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Atmel

Atmel Corporation was an American designer and manufacturer of semiconductors, founded in 1984 in San Jose, California, by George Perlegos, initially focusing on non-volatile memory technologies such as EEPROM and later expanding into microcontrollers, flash memory, and application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs).^[1]^[2]^[3] The company quickly grew through strategic acquisitions and innovations, starting with a $30,000 investment and a design contract from General Instrument, and by 1989 acquiring a chip fabrication facility from Honeywell in Colorado Springs for $60 million to support production.^[1] Key milestones included going public in 1991, raising over $65 million, and achieving sales of $634.2 million with net income of $113.7 million by 1995, driven by demand for its programmable logic devices and memory products.^[1] Atmel's breakthrough came with the AVR family of 8-bit RISC microcontrollers, introduced in 1996, which were among the first to integrate on-chip flash memory for reprogrammability, enabling efficient embedded systems in applications like automotive, industrial automation, and consumer electronics.^[4]^[5] Over the years, Atmel expanded its portfolio to include popular devices such as the ATmega series (e.g., ATmega328P for Arduino compatibility), ATtiny for low-power applications, capacitive touch controllers, RF components, and mixed-signal solutions, shipping over 500 million AVR units by 2003.^[6]^[4] The company pursued growth via acquisitions, including Seeq Technology in 1994 for flash expertise, European Silicon Structures in 1995 (renamed Atmel-ES2), and others to bolster manufacturing in locations like France and additional U.S. facilities.^[1] In 2016, Atmel was acquired by Microchip Technology in a $3.56 billion deal, integrating its technologies into Microchip's broader ecosystem of microcontrollers and development tools like MPLAB X IDE, while maintaining support for legacy Atmel products in sectors including smart energy, aerospace, and defense.^[7]^[8] This merger enhanced Microchip's position in embedded processing, with Atmel's innovations continuing to influence high-performance, power-efficient solutions as of 2025.^[8]

Overview

Founding and early operations

Atmel Corporation was founded in 1984 by George Perlegos, an engineer with extensive experience in semiconductor design.^[9] The company began operations with modest initial capital of $30,000, which Perlegos supplemented through a $5.1 million design contract secured with General Instrument to support early development efforts.^[9] Perlegos, who had spent seven years at Intel Corporation in the 1970s working on memory technologies and later co-founded Seeq Technology in 1981 to produce EEPROM devices, brought a strong emphasis on innovating high-density non-volatile memory solutions to Atmel's inception.^[9]^[10] From the outset, Atmel adopted a fabless business model, designing semiconductors in-house while outsourcing manufacturing to external foundries such as Sanyo Semiconductor and General Instrument to minimize upfront costs and accelerate time-to-market.^[9]^[10] This approach allowed the company to focus resources on research and development rather than building its own fabrication facilities.^[11] Atmel's early product strategy targeted gaps in the semiconductor market by concentrating on non-volatile memory devices, including EPROMs, and complementary logic components that enabled reliable data retention and programmability for emerging applications in computing and consumer electronics.^[9]^[11] These innovations built on Perlegos's prior work at Seeq, prioritizing low-power, high-density solutions to meet the growing demand for durable memory in an industry dominated by volatile alternatives.^[10] This foundational focus on memory and logic laid the groundwork for Atmel's expansion into integrated microcontroller technologies in subsequent years.^[11]

Name origin and initial focus

The name Atmel is an acronym derived from "Advanced Technology for Memory and Logic," encapsulating the company's foundational emphasis on innovative semiconductor solutions in memory devices and logic circuits.^[12] Atmel's initial strategic focus centered on the development of high-performance, low-power semiconductors tailored for embedded systems, with primary applications in consumer electronics and computing peripherals. The company's earliest memory products distinguished themselves by consuming significantly less power compared to offerings from established competitors, enabling more efficient designs in power-sensitive devices.^[13]^[12] Key early innovations included advancements in EPROM (erasable programmable read-only memory) and EEPROM (electrically erasable programmable read-only memory) technologies, which positioned Atmel to challenge industry leaders such as Intel and AMD in the non-volatile memory market. These developments built on prior EPROM manufacturing efforts and addressed limitations in erasability and power efficiency, fostering broader adoption in embedded applications.^[13]^[14] Founder George Perlegos envisioned Atmel as a pioneer in creating customizable, cost-effective chips to serve emerging markets, particularly personal computers, by leveraging breakthroughs in memory technology like the first practical EEPROM to enable in-system reprogramming without specialized equipment.^[12]^[14]

