[44] Since its founding, Alpha Sigma Rho has grown to include eight active chapters and four associate chapters across twelve universities in states including Georgia, Texas, Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Ohio, with hundreds of active and alumnae members nationwide.^[45]^[46] Membership in Alpha Sigma Rho centers on fostering lifelong sisterhood, academic achievement, leadership, and community service, with a focus on personal and collective growth among women.^[44] The organization engages in cultural events that celebrate Asian heritage and diversity, alongside philanthropy efforts supporting women's health, particularly through partnerships with the National Ovarian Cancer Coalition; for instance, its Alpha Chapter raised over $2,600 for the cause during its 25th anniversary celebration in 2023.^[43]^[47] As part of the broader landscape of multicultural Greek life organizations, Alpha Sigma Rho continues to expand its impact on university campuses.^[45]

Aid Still Required

Aid Still Required (ASR) is a United States-based nonprofit organization dedicated to providing humanitarian support in the aftermath of disasters. It was granted 501(c)(3) tax-exempt status in 2010 and is headquartered in Santa Monica, California.^[48]^[49] The organization's mission centers on addressing the needs of communities overlooked after natural disasters and human crises have faded from media attention, by developing sustainable programs that promote dignity, self-sufficiency, and long-term recovery. ASR partners closely with local community leaders and Haitian staff to implement initiatives, ensuring that 100% of donations directly fund on-the-ground efforts led by an all-Haitian team of approximately 99 workers.^[50]^[48] ASR's operations primarily focus on Haiti, where it supports education through five schools equipped with solar-powered computer labs and English-language programs, alongside health and well-being services including trauma relief, in-home medical care, and vocational training in handicrafts and small businesses. Additional efforts encompass youth programs for at-risk children, marine restoration, and agroforestry projects to foster community-driven redevelopment. Unlike immediate relief efforts, ASR emphasizes enduring solutions such as literacy, social services, and economic empowerment to build resilience in vulnerable areas.^[51]^[50] This approach aligns briefly with broader international aid networks by prioritizing collaboration with local entities for sustainable impact in post-crisis environments.^[50]

Science

Ancestral sequence reconstruction

Ancestral sequence reconstruction (ASR) is a computational and experimental technique in molecular biology that infers the nucleotide or amino acid sequences of genes and proteins from extinct ancestors by analyzing sequences from living descendants within a phylogenetic framework. This method enables the "resurrection" of ancient biomolecules through gene synthesis and heterologous expression, allowing researchers to characterize their biochemical properties and test evolutionary hypotheses directly. The approach originated conceptually in the 1960s with proposals for "molecular paleontology" by Émile Zuckerkandl and Linus Pauling, but computational advancements in the 1980s, including phylogenetic tree-building algorithms, made it feasible.^[52]^[53] The process begins with the multiple sequence alignment of homologous sequences from extant species, followed by the construction of a phylogenetic tree that models evolutionary relationships and divergence times. Ancestral states are then reconstructed at internal tree nodes using statistical methods, with maximum likelihood being the most common due to its incorporation of evolutionary models like substitution rates and branch lengths. In contrast, parsimony reconstruction seeks the sequence requiring the fewest changes along the tree branches, offering simplicity but less accuracy for deeply diverged lineages where multiple substitutions obscure history. The first experimental resurrections occurred in the early 1990s, when Steven Benner's group reconstructed an ancestral ribonuclease and Allan Wilson's group revived an ancient lysozyme, demonstrating that inferred sequences could fold and function similarly to modern variants.^[54]^[55]^[56]^[53] ASR has broad applications in elucidating protein evolution and facilitating enzyme engineering. By resurrecting ancient forms, scientists can trace functional shifts, such as changes in substrate specificity or stability over geological timescales. For instance, reconstruction of ancestral firefly luciferases revealed that bioluminescence in their common ancestor, dating back about 100 million years, emitted green light, with subsequent color variations evolving through specific amino acid substitutions for ecological adaptations like mate attraction. Similarly, the ~450-million-year-old precursor to vertebrate steroid receptors was resurrected to show how ancient proteins bound multiple hormones promiscuously, enabling later specialization after gene duplication. These insights tie briefly to broader evolutionary biology by validating models of molecular adaptation. In engineering, resurrected enzymes often exhibit enhanced thermostability, making them valuable scaffolds for designing robust biocatalysts in biotechnology. Recent advances as of 2025 incorporate machine learning and autoregressive generative models for more accurate sequence inference, with applications in studying antibiotic resistance evolution and engineering enzymes like ancestral PETases for plastic degradation.^[57]^[58]^[59]^[60] Despite its power, ASR has limitations stemming from assumptions about evolutionary processes. Accurate phylogenies are essential; inaccuracies in tree topology or branch lengths can propagate errors into reconstructed sequences, particularly for rapidly evolving sites or ancient nodes with sparse data. Methods like maximum likelihood mitigate this by integrating uncertainty estimates, but they require appropriate substitution models, and phenomena such as recombination or selection pressures may not be fully captured. Overall, ASR provides rigorous, experimentally testable glimpses into deep time, prioritizing high-confidence inferences from well-supported trees.^[61]^[55]