History

1980s growth and first facilities

During the late 1980s, Atmel transitioned from a fabless operation to establishing its own manufacturing infrastructure, fueling rapid expansion in the semiconductor sector. The company's growth was anchored in its focus on nonvolatile memory technologies, where it differentiated itself through innovative, low-power designs that appealed to major customers like Motorola, Nokia, and Ericsson.^[9] A key milestone came in 1989 when Atmel acquired Honeywell Inc.'s semiconductor fabrication facility in Colorado Springs, Colorado, for $60 million, marking its shift to in-house production capabilities. This purchase provided Atmel with a 6-inch wafer fab equipped for custom and semi-custom integrated circuits, including programmable memory and logic devices targeted at military and commercial applications. The facility, originally established in 1974, brought immediate scale to Atmel's operations and enabled greater control over production processes previously outsourced to foundries.^[9]^[15] The acquisition significantly boosted Atmel's workforce, incorporating approximately 1,100 employees from the Honeywell unit—though some positions were eliminated post-integration—expanding the company from its founding team of a handful in 1984 to over 1,000 by the decade's end. This influx supported the ramp-up of proprietary memory products, including Atmel's inaugural 4-kilobit EEPROM introduced in 1985, which set the stage for a portfolio of high-density, electrically erasable memories. By 1989, these innovations drove annual revenues to approximately $60 million, reflecting strong market penetration in nonvolatile storage solutions.^[15]^[9] Despite these advances, Atmel navigated challenges inherent to integrating and upgrading the acquired fab, including the need to invest over $30 million in enhancements to achieve optimal production efficiency. The broader memory market during this era was intensely competitive, with Japanese firms dominating dynamic RAM and related segments, pressuring U.S. players like Atmel to innovate in niche nonvolatile areas to maintain profitability.^[9]^[16]

1990s expansion and IPO

In 1991, Atmel Corporation went public through an initial public offering (IPO) on the NASDAQ exchange, issuing 5.175 million shares at $13 per share and raising over $65 million.^[17] This capital infusion enabled significant investments in research and development, as well as facility expansions, supporting the company's shift toward broader semiconductor production capabilities beyond its initial focus on nonvolatile memory. The IPO marked a pivotal financial milestone, providing the resources needed to scale operations amid growing demand for embedded systems components. A key step in Atmel's international expansion occurred in 1995 with the acquisition of European Silicon Structures (ES2), a pan-European chipmaker, which brought a state-of-the-art fabrication plant in Rousset, France, under Atmel's control and was subsequently renamed Atmel-ES2.^[18] This move not only enhanced Atmel's manufacturing footprint in Europe but also granted access to ES2's existing license for the ARM architecture, laying the groundwork for future microcontroller innovations based on that RISC design.^[10] In 1996, Atmel advanced its microcontroller portfolio by developing the AVR family of 8-bit RISC processors through a dedicated design team in Trondheim, Norway, established after acquiring the underlying µRISC technology from Nordic VLSI the previous year. The AVR architecture, with its efficient instruction set and low power consumption, quickly became influential in embedded applications, offering superior performance and code density compared to traditional 8-bit designs while enabling compact, battery-operated devices. By the late 1990s, Atmel's strategic expansions and product innovations drove substantial revenue growth, reaching $1.33 billion in 1999, up from $634 million in 1995.^[19] This period also saw the company extend its market presence into the Asia-Pacific region through sales offices and partnerships, capitalizing on the booming demand for semiconductors in consumer electronics and telecommunications.^[17]

2000s streamlining and challenges

In 2000, during the height of the dot-com boom, Atmel acquired a wafer fabrication facility in North Tyneside, England, from Siemens for $35 million to expand its production capacity for CMOS, BiCMOS, and silicon-germanium products using 0.18-micron technology on 8-inch wafers.^[20] This move strengthened Atmel's European manufacturing footprint, where over half of its workforce was based, and was accompanied by a long-term supply agreement under which Siemens committed to purchasing up to $1.5 billion in Atmel products over four years.^[21] The mid-2000s brought significant challenges for Atmel, primarily driven by declining prices in the memory market amid cyclical demand and intense competition, which eroded profitability across its product lines.^[22] In response, the company initiated a major restructuring effort from 2005 to 2007, including the sale of several fabrication facilities—such as the Nantes, France site in 2005 to Xbybus SAS, the Irving, Texas plant in 2007 to Maxim Integrated Products for $38 million, and the Heilbronn, Germany operation in 2008—along with over 1,000 employee layoffs worldwide.^[23]^[24] These measures, part of a broader "fab-lite" strategy, aimed to reduce operating costs by up to $95 million annually by 2007 and streamline operations toward more sustainable manufacturing.^[25] External pressures intensified in 2008 when Atmel rejected a $2.3 billion joint acquisition offer from Microchip Technology and ON Semiconductor, valuing the company at $5 per share—a 52% premium over its then-current stock price—deeming it inadequate and undervaluing its strategic assets and growth potential.^[26]^[27] As part of its ongoing adaptation, Atmel shifted focus from low-margin memory products to higher-margin segments like touch controllers and wireless connectivity solutions, exiting over 20 underperforming business lines to improve overall profitability and position itself for future growth.^[28]

Key acquisitions

Atmel pursued several strategic acquisitions in the pre-2016 era to bolster its technological portfolio and expand market presence, particularly in programmable logic, radio-frequency (RF) capabilities, and touch sensing technologies. Earlier, in 1994, Atmel acquired Seeq Technology to gain expertise in flash memory, enhancing its non-volatile portfolio.^[1] In 1991, the company acquired Concurrent Logic, a manufacturer of field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), which provided expertise in user-programmable chips and supported Atmel's early expansion into advanced logic solutions. This move enhanced Atmel's capabilities in configurable hardware, addressing gaps in its FPGA offerings and facilitating integration with microcontroller products.^[11] To strengthen its RF and wireless technologies, Atmel targeted specialized firms in the 2000s. A notable example was the 2000 acquisition of FS Chip Design GmbH, a German RF development center, which enabled Atmel to advance chip integration for radio-frequency applications and broaden its presence in wireless communication markets. Later, in 2012, Atmel acquired Ozmo Inc., a provider of ultra-low power Wi-Fi solutions, further filling portfolio gaps in low-power connectivity for Internet of Things (IoT) devices and improving energy-efficient RF performance. These acquisitions collectively diversified Atmel's wireless and RF lineup, contributing to revenue growth in emerging connectivity sectors.^[29]^[30] A pivotal acquisition occurred in 2008 when Atmel purchased Quantum Research Group Ltd. for approximately $88 million in cash, plus up to $42 million in contingent payments, gaining leadership in capacitive touch sensing technologies such as QTouch and QMatrix. Quantum's IP was embedded in over 30 touch controllers, and post-acquisition integration led to the development of Atmel's QTouch design tools, which simplified implementation of capacitive interfaces in microcontrollers. This enhanced Atmel's touch portfolio, particularly with maXTouch solutions, and positioned the company in the rapidly expanding user interface market for consumer electronics.^[31]^[32] Overall, Atmel's acquisition strategy in the 2000s involved expenditures exceeding $200 million on facilities and companies, including major investments like the $35 million North Tyneside fab and the $88 million Quantum deal, which diversified revenue streams across microcontrollers, memory, and emerging technologies while mitigating competitive pressures in core markets.^[33]

Acquisition by Microchip Technology

In January 2016, Microchip Technology announced its intent to acquire Atmel Corporation following Atmel's termination of a previously agreed merger with Dialog Semiconductor, which had been announced in September 2015. Atmel's board deemed Microchip's unsolicited proposal superior, prompting the termination and a $137.3 million termination fee payment to Dialog. Microchip's bid was driven by the strategic value of Atmel's AVR microcontroller portfolio and maXTouch capacitive touch technology, which complemented Microchip's existing offerings in embedded control solutions.^[34]^[35]^[7] The definitive merger agreement, signed on January 19, 2016, valued Atmel at $8.15 per share—comprising $7.00 in cash and $1.15 in Microchip common stock—resulting in a total equity value of approximately $3.56 billion and an enterprise value of about $3.40 billion after accounting for net debt. The transaction received shareholder approval from Atmel on April 1, 2016, and cleared key regulatory hurdles, including U.S. Federal Trade Commission clearance on March 11, 2016, and approval from the German Federal Cartel Office. No divestitures were required as conditions for these approvals, though Microchip planned to treat Atmel's mobile touch business as held for sale post-closing to align with strategic priorities.^[7]^[36]^[37] The merger closed on April 4, 2016, making Atmel a wholly owned subsidiary of Microchip. Steve Sanghi, Microchip's president and CEO, assumed oversight of the combined entity's integration efforts, emphasizing continuity in operations. Atmel's headquarters in San Jose, California, was retained in the immediate aftermath to support ongoing product development and customer relationships. This acquisition marked the end of Atmel's independence as a standalone public company, positioning Microchip as a broader leader in microcontroller and mixed-signal solutions.^[38]^[39]^[8]