Acute stress reaction

Acute stress reaction (ASR), also known as acute stress disorder (ASD) in DSM frameworks, refers to the immediate psychological and physiological response to a traumatic event, characterized by a transient disturbance that typically lasts from hours to days. It was introduced as a diagnostic category in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) in 1994, serving as a short-term reaction and potential precursor to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) if symptoms persist beyond one month; ASR specifically aligns with the ICD-10 diagnosis (F43.0), while under ICD-11 (effective 2022), it is described as transient symptoms (QE84) rather than a formal disorder.^[62]^[63] This condition arises following exposure to actual or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violence, with symptoms required to begin within three days of the event and include at least nine out of 14 possible manifestations across categories such as intrusion, negative mood, dissociation, avoidance, and arousal.^[64] Key symptoms of ASR encompass psychological dissociation (e.g., numbing, derealization, or depersonalization), hypervigilance (increased alertness and startle response), and avoidance behaviors (efforts to evade trauma reminders), which disrupt normal functioning and emotional processing. These reactions affect 20-50% of trauma survivors, particularly in cases of interpersonal violence such as assault or rape, with notably higher rates observed in combat settings where intense exposure amplifies vulnerability—studies of Vietnam War veterans, for instance, indicate acute stress symptoms in up to 90% of heavily engaged troops during active conflict.^[65]^[64] Physiologically, ASR involves a surge in cortisol mediated by activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, alongside heightened amygdala activity that enhances fear processing and emotional reactivity, preparing the body for immediate threat response but potentially overwhelming cognitive control if prolonged.^[66] Treatment for ASR emphasizes early intervention to mitigate escalation to chronic stress disorders like PTSD, focusing on supportive rather than confrontational approaches. Psychological first aid (PFA), an evidence-informed strategy, is recommended as the primary response, involving promotion of safety, emotional stabilization, and connection to resources without forcing trauma debriefing, which has shown efficacy in reducing distress in the acute phase among trauma-exposed individuals.^[67] This non-invasive method prioritizes resilience-building and practical assistance, typically delivered in the immediate aftermath by trained responders in settings like emergency departments or disaster scenes.

Adult sex ratio

The adult sex ratio (ASR) is defined as the proportion of adult males to adult females in a population, typically expressed as the number of males per 100 females, encompassing all sexually mature individuals regardless of reproductive activity. This metric significantly influences mating systems and social behaviors across species, as imbalances can intensify competition for mates and alter parental investment patterns. In evolutionary biology, ASR variations shape strategies such as mate guarding or polyandry, linking directly to broader theories of sexual selection.^[68]^[69] Several factors contribute to ASR deviations from parity, including differential mortality rates—where males often face higher risks from predation, disease, or risky behaviors, resulting in female-biased ratios—sex-biased migration, such as male-dominated labor flows, and human-specific practices like sex-biased infanticide or selective abortions favoring males. In human populations, the global ASR averages approximately 101 males per 100 females as of 2025, reflecting a slight male bias that diminishes with age due to mortality differences; however, regional variations are pronounced, with China exhibiting an ASR of approximately 104 males per 100 females as of 2023 (down from about 108 in the mid-2000s), driven by historical cultural son preferences and associated sex-selective practices. These imbalances can have cascading effects on social structures, including marriage markets and gender roles, with ongoing concerns in male-biased regions like parts of India leading to issues such as increased human trafficking.^[70]^[71]^[72]^[73]^[74] In ecological contexts, highly skewed ASRs promote polygynous systems, as exemplified by southern elephant seals (Mirounga leonina), where extreme male-biased ratios—arising from high male mortality among non-dominant individuals—enable a few alpha males to monopolize harems of dozens of females, leading to intense male-male competition and vast reproductive variance. This phenomenon aligns with Robert Trivers' seminal parental investment theory (1972), which posits that the sex investing more in offspring (typically females) becomes the limiting resource, amplifying the effects of ASR on mating dynamics and evolutionary pressures.^[75] Measurement of ASR relies on census or demographic surveys that capture population data by age and sex, often adjusted to define "adults" as individuals aged 15–64 or 20+ to exclude juveniles while accounting for cultural or biological maturity thresholds; international bodies like the United Nations use such standardized data for cross-population comparisons.^[70]

Technology

Automatic speech recognition

Automatic speech recognition (ASR), also known as speech-to-text or computer speech recognition, is an interdisciplinary field of artificial intelligence and computer science that enables machines to convert spoken language into readable text. The technology processes audio input through signal processing and machine learning algorithms to identify phonetic sounds, words, and sentences. ASR systems have evolved from rudimentary digit recognizers to sophisticated tools capable of handling continuous speech in multiple languages, forming the foundation for voice-enabled interactions in everyday computing.^[76] The origins of ASR trace back to the 1950s, when Bell Laboratories developed the Audrey system, a hardware-based device that could recognize spoken digits from 0 to 9 with about 90% accuracy under controlled conditions, marking the first practical demonstration of voice recognition. A key milestone came in the 1970s through the U.S. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) Speech Understanding Research (SUR) program (1971–1976), which funded collaborative efforts to build systems recognizing continuous speech from small vocabularies of up to 1,000 words, laying groundwork for rule-based and statistical approaches. The post-2010 deep learning revolution transformed ASR, with advancements like DeepMind's WaveNet (2016) enabling generative modeling of raw audio waveforms and improving phonetic representations in neural architectures.^[77]^[76]^[78] At its core, an ASR system integrates three primary components: the acoustic model, which analyzes audio features to predict phonetic probabilities; the pronunciation lexicon (or dictionary), which maps words to sequences of phonemes accounting for variations; and the language model, which incorporates grammatical and contextual probabilities to disambiguate word sequences. These elements work together in a decoding process to produce the most likely transcription. A notable advancement has been the decline in word error rates (WER) for English conversational speech, from around 20% in 2010 using hybrid statistical models to under 5% by 2023 on benchmarks like Switchboard, driven by end-to-end neural networks that jointly optimize all components without explicit phonetic alignments.^[76]^[79]^[80] ASR finds widespread applications in virtual assistants like Apple's Siri, which relies on it for command interpretation and response generation, and in automated transcription for meetings, captions, and accessibility tools. Early architectures predominantly used Hidden Markov Models (HMMs) to model temporal speech sequences probabilistically, often combined with Gaussian mixture models for acoustic likelihoods; however, since the 2010s, Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) have largely supplanted them by learning hierarchical feature representations directly from data, yielding lower error rates and greater robustness. Despite these gains, persistent challenges include accurately transcribing diverse accents, dialects, and speech in noisy environments, where performance can degrade significantly due to variations in pronunciation and interfering signals. ASR often integrates briefly with natural language processing to refine semantic intent from recognized text.^[81]^[82]^[83]