Post-acquisition integration and legacy

Following the 2016 acquisition, Microchip Technology initiated the integration of Atmel's product portfolio into its broader ecosystem between 2016 and 2019, focusing on unifying development tools and software support for Atmel's AVR and SAM microcontrollers. Developers were guided to migrate projects from Atmel-specific environments to Microchip's cross-platform MPLAB X IDE, which provides comprehensive support for Atmel devices through import tools and compatibility layers.^[40]^[41] Atmel Studio was rebranded as Microchip Studio and retained for AVR and SAM application development and debugging, while Atmel START—the web-based graphical configurator for embedded projects—was deprecated around 2023, with no further updates, new device support, or board additions; users were redirected to the MPLAB Code Configurator (MCC) within MPLAB X for equivalent functionality.^[42]^[43] By 2020, the emphasis on MPLAB X as the primary IDE was clear, though Microchip Studio remained available until the end-of-life of its underlying Visual Studio Shell 15 in October 2025, accelerating full tool consolidation.^[44] In 2019, the cul-de-sac known as Atmel Way in San Jose—site of Atmel's former headquarters—was renamed Orchard Place following Apple's acquisition of the property for its North San Jose campus expansion, marking a symbolic close to Atmel's independent presence in the area. Atmel's enduring legacy is evident in its AVR microcontroller family, which forms the core of the Arduino open-source platform and has powered the sale of over 10 million Arduino Uno boards alone since 2010, fostering widespread adoption in education, prototyping, and hobbyist embedded projects.^[45] Despite tool migrations, Microchip continues production of legacy Atmel MCUs such as ATmega and ATtiny series, ensuring long-term availability for existing designs.^[8] The integration significantly enhanced Microchip's position in embedded processing, with Atmel-derived technologies continuing to influence high-performance, power-efficient solutions as of 2025.^[8]

Products

Microcontrollers

Atmel's microcontroller portfolio centers on families designed for embedded systems, offering a range of architectures from 8-bit to 32-bit for applications requiring low power and high efficiency. These devices integrate programmable cores with peripherals tailored for control tasks, enabling deployment in consumer electronics, automation, and prototyping environments. The portfolio includes proprietary AVR architectures alongside licensed ARM-based solutions and legacy 8051 derivatives, each optimized for specific performance needs. The AVR family, introduced in 1996, features an 8-bit reduced instruction set computing (RISC) architecture with a modified Harvard design that separates program and data memory buses for improved execution speed.^[46] This family supports clock speeds typically ranging from 1 to 4 MHz in early variants, with flash memory capacities up to 256 KB to accommodate complex firmware.^[47] Atmel extended the AVR line to 32-bit implementations, such as the AVR32 architecture, which maintains RISC principles while scaling for higher-performance embedded processing.^[48] Key advantages include single-cycle instruction execution for most operations, contributing to its widespread adoption in resource-constrained systems. The SAM series comprises ARM-based microcontrollers, with Atmel licensing the ARM architecture as early as 1995 to develop high-performance options.^[49] These devices incorporate Cortex-M cores, such as Cortex-M0+ and Cortex-M4, delivering enhanced computational capabilities for demanding tasks while supporting low-power modes.^[50] The SAM family excels in Internet of Things (IoT) devices and industrial control systems, where its integrated analog and digital peripherals facilitate connectivity and real-time processing.^[51] Atmel's 8051 derivatives build on the classic 8051 core with enhancements like additional universal asynchronous receiver-transmitter (UART) channels for serial communication and expanded timer/counter modules for precise timing functions.^[52] These improvements, including full-duplex UART support and 16-bit timers, enable reliable interfacing in legacy-compatible designs without requiring full redesigns. AVR microcontrollers have become dominant in hobbyist and educational projects, exemplified by the ATmega328 device powering the Arduino Uno board, which simplifies prototyping through its accessible pinout and bootloader.^[53] These devices underscore their scale in embedded applications.^[54]

Memory

Atmel's involvement in non-volatile memory began in the 1980s with the production of EPROMs, which provided the foundational technology for erasable and programmable data storage in early semiconductor applications. Founded in 1984 by George Perlegos, a pioneer from Seeq Technology, Atmel quickly expanded into EEPROMs, offering byte-level read and write capabilities that enabled flexible data management without requiring full device erasure. These early memory products were instrumental in Atmel's growth, with memory contributing the majority of revenue through the late 1990s as the company scaled production facilities and introduced innovations in non-volatile storage for computing and consumer electronics.^[9] By the 2000s, Atmel had developed a robust portfolio of flash memory technologies, including serial and parallel NOR and NAND variants, supporting densities up to 1 Gb for efficient data retention in embedded systems. Serial flash, such as the AT45 series DataFlash, featured page-mode operations and low-power designs suitable for battery-operated devices, ensuring reliable performance in portable applications like wireless sensors and handheld gadgets. Parallel flash options complemented these by providing higher-speed access for larger-scale storage needs. DataFlash specifically targeted high-endurance scenarios, withstanding up to 100,000 program/erase cycles per page while maintaining 20 years of data retention.^[55]^[56] Atmel's EEPROM lineup extended to capacities of up to 512 Kb, emphasizing byte-level erase and write functionality for precise data updates in resource-constrained environments. The DataFlash architecture enhanced this by offering scalable, non-volatile storage that paired effectively with Atmel's microcontrollers for integrated system designs. For specialized applications requiring protected data retention, Atmel introduced CryptoMemory, a secure EEPROM variant with up to 256 Kb capacity, featuring symmetric mutual authentication and encryption to safeguard intellectual property in devices like smart cards and secure tokens.^[57] Throughout the 2010s, non-volatile memory remained a key segment, comprising approximately 12-13% of Atmel's net revenue by 2014-2015, reflecting a shift toward diversified products while underscoring the enduring demand for reliable data retention solutions. These technologies supported long-term storage in industrial, automotive, and consumer devices, prioritizing endurance and low power to meet evolving application requirements.^[58]

Wireless and RF

Atmel developed a range of radio frequency (RF) transceivers optimized for low-power applications in the Internet of Things (IoT), targeting industrial, consumer, and smart energy sectors. These transceivers operate in unlicensed Industrial, Scientific, and Medical (ISM) bands, providing reliable wireless connectivity with minimal energy consumption. Key designs emphasize integration with microcontrollers to enable compact, battery-operated devices.^[59] For sub-GHz communications, Atmel's AT86RF212 transceiver supports the 700/800/900 MHz ISM bands, compliant with IEEE 802.15.4 standards for Zigbee, 6LoWPAN, and high-data-rate ISM applications. This low-power, low-voltage device delivers up to 1 Mbps data rates and is suited for regional deployments in Europe, Japan, China, and North America, where longer range and better penetration through obstacles are required for IoT sensor networks. Complementing this, the AT86RF233 operates in the global 2.4 GHz ISM band, supporting Zigbee Pro physical layers with receiver sensitivity down to -101 dBm and programmable transmit power up to +4 dBm, enabling low-power mesh networking in smart home and industrial monitoring systems. Atmel also offered Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) solutions in the 2.4 GHz band, such as the ATSAMB11 module, which integrates BLE v4.1 for short-range, energy-efficient connectivity in wearable and IoT devices.^[59]^[60]^[61] Atmel's Wi-Fi offerings centered on the ATWINC series, including the ATWINC1500 and ATWINC3400 system-on-chips (SoCs), which provide IEEE 802.11 b/g/n connectivity in the 2.4 GHz band. These chips interface via SPI with host microcontrollers, supporting TCP/IP stack offloading, security protocols like WPA2, and features such as DHCP and DNS for seamless integration into smart devices like home automation hubs and industrial gateways. Designed for low-power IoT, the ATWINC1500 achieves sleep currents below 4 µA, making it ideal for battery-powered applications requiring occasional cloud connectivity.^[62]^[63] In RFID and near-field communication (NFC), Atmel produced tags and readers compliant with ISO/IEC 14443 standards, enabling contactless data exchange at 13.56 MHz. The AT88SC6416CRF CryptoRF tag offers 64-bit encryption and up to 16 Kbits of user memory, with anticollision support for multi-tag environments, while the AT88RF1354 serves as a Type B reader for proximity card systems. These components are widely applied in access control, such as secure entry for buildings and vehicles, due to their robust authentication and interoperability with global standards.^[64]^[65]^[66] Post-2000s, Atmel advanced wireless integration by combining RF transceivers with AVR microcontrollers, exemplified by the ATmega128RFA1, a low-power 8-bit MCU with an embedded 2.4 GHz transceiver for IEEE 802.15.4-compliant wireless sensor networks. This all-in-one solution facilitated energy-efficient deployments in environmental monitoring and smart metering, reducing component count and power draw to extend battery life in remote IoT nodes. Such integrations supported protocols like Zigbee through software stacks like BitCloud, enhancing scalability for mesh topologies.^[67]

Touch technology

Atmel's capacitive touch sensing solutions encompassed a range of hardware controllers and software libraries designed to enable intuitive user interfaces in consumer electronics, industrial devices, and other applications. These technologies focused on reliable touch detection through self- and mutual-capacitance methods, emphasizing robustness against environmental challenges like noise and moisture.^[68] The maXTouch family of touchscreen controllers provided advanced multi-touch capabilities, supporting up to 10 concurrent finger touches tracked in real time for precise gesture recognition on displays up to 45 inches. These controllers featured excellent immunity to water and electromagnetic noise, enabling reliable operation in wet conditions or with thick gloves and cover panels up to 20 mm. Built on patented sensing algorithms, maXTouch integrated hardware engines for signal processing, self-calibration, and drift compensation to ensure consistent performance across diverse environments.^[69]^[70]^[71] Complementing the hardware, the QTouch library offered royalty-free software for implementing capacitive touch buttons, sliders, and wheels on AVR microcontrollers, supporting both single- and multi-touch sensing configurations with up to 64 channels. Acquired through Atmel's 2008 purchase of Quantum Research Group, a specialist in touch-sensing technologies, the library integrated seamlessly with 8-bit and 32-bit AVR devices via APIs for measurement, threshold configuration, and adjacent key suppression to minimize false touches. It utilized QTouch (self-capacitance) and QMatrix (mutual-capacitance) acquisition methods, allowing developers to embed low-power touch functionality without dedicated hardware.^[72]^[68] Atmel's XSense technology introduced flexible, film-based printed sensors optimized for non-planar surfaces, facilitating touch interfaces on curved displays with narrow borders and high stylus accuracy. These sensors, compatible with maXTouch controllers, supported thinner stacks for reduced device thickness while maintaining low sheet resistance for improved noise immunity and power efficiency. Applications included wearables like smartwatches and appliances such as coffee machines, where the flexibility enabled innovative designs along edges or irregular shapes.^[73]^[74] By 2015, Atmel had established itself as a leading provider of touchscreen controllers, with maXTouch solutions adopted across mobile, automotive, and industrial markets for their superior performance and reliability.^[75]