Airport surveillance radar

Airport surveillance radar (ASR) systems are specialized radar installations designed to monitor aircraft positions in the terminal airspace surrounding airports, providing essential data for air traffic control. These systems originated in the late 1940s as part of early efforts to integrate radar into civil aviation for safer aircraft separation and sequencing. The U.S. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and its predecessor, the Civil Aeronautics Administration, began deploying the first ASR models, such as the ASR-1, by 1950 to address growing air traffic demands post-World War II. Subsequent advancements led to the ASR-9 in the 1980s, which improved reliability for major airports, and the ASR-11 in the early 2000s, incorporating digital signal processing for enhanced performance; both models operate primarily in the S-band frequency range of 2700–2900 MHz to minimize atmospheric attenuation.^[84]^[85]^[86] ASR functions by detecting aircraft position, range, and speed within a typical coverage area extending up to 60 nautical miles horizontally and 25,000 feet in altitude. The system combines primary surveillance radar (PSR), which uses reflected echoes from aircraft surfaces to track non-cooperative targets without onboard equipment, and secondary surveillance radar (SSR), operating in the L-band (1030–1090 MHz), which interrogates aircraft transponders to obtain Identification Friend or Foe (IFF) data, including altitude and identification codes. This integration allows controllers to distinguish aircraft reliably, even in low-visibility conditions, while supporting speeds from stationary to over 700 knots.^[87]^[88]^[89] The FAA has installed ASR systems at more than 230 sites nationwide, primarily at terminal radar approach control facilities, to ensure comprehensive coverage of busy airspace. The digital ASR-11 variant introduces advanced clutter rejection algorithms, including adaptive thresholding and scan-to-scan correlation, which reduce false alarms from ground returns, weather, or interference compared to analog predecessors like the ASR-8. In operation, the antenna rotates continuously at 12.5 revolutions per minute—completing a scan every 4.8 seconds—to deliver near-real-time updates, enabling effective tracking of both transponder-equipped and non-cooperative aircraft. By providing controllers with precise surveillance, ASR contributes to aviation safety through timely conflict detection and resolution.^[90]^[91]

Automotive shredder residue

Automotive shredder residue (ASR) is the non-metallic fraction remaining after end-of-life vehicles (ELVs) are shredded and metals are recovered during recycling processes.^[92] This residue is generated when ELVs are processed in hammer mills to separate ferrous metals (typically 70-75% of the vehicle mass) and non-ferrous metals (5-10%), leaving behind the heterogeneous non-metallic components that account for 20-25% of the original vehicle weight.^[93] In the European Union, ASR production reached approximately 2-2.5 million tonnes annually around the early 2010s, representing about 10% of total hazardous waste generated.^[94] The composition of ASR is highly variable but primarily consists of plastics (around 31%, including polyolefins, PVC, polyurethane, nylon, polystyrene, and ABS), rubber (8%), glass (12%), textiles and carpeting (13%), dirt and metal fines (20%), and moisture (15%).^[94] Up to 20% of the plastics fraction can be PVC, along with other hazardous substances such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and heavy metals at concentrations up to 10 times those in municipal solid waste.^[94] European Union Directive 2000/53/EC, enacted to promote sustainable vehicle recycling, set targets to minimize ASR landfilling by requiring 95% of ELV weight to be reused or recovered by 2015 (with 85% through recycling and 10% via energy recovery), thereby reducing the environmental burden of this waste stream.^[95]^[93] Environmentally, ASR poses significant risks when landfilled, as it can release leachates containing organic compounds and heavy metals into groundwater, while anaerobic decomposition produces biogas with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs).^[93] The presence of PVC contributes to potential emissions of hydrochloric acid and dioxins during improper handling.^[94] To mitigate these impacts, post-shredder technologies such as eddy current separation are employed to further isolate non-ferrous materials and reduce the residue volume before final disposal or treatment.^[94] ASR management strategies emphasize recovery over landfilling, including incineration to generate energy and pyrolysis to produce recoverable oils and syngas.^[93] These thermal processes, often combined with mechanical pre-treatments, enable material recycling and contribute to circular economy goals by diverting waste from landfills and harnessing embedded energy value.^[92]

Aquifer storage and recovery

Aquifer storage and recovery (ASR) is a groundwater management technique designed for seasonal or long-term water storage, involving the injection of excess surface water into suitable aquifers for later extraction. This method was pioneered in the United States during the 1960s, with early implementations such as the Boron Community Services District well in California established in 1967, and subsequent projects in Florida, including those by the South Florida Water Management District, which expanded ASR applications for brackish aquifer storage starting in the 1970s and 1980s.^[96]^[97] By recharging aquifers during wet periods, ASR addresses water scarcity in regions prone to variability in rainfall and demand.^[98] The ASR process typically begins with pretreatment of source water—such as surface or reclaimed water—to remove particulates, pathogens, and incompatible chemicals, ensuring it meets aquifer compatibility standards. Treated water is then injected into confined or semi-confined aquifers via dedicated wells, often at rates determined by the formation's permeability and storage volume. Recovery occurs through pumping from the same or adjacent wells during dry periods, with recovery efficiencies varying from 50% to over 90% depending on site hydrogeology and operational cycles. Globally, managed aquifer recharge (MAR) systems, including ASR, have grown to a total capacity exceeding 10 billion cubic meters as of 2015, reflecting a 4.5% annual growth rate since the 1960s; in Australia, large-scale projects demonstrate significant scale, with potential storage capacities at individual sites reaching up to 280 gigaliters based on conservative appraisals.^[99]^[96]^[100]^[101] ASR offers key benefits in drought mitigation by creating underground reservoirs that buffer against supply shortages, allowing water utilities to store surplus during high-flow seasons for reliable extraction later. Additionally, the subsurface residence time enables natural filtration through biogeochemical processes, often improving water quality by reducing pathogens, organic compounds, and even mobilizing beneficial ions while attenuating contaminants. However, a primary operational challenge is well clogging from suspended particulates, iron precipitates, or microbial growth during injection, which reduces recharge rates and can be mitigated through periodic backflushing—pumping at higher rates to dislodge accumulations—or enhanced pretreatment.^[102]^[103]^[104] In the United States, ASR facilities are subject to stringent regulations under the Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Underground Injection Control (UIC) program, part of the Safe Drinking Water Act, which classifies ASR wells as Class V and requires permits, hydrogeological assessments, and ongoing monitoring to prevent migration of contaminants into drinking water sources. Operators must track water quality parameters like pH, trace metals, and disinfection byproducts during injection and recovery, with thresholds enforced to ensure recovered water meets potable standards or designated uses. These guidelines help balance ASR's benefits with risks, promoting sustainable implementation across diverse aquifers.^[99]^[105]