Security

Atmel's security portfolio focuses on cryptographic hardware and secure elements designed to protect data integrity, prevent counterfeiting, and enable secure authentication in embedded systems. These solutions include dedicated crypto elements and modules that provide hardware-based key storage, encryption engines, and authentication protocols, ensuring robust defense against cloning, tampering, and unauthorized access.^[76] The CryptoAuthentication family encompasses a range of secure elements optimized for device authentication and data protection. Devices like the ATSHA204A feature a SHA-256 hash engine for challenge-response authentication, along with 4.5 Kbits of EEPROM for secure key storage, enabling mutual authentication without exposing private keys. For more advanced asymmetric cryptography, the ATECC508A and ATECC608A incorporate ECDSA engines supporting NIST P-256 curves, ECDH for key agreement, and integrated AES-128 encryption, facilitating secure IoT node authentication and firmware integrity verification. The ATAES132A complements these with dedicated AES-128 encryption for secure data storage and transmission.^[77] These ATSHA and ATECC series chips are widely used in consumer electronics and industrial applications to prevent unauthorized device cloning.^[78] CryptoRF products integrate contactless NFC/RFID interfaces with cryptographic security for applications requiring proximity-based secure communication. The AT88RF04C, for instance, combines a 13.56 MHz ISO 14443-compliant RF front-end with 128-bit AES encryption and mutual authentication, supporting up to 64 Kbits of user memory divided into secure zones.^[79] This enables encrypted data exchange in access control and inventory tracking systems, where the hardware AES engine handles session keys to protect against eavesdropping and replay attacks.^[80] Atmel also offered Trusted Platform Modules (TPMs) compliant with Trusted Computing Group specifications for platform integrity and secure key management. The AT97SC3204T and AT97SC3205 series provide hardware-based random number generation, RSA/ECDSA support, and protected storage for endorsement and platform keys, facilitating secure boot processes and measured launches in PCs and industrial systems.^[81] These TPMs, certified to FIPS 140-2 Level 2, store cryptographic secrets in tamper-resistant non-volatile memory, preventing extraction even under physical attack.^[82] Atmel's security offerings evolved from standalone secure memory solutions in the early 2000s, such as the CryptoMemory family (e.g., AT88SC series) with symmetric authentication and encrypted EEPROM zones, to more sophisticated integrated approaches by the 2010s.^[83] This progression included the CryptoAuthentication line for modular crypto elements and the embedding of hardware security accelerators—like AES and SHA engines—directly into microcontrollers such as the AVR and SAM families, enhancing system-level protection without additional components.^[84] In smart energy metering, these technologies support secure firmware updates and tamper detection.^[85]

Analog

Atmel developed a range of analog and mixed-signal integrated circuits (ICs) focused on power management and sensing applications, enabling efficient control and monitoring in embedded systems such as consumer electronics, industrial devices, and communication equipment. These products emphasized low-power operation, high integration, and compatibility with Atmel's microcontroller families, providing solutions for precise signal conditioning and energy optimization without requiring extensive external components.^[86]^[87] Atmel's LED drivers were designed as mixed-signal ICs delivering constant-current control for backlighting in displays and solid-state lighting systems. Key examples include the MSL316x family, which supported up to 16 parallel LED strings with sink currents of 100 mA per string, scalable across multiple devices to drive thousands of LEDs while minimizing power dissipation through adaptive voltage regulation and efficiency optimization techniques. These drivers featured programmable dimming via PWM or analog methods and integrated fault detection for open or short circuits, making them suitable for notebook LCDs, monitors, and high-brightness lighting applications.^[88]^[86] The company's temperature sensors provided digital output for accurate thermal monitoring, with devices like the AT30TSE758A offering ±0.5°C maximum accuracy over -10°C to +70°C and 12-bit resolution for 0.0625°C steps. These sensors used an I²C/SMBus-compatible serial interface for direct communication, eliminating the need for external analog-to-digital converters, and included configurable alert outputs for over- or under-temperature conditions. Integration with Atmel microcontrollers was facilitated through high-speed interfaces up to 3.4 MHz and nonvolatile registers for retaining calibration data, supporting applications in system protection and environmental sensing.^[87]^[89] Atmel's power management solutions encompassed DC-DC converters and low-dropout (LDO) regulators tailored for low-voltage systems operating between 1.8 V and 5 V. The AT73C211, for instance, integrated a 300 mA step-down DC-DC converter programmable to 1.9 V or 2.5 V with up to 90% efficiency at moderate loads, alongside multiple LDOs delivering 80–130 mA at 1.72 V to 2.8 V for peripherals like memories and real-time clocks. These components featured low quiescent currents and programmable modes to switch between PWM and LDO operation, optimizing battery life in portable devices while maintaining stable supplies under varying input conditions from 3.1 V to 5.5 V.^[90] Mixed-signal application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs) from Atmel incorporated analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) and digital-to-analog converters (DACs) for signal processing in audio and instrumentation contexts. The ATMX150RHA platform provided pre-qualified 12-bit ADCs and DACs operating at 1 Msps, enabling high-fidelity conversion in mixed-signal designs with core voltages at 1.8 V and support for custom analog blocks like PLLs and regulators. These ASICs facilitated precise data acquisition and output generation, such as in audio interfaces requiring low distortion and instrumentation systems demanding accurate dynamic range, all within a radiation-hardened SOI process for reliability.^[91]