Anti-Slip Regulation

Anti-Slip Regulation (ASR), also known as Acceleration Slip Regulation or Antriebsschlupfregelung in German, is an automotive electronic stability system designed to prevent wheel spin during acceleration, particularly on slippery surfaces. Developed by Robert Bosch GmbH, ASR was first introduced as a traction control system in 1986, marking an early integration of electronic vehicle dynamics control.^[106] By the early 1990s, Bosch had expanded ASR into series production across multiple variants, enhancing its compatibility with anti-lock braking systems (ABS) for broader application in passenger vehicles. The system operates by continuously monitoring wheel speeds via sensors to detect excessive slip between the driven wheels and the road surface. When slip is identified—typically exceeding a predefined threshold—the electronic control unit (ECU) intervenes by reducing engine torque through throttle adjustment, ignition retardation, or fuel cutoff, and, if necessary, selectively applying brakes to the slipping wheel to transfer torque to the wheel with better grip. Key components include wheel speed sensors shared with the ABS, the central ECU for processing signals, and actuators in the engine management and braking systems. This mechanism ensures improved vehicle stability and acceleration without compromising directional control.^[107]^[108] In specific implementations, such as Mercedes-Benz's 4MATIC all-wheel-drive system, ASR integrates with torque vectoring to dynamically distribute power across wheels and axles, optimizing traction during cornering or on low-friction roads. Originally a standalone feature, ASR has evolved into a core component of more advanced electronic stability programs (ESP), which Bosch introduced in 1995 in collaboration with Mercedes-Benz. Since November 2014, ESP—encompassing ASR functionality—has been mandatory on all new passenger cars and light commercial vehicles in the European Union, significantly enhancing road safety standards.^[109]^[107]^[110]

Computing

Cisco Aggregation Services Router

The Cisco Aggregation Services Router (ASR) series comprises high-performance networking platforms designed primarily for service provider edge and aggregation routing, enabling scalable handling of IP and video traffic in carrier environments. Launched in 2008 with the introduction of the ASR 9000 series alongside IOS XR Software Release 3.7.2, these routers were engineered to support the growing demands of Carrier Ethernet networks, providing modular architectures for high availability and flexibility.^[111]^[112] The series features a distributed control plane and redundant components, including route switch processors, power supplies, and fans, to ensure nonstop operations even during hardware failures or software upgrades.^[112] Key to the ASR platform's capabilities is its support for advanced traffic management, optimized for video and IP services through features like high-density Ethernet interfaces and environmentally efficient cooling systems that achieve low power consumption per gigabit of throughput. The ASR 9000 series, targeted at core network deployments, scales to system capacities of up to 160 Tbps in larger chassis models, such as the ASR 9922, while delivering line-rate performance for 10G, 100G, and 400G Ethernet ports.^[112]^[113] Recent line cards introduced around 2024-2025 extend support to 800G Ethernet ports for even higher density in multi-rate configurations (1G to 800G).^[114] In contrast, the ASR 1000 series serves enterprise WAN aggregation needs with throughput ranging from 2.5 Gbps to 200 Gbps, incorporating integrated services like encryption and firewall capabilities via Cisco IOS XE software.^[115] Both series emphasize modularity, allowing service providers to mix line cards for diverse interface types without compromising performance. Notable advancements include 2022 innovations in silicon-based line cards for the ASR 9000, introducing 400G and 200G modular options that support multi-rate ports (1G to 400G) for enhanced density and efficiency in IP over DWDM environments.^[116] Subsequent IOS XR releases, such as version 25.3.1 in 2025, added features like YANG-Push telemetry, advanced SRv6 steering, and improved SSH controls.^[117] These routers are widely deployed in service provider networks for applications such as MPLS label switching to enable VPNs and traffic engineering, alongside Quality of Service (QoS) mechanisms for prioritizing broadband aggregation, video streaming, and mobile backhaul traffic.^[118]^[112] As part of Cisco's broader networking portfolio, the ASR series integrates seamlessly with other elements like optical transport systems to support evolving 5G and cloud-scale infrastructures.^[119]

RWTH ASR

RWTH ASR, commonly abbreviated as RASR, is an open-source toolkit for automatic speech recognition developed by the Human Language Technology and Pattern Recognition group at RWTH Aachen University.^[120] It provides a flexible framework for building and evaluating speech recognition systems, primarily targeted at research applications.^[121] First publicly released in 2009 under the RWTH ASR License—a derivative of the Q Public License—the toolkit has evolved to support modern architectures while maintaining its core emphasis on modularity and extensibility.^[121] A key strength of RASR lies in its modular pipeline, which decouples components for acoustic modeling, language modeling, and decoding, allowing researchers to experiment with custom configurations via a C++ API.^[121] It supports batch processing for efficient handling of large datasets, including distributed training and decoding on grid computing environments, which scales by dividing audio into segments.^[121] Since 2014, RASR has incorporated support for hybrid deep neural network-hidden Markov model (DNN-HMM) systems through its RASR/NN extension, enabling the integration of neural acoustic models for improved recognition accuracy in research settings.^[122] Additionally, it facilitates feature extraction via integration with the Kaldi toolkit, enhancing compatibility for preprocessing tasks like computing mel-frequency cepstral coefficients.^[123] RASR has been widely applied in academic prototyping and multilingual speech recognition projects, where its flexibility aids in developing systems for diverse languages and domains.^[120] The toolkit builds on established automatic speech recognition principles, such as hybrid modeling, to enable rapid iteration in experimental setups. It has contributed to competitive performances in speech recognition challenges, including participation in Interspeech evaluations; for instance, the 2023 release of RASR2 extended support for generic sequence-to-sequence models, while RWTH systems using RASR achieved strong results in low-resource medical domain tasks around the same period.^[124] The toolkit continues to be used in 2025 research, including papers on neural front-ends and end-to-end models at conferences like NAACL and Interspeech, without a major new release since 2023.^[125] Ongoing development and maintenance are handled by RWTH Aachen's Human Language Technology group, with the latest versions available via GitHub for community contributions and updates.^[126]^[120]

Transport

Erkilet International Airport

Erkilet International Airport (IATA: ASR, ICAO: LTAU), located approximately 5 km north of Kayseri city center in central Turkey, serves as the primary airport for the Kayseri region and a key gateway to Cappadocia. The airport opened to civil aviation in 1998, transitioning from its earlier role as a military facility to accommodate growing domestic and international demand.^[127]^[128] The facility is a dual-use military airbase and public airport, hosting the Turkish Air Force's 12th Air Transport Main Base Command, which operates tactical transport aircraft including C-130 Hercules and A400M Atlas models. It features one concrete runway: 07/25 measuring 3,000 m in length by 45 m wide, supporting a range of commercial and military operations. Turkish Airlines maintains a significant presence as a hub, offering frequent domestic flights to Istanbul and Ankara, alongside seasonal international routes. The airport's name derives from the nearby Erkilet district. Historically, the site functioned as a military base during World War I, contributing to Ottoman air efforts in the region.^[129]^[130] In 2023, Erkilet handled 1,885,345 passengers, reflecting its role in regional tourism and business travel, with capacity expanded through a new 51,000 sqm terminal inaugurated in late 2023 to boost annual throughput.^[131] Connectivity extends to major European hubs like London and Frankfurt, Middle Eastern destinations including Jeddah, and domestic links via Turkish Airlines and low-cost carriers like Pegasus Airlines, integrating Erkilet into Turkey's broader aviation network.

State Railway of Thailand ASR class

The State Railway of Thailand ASR class is a series of diesel multiple units (DMUs) introduced in 1990 to enhance passenger services on the country's metre-gauge network. These trains were developed as an export variant of the British Rail Class 158 Express Sprinter, with significant adaptations to suit Thailand's 1,000 mm track gauge and local operational requirements. Built by British Rail Engineering Limited (BREL) at their Derby Litchurch Lane Works, the ASR class represented an early effort to modernize Thailand's rail fleet with air-conditioned, higher-speed rolling stock for intercity travel.^[132] A total of 20 carriages were constructed, comprising cab cars (2501–2512) and power cars (2113–2120), equipped with Cummins diesel engines providing diesel-hydraulic transmission for smooth acceleration and efficiency on uneven tracks. Key specifications include a top speed of 120 km/h, making them suitable for faster express runs compared to older SRT rolling stock, and full air-conditioning for passenger comfort in Thailand's tropical climate. The units feature inward-opening slam doors for quick boarding and buck-eye couplers for reliable connections, though they lack the plug doors found on the standard Class 158. These DMUs were initially deployed on northern lines, such as the Bangkok to Chiang Mai route, where the first Sprinter services commenced in June 1991 under train numbers 907/908.^[132]^[133] In operation, the ASR class supports both commuter and intercity services, primarily as "Special Express" trains marked with "ด่วนพิเศษ" on the bodysides, offering premium seating in a spacious layout designed for longer journeys. Over time, reliability issues led to a refurbishment program in the 2010s, which included interior updates, livery changes to SRT's blue and orange scheme, and mechanical overhauls to extend service life and improve performance. Today, while some units have been withdrawn due to accidents or age, the remaining fleet continues limited duties, contributing to Southeast Asian rail modernization efforts amid broader electrification and high-speed initiatives.^[132]^[134]

Other uses

Asr (prayer)

The Asr prayer, known as Salah al-Asr, is one of the five obligatory daily prayers (salah) in Islam, performed in the afternoon to fulfill the religious duty of worship established in the Quran and Sunnah. It serves as a moment of reflection and submission to God during the latter part of the day, bridging midday activities and evening routines. The prayer typically comprises four fard (obligatory) rak'ahs, with four sunnah (recommended) rak'ahs performed beforehand to follow the Prophet Muhammad's example, though the sunnah portion is optional but highly encouraged for spiritual reward.^[135] The timing of the Asr prayer is determined by the sun's position, beginning when the shadow of an object equals its own length (plus the shadow length at noon, according to the majority of scholars in the Maliki, Shafi'i, and Hanbali schools) and ending just before sunset. In the Hanafi school, the preferred starting time is later, when the shadow is twice the object's length, allowing the prayer to be observed closer to sunset while still within the valid window. This variation reflects scholarly interpretations of prophetic traditions on solar shadows, ensuring flexibility across geographical contexts without altering the prayer's end time. The Prophet Muhammad underscored its significance in authentic hadiths, warning that intentionally missing Asr is akin to losing one's family and possessions, and stating that consistent performance of Asr and Fajr prayers guarantees protection from Hellfire and entry into Paradise.^[136]^[137] In practice, the Asr prayer is performed standing facing the Kaaba in Mecca (qibla), beginning with the takbir (Allahu Akbar) and including the recitation of Surah Al-Fatiha—the opening chapter of the Quran—in every rak'ah, followed by additional Quranic verses in the first two rak'ahs. The sequence involves bowing (ruku'), prostration (sujud), and sitting positions, all conducted in ritual purity (wudu). These elements emphasize mindfulness and devotion, with the prayer's structure identical to other fard salah except for its timing.^[138]^[139] Within Muslim communities, the Asr prayer often marks an afternoon pause from work or daily tasks, fostering communal solidarity as mosques fill for congregational observance and promoting a rhythmic balance between worldly duties and spiritual renewal.^[140] As part of Islam's pillar of prayer, it reinforces the faith's emphasis on timed devotion throughout the day.