Custom

Atmel offered custom and semi-custom semiconductor solutions to address specialized requirements in various industries, focusing on field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) and application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs) that enabled rapid prototyping and tailored functionality.^[8] These solutions leveraged Atmel's expertise in reconfigurable logic and mixed-signal integration, providing flexibility for customers needing high-density designs without the full cost of bespoke fabrication.^[92] Atmel's FPGA portfolio included the AT40K series, which supported reconfigurable logic for prototyping and compute-intensive applications. The AT40K family ranged from models with 5,000 usable gates to higher-density variants like the AT40K150, offering up to 150,000 gates, along with features such as embedded RAM blocks and high-speed I/O for dynamic reconfiguration.^[93] These FPGAs were particularly valued in digital signal processing and fast logic implementations, allowing users to iterate designs post-manufacturing.^[94] In the realm of application-specific standard products (ASSPs), Atmel developed tailored solutions for demanding sectors like aerospace and military applications, including radiation-hardened variants to withstand harsh environments. The ATMX150RHA platform, for instance, provided mixed-signal ASIC capabilities with up to 22 million gates, integrating analog and digital functions for space-grade systems with high radiation tolerance.^[92] These ASSPs emphasized reliability, with rad-hard designs meeting standards for single-event upset protection and total ionizing dose resilience.^[95] Atmel's design services encompassed a full spectrum from intellectual property (IP) cores to complete chip fabrication, utilizing its Rousset facility in France for prototyping and production of custom ASICs. The Rousset fab supported processes like the 0.18 µm CMOS technology for radiation-tolerant devices, enabling quick-turnaround cycles for low- to medium-volume runs.^[96] This end-to-end approach allowed customers to integrate custom logic, including optional security IP cores, into system-on-chip designs efficiently.^[97] By 2015, custom solutions contributed significantly to Atmel's diversification, highlighting the emphasis on agile development for niche markets.^[98]

Automotive

Atmel developed a range of semiconductor solutions optimized for automotive electronics, emphasizing safety-critical applications and enhanced connectivity in vehicles. These products adhered to stringent standards like ISO 26262 for functional safety and were designed to withstand harsh automotive environments, including extreme temperatures and vibrations. Key offerings included integrated circuits for secure access, intuitive human-machine interfaces (HMIs), and efficient power management, supporting the evolution toward more connected and electrified vehicles.^[99] In car access systems, Atmel provided LIN and CAN transceivers essential for keyless entry mechanisms, enabling reliable communication in body control modules. Devices such as the ATA6662C/63/64/70 series LIN transceivers offered low-power operation and robust ESD protection, while System-in-Package solutions like the ATA6612C/13C/14Q/16C/17C integrated AVR microcontrollers, LIN transceivers, and voltage regulators for compact, efficient designs in door modules. For immobilizers, Atmel's secure RF transceivers, including the ATA5790N and ATA5795C, incorporated AES-128 encryption and bi-directional low-frequency (LF) links to prevent unauthorized vehicle access, supporting Passive Entry Go (PEG) systems with features like 3D wake-up detection and up to 2Kbyte EEPROM for key fob authentication. These components ensured high security and low latency in remote keyless entry (RKE) applications, with Atmel having pioneered dedicated RKE transmitter ICs since 1997.^[99]^[100] Atmel's touch control solutions enhanced HMI interfaces in infotainment systems, delivering responsive and reliable user interactions under automotive conditions. The maXTouch® family, such as the mXT143E-A to mXT768E-A controllers, supported displays up to 12 inches with multi-touch capabilities, achieving Automotive Safety Integrity Level B (ASIL-B) compliance through diagnostic features and fault-tolerant designs. These controllers provided high signal-to-noise ratios (up to 80:1) for accurate detection, even with gloves or wet conditions, and integrated seamlessly with infotainment clusters for gesture recognition and virtual buttons. Atmel's Functional Safety Touch Library further facilitated ASIL-B certification by offering pre-qualified software for touch event validation in safety-critical HMIs.^[99]^[101] For battery management in electric vehicles (EVs) and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), Atmel's ATA6870N circuit monitored Li-ion or NiMH cell voltages and temperatures using a 12-bit ADC, supporting up to 96 cells in cascaded chains for high-voltage packs. It enabled active cell balancing via capacitors or inductors to equalize charge across cells, improving battery efficiency, longevity, and safety by preventing overcharge or thermal runaway. Complementary devices like the ATmega32HVE2 and ATmega64HVE2 handled lead-acid battery sensing and control in milder hybrids. This solution addressed key challenges in EV/HEV powertrains by providing precise measurement and balancing in parallel, with daisy-chain communication for scalable systems.^[99]^[102] Atmel's automotive products were qualified to AEC-Q100 standards, including Grade 0 for operation from -40°C to +150°C, ensuring reliability in engine compartments and underhood applications. Examples included the ATtiny45 and ATmega64M1 microcontrollers, which powered diverse vehicle functions. These solutions underscored Atmel's significant market penetration in automotive electronics prior to its acquisition by Microchip Technology.^[99]