Academy at Swift River

The Academy at Swift River (ASR) was a coeducational therapeutic boarding school located in Cummington and Plainfield, Massachusetts, operating from July 1997 to the end of the 2012–2013 school year as part of the troubled teen industry, which provides residential interventions for adolescents facing behavioral, emotional, and substance abuse challenges.^[141]^[142] Founded by the Aspen Education Group on a 636-acre campus, it emphasized personal growth through a combination of rigorous academics and experiential therapies tailored to students struggling with issues such as defiance, academic underachievement, and mental health concerns.^[141]^[143] The school's program integrated wilderness therapy—featuring outdoor activities like hiking, rock climbing, kayaking, and overnight camping—to foster resilience and self-reflection, alongside equine-assisted learning sessions that supported emotional regulation and interpersonal skills development.^[143] It served students aged 13 to 18, with a maximum enrollment of around 60, and was accredited by the Massachusetts Department of Education while holding membership in the National Association of Therapeutic Schools and Programs (NATSAP) since 1999.^[143]^[142] Therapeutic approaches included dialectical behavior therapy, motivational interviewing, and psychodrama, all delivered by a clinical team within a college-preparatory framework.^[143] ASR shut down in August 2013 primarily due to financial pressures, including declining enrollment (from 60 students in fall 2012 to 42 by spring 2013) and families' difficulties obtaining loans or home equity financing for treatment amid economic shifts.^[142] The closure occurred against a backdrop of industry-wide controversies, including allegations of abuse and neglect in programs operated by Aspen Education Group, as highlighted in a 2008 U.S. House subcommittee hearing that referenced thousands of such claims across residential facilities from 1990 to 2007.^[144] Specific to ASR, survivor accounts reported instances of physical, emotional, and mental abuse, including forced labor, humiliation, isolation, coercion, untrained staff misconduct such as supplying drugs for sex, and neglect of suicidal students; the school was also named in lawsuits in 2008 and 2010 and operated unlicensed since 2008.^[145]^[144]^[146] This event underscored ongoing debates in youth mental health care, prompting greater advocacy for regulatory reforms in therapeutic residential programs to enhance oversight and protect vulnerable teens.^[144]

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Below is a merged summary of the Army Service Ribbon (ASR) based on all provided segments from AR 600-8-22 (19 January 2024). To retain all information in a dense and organized format, I will use a table in CSV format for key details, followed by a narrative summary that consolidates additional notes and context. This ensures all information is preserved while maintaining clarity and conciseness.
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Sidebar: Sex ratios around the world | Pew Research Center
Aug 23, 2022 · At any given time, there are almost as many women as men in the world – the typical balance is around 101 males per 100 females, ...
[68]
Too Many Males in China: The Causes and the Consequences
Aug 7, 2025 · The Chinese government census data shows that in the early 1980s China's sex ratio at birth was 108 males to every 100 females; in the 1990s the ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[69]
Where are the beachmasters? Unexpectedly weak polygyny among ...
Nov 24, 2021 · Elephant seals are a textbook example of a highly polygynous mating system, with dominant 'beachmaster' males controlling harems of up to ...
[70]
Audrey, Alexa, Hal, and More - CHM - Computer History Museum
Jun 9, 2021 · We start our story in 1952 at Bell Laboratories. It's a modest start: The machine, known as AUDREY—the Automatic Digit Recognizer—can recognize ...
[71]
WaveNet: A generative model for raw audio - Google DeepMind
Sep 8, 2016 · This post presents WaveNet, a deep generative model of raw audio waveforms. We show that WaveNets are able to generate speech which mimics any human voice.
[72]
(PDF) A Historical Perspective of Speech Recognition - ResearchGate
Aug 6, 2025 · ... Historical progress of speech recognition word error rate on more and more ... Our best Switchboard DBN achieves a word error rate of 16.4% on ...
[73]
Toward Zero Oracle Word Error Rate on the Switchboard Benchmark
Jun 13, 2022 · In this more detailed and reproducible scheme, even commercial ASR systems can score below 5% WER and the established record for a research ...Missing: English 2010 2023
[74]
Finding Local Destinations with Siri's Regionally Specific Language ...
Aug 9, 2018 · This article describes how we met that challenge, improving Siri's ability to recognize names of local POIs by incorporating knowledge of the user's location.
[75]
Comparison of Hidden Markov Model and Recurrent Neural ...
Aug 31, 2020 · This paper provides a literature survey on state of the art researches on two major models, namely Deep Neural Network - Hidden Markov Model (DNN-HMM) and ...
[76]
Language bias in ASR: Challenges, consequences, and the path ...
Aug 11, 2025 · Noisy speech environments exacerbate ASR bias. The tools struggle to understand certain speech styles in clean, noiseless circumstances, and the ...
[77]
Air Traffic Control | Federal Aviation Administration
Nov 16, 2021 · By fiscal 1950, the CAA was beginning to deploy the first of its Airport Surveillance Radar (ASR-1) systems. The ASR-1 antenna shown at right ...Air Traffic Control Begins · Early Airway Traffic Control · Airway Centers in the 1940s
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[PDF] Chapter 7: A Quest for Improved Safety and Security
In May 1989 FAA commissioned the first operational airport surveillance radar-9. (ASR-9) installation. ... FAA planned to equip every major airport with ASR-9 ...
[79]
[PDF] 2700-2900 MHz 1. Band Introduction 2. Allocations
Mar 1, 2014 · The 2700-2900 MHz band is used for radar systems, including airport surveillance (ASR) and weather monitoring (NEXRAD) by FAA, DoD, and NWS.
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Section 5. Surveillance Systems - Federal Aviation Administration
Surveillance Radar ASR is designed to provide relatively short-range coverage in the general vicinity of an airport and to serve as an expeditious means of ...
[81]
Airport Surveillance Radar (ASR-11) - Federal Aviation Administration
Sep 22, 2025 · Airport Surveillance Radar (ASR-11) is an integrated primary and secondary radar system that has been deployed at terminal air traffic control sites.
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What is an Airport Surveillance Radar (ASR) System? - everything RF
May 8, 2022 · ... altitudes below 25,000 feet (7,620 meters) and within 40 to 60 nautical miles (75 to 110 km) of the airport. The ASR is sometimes referred ...
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[PDF] Airport Surveillance Radar Model 11 (ASR-11) FAA Test and ... - DTIC
Scan-to-scan correlation shall be used to reduce false alarms and assure a high confidence in reported aircraft targets with velocities of 25 to. 700 knots ...
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[PDF] j1.10 faa surveillance radar data as a complement to the wsr-88d ...
This provides similar energy on target at long range but results in significantly reduced sensitivity at short range (<6.5 nmi) where the ASR-11 cannot utilize.
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[PDF] The State of the Art of Resource Recovery from Shredder Residue
The process by which the scrap processors recover metal scrap from automobiles involves shredding the obsolete automobiles, along with other obsolete metal- ...<|control11|><|separator|>
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https://www.ntia.gov/files/ntia/publications/compendium/2700.00-2900.00_01MAR14-1.pdf
[87]
Automotive shredder residue (ASR): A rapidly increasing waste ...
Aug 10, 2025 · Directive 2000/53/EC regulates the management of ELVs. ELVs are collected and dismantled to remove the battery, tyres, fluids and any parts ...
[88]
https://www.faa.gov/air_traffic/technology/asr-11
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(PDF) Lessons Learned from Aquifer Storage and Recovery (ASR ...
Aug 7, 2025 · This paper is the result of a survey and analyses of available data from 204 Aquifer Storage and Recovery (ASR) sites in the United States.
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Aquifer Storage and Recovery | South Florida Water Management ...
Aquifer Storage and Recovery (ASR) refers to the process of recharge, storage, and recovery of water in an aquifer. ASR facilities have been used in Florida ...
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Aquifer Storage and Recovery | U.S. Geological Survey - USGS.gov
Aquifer storage and recovery is a water resources management technique for actively storing water underground during wet periods for recovery when needed.
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Aquifer Recharge and Aquifer Storage and Recovery | US EPA
Oct 6, 2025 · The stored water may be recovered from the same well used for injection or from nearby injection or recovery wells. Several methods of ...
[93]
Global groundwater sustainability: A critical review of strategies and ...
Global MAR's capacity grew from 1 billion m3 in 1965 to 10 billion m3 in 2015, with a 4.5 % annual growth rate, most notably between 2000 and 2010.Missing: cubic | Show results with:cubic
[94]
Rapid appraisal of managed aquifer recharge opportunities for ...
Of the 17 areas, 15 sites had significant aquifer storage potential. Conservative estimates of storage capacities range from 10 to 280 gigalitres (GL).
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[PDF] Climate Resilient Mitigation Activities Aquifer Storage and Recovery
The primary benefit of an ASR project is to enhance or increase water supply for drought mitigation. The stored water can be pumped out of the aquifer ( ...
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Aquifer Storage and Recovery (ASR) Project Case Study
Feb 29, 2024 · Since stored water undergoes natural filtration while underground, it presents the added benefit of improving water quality. ASR projects ...
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Clogging Issues with Aquifer Storage and Recovery of Reclaimed ...
Aug 30, 2019 · Backflushing of the ASR well, with a 2–3 times higher pumping than injection rate, directly or after juttering, is a method to unclog the well ...
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[PDF] Aquifer Storage & Recovery
Feb 9, 2021 · Authorizes EPA to develop minimum federal regulations for state, territory, and tribal Underground Injection Control (UIC) programs to ...
[99]
Bosch Mobility innovations
The traction control system prevents the driven wheels from spinning. ... It combines the functions of the antilock braking system (ABS) and traction control ...
[100]
Electronic stability program (ESP®) - Bosch Mobility