Smart energy

Atmel developed a range of integrated solutions for smart energy applications, focusing on enabling efficient, secure, and connected metering systems within utility infrastructures. These products combined microcontrollers (MCUs), analog front-ends (AFEs), and communication interfaces to support smart grid initiatives, including real-time energy monitoring and advanced metering infrastructure (AMI). Key offerings emphasized high accuracy, low power consumption, and compliance with international standards to facilitate widespread adoption in residential, commercial, and industrial settings.^[103] For smart meters, Atmel provided MCUs integrated with power line communication (PLC) modems, such as the SAM4CP16B for PRIME PLC and SAM4CP16C for G3-PLC standards. These dual-core ARM Cortex-M4 system-on-chips (SoCs) operated at up to 120 MHz, featured 1 MB Flash and 152 KB SRAM, and supported narrowband PLC over existing power lines for reliable data transmission in AMI networks. Additionally, Atmel's wireless transceivers, including the AT86RF212B (sub-1 GHz for Zigbee) and AT86RF233 (2.4 GHz for Zigbee PRO), enabled AMI protocols by providing low-power RF connectivity with link budgets up to 120 dB, allowing seamless integration into mesh networks for meter-to-gateway communication. These components were paired with high-precision AFEs like the M90E32AS poly-phase metering IC, which achieved 0.1% accuracy and a 6000:1 dynamic range for measuring voltage, current, and energy.^[103]^[104]^[105] Atmel addressed energy harvesting needs in utility wireless sensors through ultra-low-power ICs, exemplified by the SAM4L series MCUs with picoPower technology, which consumed as little as 90 μA/MHz in active mode and enabled battery-less operation from ambient sources like vibrations or light. These ICs powered remote sensors for monitoring grid assets, reducing maintenance in hard-to-reach utility environments by harvesting energy to support intermittent data transmission.^[103] Security was integral to Atmel's smart energy portfolio, with secure elements embedded in devices like the SAM4C series, incorporating hardware accelerators for AES encryption, public-key cryptography (CPKCC), true random number generation (TRNG), and SHA hashing to ensure tamper-proof storage and transmission of billing data. These features protected against physical and logical attacks, maintaining data integrity in metering applications.^[103]^[104] Atmel's solutions complied with IEC 62056 standards for data exchange, including DLMS/COSEM protocols via IEC 62056-6-1 and 6-2, alongside metrology accuracy under IEC 62052-11 and 62053-22/23 for classes up to 0.2. By 2015, Atmel's metrology products had been deployed in millions of smart meters globally, with partnerships like the one with Wasion Group contributing to large-scale rollouts in regions such as China. Overall, Atmel shipped more than 25 million metrology units since the 1990s, underscoring their impact on smart grid infrastructure.^[103]^[104]^[106]

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None
### Summary of Atmel Mixed-Signal ASICs (ATMX150RHA) with ADCs/DACs for Audio and Instrumentation Applications
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https://www.mouser.com/ds/2/36/Atmel-9317-Li-Ion-Battery-Management-ATA6870N_Data-259141.pdf
[103]
None
### Summary of Atmel Smart Energy Products (Up to 2015)
[104]
[PDF] Smart Energy Solution Guide - Microchip Technology
The MCP391x products are a family of high-performance, flexible AFE devices that can be used alongside your MCU of choice. They feature up to 8 channels of ...
[105]
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[106]
Atmel and Wasion Group To Develop PRIME PLC Smart Meter ...
Jan 15, 2013 · According to market research firm Pike Research, 17.9 million smart meters have been deployed since Q2 2012, with China as the largest driver*.