It comprises the functions of the antilock braking system (ABS) and the traction control system, but can do considerably more. It detects vehicle skidding ...
[101]
Method and apparatus for an anti-spin regulation (ASR) for a vehicle
Generally, anti-spin regulation (ASR) is based on the detection of wheel speeds while a car is driving or starts driving. When the velocity of one or more ...
[102]
[PDF] Mercedes-Benz - Driving Dynamics Systems: ASD, ASR and 4MATIC
Mercedes-Benz's ASD, ASR, and 4MATIC are automatic systems that enhance traction and handling in less-than-ideal conditions by distributing engine torque.Missing: vectoring | Show results with:vectoring
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Vehicle Safety Systems - Mobility and Transport - European Union
Electronic Stability Control Systems on all vehicles (from 1 Nov 2011 for new types of vehicle and 1 Nov 2014 for all new vehicles)Missing: traction | Show results with:traction
[104]
Social Media Release: Cisco ASR 9000 Series Router Launch
The Cisco ASR 9000 Series Aggregation Services Router follows the introduction eight months ago of the Cisco ASR 1000 Series, the first Cisco aggregation ...
[105]
Cisco ASR 9000 Series Aggregation Services Routers Data Sheet
Cisco ASR 9000 Series (9010 and 9006) delivers scale and nonstop video in a reduced carbon footprint for unsurpassed carrier transport.
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Compare Models ASR 9000 Series Aggregation Services Routers
Max Capacity 168 Gbps, Max Capacity 240 Gbps, Max Capacity 16 Tbps, Max Capacity 32 Tbps, Max Capacity 912 Gbps, Max Capacity 1.6 Tbps, Max Capacity ...
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Cisco ASR 1000 Series Aggregation Services Routers Data Sheet
Cisco ASR 1000 Series Aggregation Services Routers provide a Software Defined WAN platform that aggregates multiple WAN connections and network services.
[108]
Cisco ASR 9000 Series 400G and 200G Modular Line Cards Data ...
The Cisco ASR 9000 Series 400G and 200G Modular Line Cards provide simultaneous support for both Layer 2 and Layer 3 services and features.
[109]
Modular QoS Configuration Guide for Cisco ASR 9000 Series ...
Dec 16, 2024 · The Cisco IOS XR QoS features enable networks to control and predictably service a variety of networked applications and traffic types.
[110]
Cisco ASR 9000 Series Aggregation Services Routers - Data Sheets
Cisco ASR 9000 Series 400G and 200G Modular Line Cards Data Sheet 24/Feb/2022; Cisco ASR 9000 Series 12-Port 100-Gigabit Ethernet Line Cards Data Sheet 05/Aug/ ...Cisco ASR 9000 Series · Cisco ASR 9000v Data Sheet · ASR 9901
[111]
The RWTH Aachen University Speech Recognition System
Aug 12, 2020 · RWTH ASR (short "RASR") is a software package containing a speech recognition decoder together with tools for the development of acoustic models.
[112]
https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/products/collateral/routers/asr-9000-series-aggregation-services-routers/data_sheet_c78-501767.html
[113]
https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/products/routers/asr-9000-series-aggregation-services-routers/models-comparison.html
[114]
Recognition with Hybrid NN/HMMs - RWTH ASR System Manual
Oct 15, 2014 · This page describes how to use hybrid neural network-HMM models in recognition. ... In RASR, recognition using a hybrid NN/HMM model is ...
[115]
[2305.17782] RASR2: The RWTH ASR Toolkit for Generic Sequence ...
May 28, 2023 · A research-oriented generic S2S decoder implemented in C++. It offers a strong flexibility/compatibility for various S2S models, language models, label units/ ...Missing: RASR | Show results with:RASR
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rwth-i6/rasr: The RWTH ASR Toolkit. - GitHub
The RWTH ASR Toolkit. Contribute to rwth-i6/rasr development by creating an account on GitHub.
[117]
[PDF] KAYSERİ INVESTMENT GUIDE
Kayseri Erkilet Airport is 5 km from the city center. Away. Erkilet Airport ... In order to reconstruct the cargo gar within the Kayseri city center in order to ...
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Kayseri Erkilet Private Jet Charter - Jetsplore
The port, which was opened to civil air traffic in 1998, is stationed at the 12th Air Transport Main Base Command, located next to the port. Erkilet Airport has ...
[119]
Erkilet Air Base, Turkey - GlobalSecurity.org
Nov 7, 2011 · Erkilet Air Base, Turkey 38°47'N 35°30'E West of Cappadocia, over the mountains in central Anatolia, lies Kayseri, known as Caesarea in Roman times.Missing: Airport WWI
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FBO & Ground Handling - Erkilet Airport (LTAU) | Kayseri, Turkey
Attribute, Detail. Airport Name, Kayseri Erkilet Airport. Alternate Name, Erkilet Airport. ICAO, LTAU. IATA, ASR. Location, Kayseri, Turkey.Missing: Abdullah | Show results with:Abdullah
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Kayseri Erkilet Airport to inaugurate 51,000sqm terminal in Nov-2023
Nov 20, 2023 · As previously reported by CAPA, construction of the 51,000sqm terminal commenced in Oct-2022. The terminal construction forms part of a wider ...
[122]
Is the State Railway of Thailand ASR class a whole difference class ...
Mar 3, 2024 · The ASR class is based on the Class 158, but is metre gauge and has slam doors instead of the plug doors on the 158.
[123]
7 fastest trains in Southeast Asia: progressing toward the world's ...
Dec 12, 2023 · 7. State Railway of Thailand ASR Class: 120 km/h (Thailand). ASR Class train go by the moniker “Sprinter” among Thai people. These Great ...
[124]
Sprinter | Thai Railway Wiki - Fandom
Sprinter is the only DMU car that has letter "ด่วนพิเศษ" (Special Express) at the side of car's body. Sprinter cars are based on British Rail Class 158 Express ...Missing: ASR | Show results with:ASR
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Types of Prayers and Number of Rak'ats - Al Islam
Fard of 'Asr Prayer. Two Rak'at after the two Rak'at of Sunnat in Maghrib Prayer. Four Rak'at of Ishraq Prayer. Two Rak'at offered when one enters a mosque.
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Why Does the Hanafi School Differ regarding the Prayer Times?
Sep 14, 2023 · According to Imam Abu Hanifa, Asr time enters when the shadow of each thing becomes twice its size. The Students of the Imam, Imam Malik, Imam ...Missing: variations | Show results with:variations
[127]
Sahih al-Bukhari 552 - Times of the Prayers - كتاب مواقيت الصلاة
Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) said, "Whoever misses the `Asr prayer (intentionally) then it is as if he lost his family and property." حَدَّثَنَا عَبْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ يُوسُفَ، قَالَ ...
[128]
How to Perform Salah (Prayer) for Beginners - Muslim Pro
Nov 7, 2024 · 1. Stand Facing the Qibla · 2. Begin the Prayer with Takbir al-Ihram · 3. Recite Surah Al-Fatiha · 4. Recite Another Surah or Verses from the Quran.Getting Ready For Solat · Step-By-Step Guide To... · 11. Concluding The Prayer
[129]
Laws and Practices: How to Perform the Daily Prayers | Al-Islam.org
Stand upright facing the Qiblah (direction of Mecca) and recite the adhan and iqama. Please note that all the recitations during the prayer must be in Arabic.The First Rak`ah · The Second Rak`ah · The Third Rak`ahMissing: Kaaba | Show results with:Kaaba
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Prayer in Islam: History, Types, Importance
The Midday Prayer, which ordinarily is more problematic, is performed in Muslim societies during the midday break from work. Thus it is not only a lunch ...
[131]
New Perspectives, 12/1997 - Academy At Swift River
The Academy “was opened Tuesday, July 15, 1997 by seven students and a faculty of eight. The students and four faculty headed east from the campus of Mount ...
[132]
Academy at Swift River, residential center in Cummington for ...
Aug 22, 2013 · Aspen Educational Group, the company that owns the Academy at Swift River, purchased the site for a little less than $2 million in 1997, then ...Missing: Massachusetts | Show results with:Massachusetts
[133]
Academy At Swift River - Visit Reports - StrugglingTeens
Mar 25, 2013 · ASR was opened by Aspen Education Group in 1997. I've visited several times…and over the years, there have been many changes. From its original ...
[134]
- CHILD ABUSE AND DECEPTIVE MARKETING BY RESIDENTIAL ...
The Government Accountability Office found thousands of allegations of abuse and neglect in private residential programs for teens between 1990 and 2007. The ...Missing: credible | Show results with:credible