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CCR

Creedence Clearwater Revival (CCR) was an American rock band formed in , in 1959 and active until its 1972 disbandment, renowned for pioneering a style infused with , , and elements that evoked the American South despite the members' West Coast origins. The group consisted of lead vocalist, guitarist, and principal songwriter ; his brother on rhythm guitar and vocals; bassist ; and drummer , with the four having played together since high school under various band names before adopting the CCR moniker in 1968 to signify renewal amid the era. CCR achieved explosive commercial success from 1969 to 1971, releasing five consecutive top-10 albums and 14 consecutive top-10 singles—including double A-sides like ""/"" and ""/""—selling over 26 million records in the United States alone during this period and performing at in 1969. Their music often addressed working-class themes, anti-war sentiments, and social inequities, as in "," which critiqued class-based draft deferments during the , drawing from John Fogerty's own military service experience. The band's relentless touring and recording pace—releasing three albums in 1969—propelled them to become one of the top-selling acts globally, yet this intensity fueled internal strains. Despite their triumphs, CCR's legacy includes significant controversies stemming from a disadvantageous 1969 contract with , which granted label owner perpetual rights to the band's name and publishing, leading to protracted legal battles, royalty disputes, and John Fogerty's public feuds with Zaentz that extended decades after the band's 1972 breakup amid creative control disputes and exhaustion. Inducted into the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame in 1993, CCR's influence endures through their raw, economical songcraft and timeless hits, though post-dissolution efforts like by Cook and Clifford without Fogerty highlighted lingering divisions.

Arts and Entertainment

Music

(CCR) was an American rock band formed in , in 1959 as The Blue Velvets by , , , and , who were schoolmates at Portola Junior High School. The group evolved through name changes, signing with as The Golliwogs in 1964 before adopting the moniker in 1967. Active primarily from 1968 to 1972, the band achieved rapid commercial success with seven studio albums, nine Top Ten singles in three years, and sales exceeding 30 million albums in the United States. Their self-titled debut album, released in May 1968, included the single "Susie Q," which peaked at number 11 on the Hot 100. The year 1969 marked their breakthrough, with three consecutive albums—, , and —each reaching the Top Ten and yielding hits like "" (number 2), "" (number 2), "" (number 2), and "" (number 3). In 1970, debuted at number 1 on the , featuring extended tracks like a 11-minute version of "I Heard It Through the Grapevine" alongside singles "" (number 2) and "" (number 4). The band's style fused , swamp pop, blues, and country influences, emphasizing concise song structures and avoiding the extended jams prevalent in the San Francisco psychedelic scene. Lyrics often incorporated Southern Gothic imagery and social critique, as in "Born on the Bayou" from and the Vietnam War-era protest "Fortunate Son" from , which highlighted class disparities in drafts. Later releases included in December 1970, featuring "Have You Ever Seen the Rain" (number 8), and in April 1972, the only album with contributions from all members beyond John Fogerty's songwriting. Internal conflicts arose from John Fogerty's control over writing, arranging, and production, prompting Tom Fogerty's exit in February 1971; the band dissolved on October 16, 1972, after failed negotiations. Post-breakup, the 1976 compilation sold over 10 million copies, earning RIAA Diamond certification in 2016. CCR was inducted into the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame in 1993, affirming their peak-era dominance as one of America's most popular rock acts through roots-oriented songcraft and prolific output. Surviving members and later formed in 1995 to perform the band's catalog.

Other Uses in Arts and Entertainment

Cream City Review (CCR) is a established in 1975 by the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee's Department of English, publishing biannual issues of , , , and from emerging and established writers. The journal accepts submissions year-round and hosts annual contests, such as the Summer Prizes in Fiction and with a $15 entry fee and deadlines in . Cinematic Codes Review (CCR), published by Anaphora Literary Press, is a periodical with 2473-3385 (print) and 2473-3377 (online), featuring essays on topics ranging from independent cinema to works, aimed at scholars, practitioners, and enthusiasts. In broadcast media, CCR TV operates as a 24/7 channel based in , , focusing on content related to the Catholic faith and Goan community worldwide, including live streams and productions since at least 2019. CCR Media functions as a media acquisition and distribution firm, providing access to over 9,000 television channels across more than 70 countries and covering all 210 U.S. Designated Market Areas (DMAs), with services including local signal delivery and 24/7 support for content referencing and redistribution in the entertainment sector.

Organizations

Advocacy and Rights Groups

The Center for Constitutional Rights (CCR) is a non-profit legal advocacy organization headquartered in , committed to using litigation and advocacy to challenge systemic injustices and protect constitutional and . Founded on August 8, 1966, by civil rights attorneys Morton Stavis, Arthur Kinoy, , and Ben Smith, CCR emerged from efforts to defend activists facing repression during the in the American South, particularly in . The group has since expanded its scope to include educational initiatives and strategic communications aimed at amplifying marginalized voices. CCR's activities encompass high-impact federal lawsuits, amicus briefs, and public campaigns addressing domestic issues such as discriminatory policing practices, mass incarceration, and government surveillance, as well as international concerns like corporate accountability and opposition to U.S. programs. Notable efforts include representing detainees in challenges to post-9/11, contributing to legal precedents on access, and litigating against abusive , such as in cases involving medically vulnerable individuals detained by . Historically, CCR attorneys defended defendants in the trial (United States v. Dellinger, 1969-1970), arguing against government overreach in suppressing anti-war protests. The organization partners with social movements, emphasizing structural reforms over individual remedies. Critics, including watchdog groups, contend that CCR selectively pursues cases aligned with progressive ideologies, such as anti-Israel litigation and promotion of (BDS) initiatives, while engaging in "" through lawsuits against Israeli officials that allegedly distort facts or misuse international forums. For instance, CCR has filed suits urging U.S. from and challenging policies like the Anti-Terrorism Clarification , drawing accusations of prioritizing ideological advocacy over balanced legal application. These critiques highlight concerns over the group's funding from left-leaning foundations and its role in politicized discourse, though CCR maintains its work upholds universal principles from the U.S. and .

Research and Health Institutions

The Center for Cancer Research (CCR) operates as the intramural research division of the (NCI) within the (NIH), focusing on basic, translational, and clinical investigations into cancer's genetic and biological mechanisms. Established as NCI's largest intramural component, CCR encompasses nearly 250 research groups across two campuses in , and , employing over 3,000 staff including principal investigators, postdoctoral fellows, and clinical specialists. Its work integrates laboratory discoveries with patient-oriented trials, emphasizing areas such as , tumor , and health disparities in cancer . CCR's initiatives include developing novel therapies like chimeric receptor () T-cell treatments and monoclonal antibodies, with clinical protocols evaluating these in patients with cancers, HIV-related malignancies, and rare tumors. For instance, CCR researchers have advanced applications and precision approaches, contributing to FDA approvals for targeted drugs based on intramural data. The program prioritizes high-risk, high-reward projects not typically funded extramurally, fostering collaborations with external institutions while maintaining independence from commercial influences. Other institutions bear the CCR acronym in health research contexts, such as the Center for at School of Medicine, which supports faculty-led studies on and patient outcomes through protocol design, , and services. Similarly, the Core Center for at the advances and trials via administrative, methodologic, and biorepository cores, funding pilot projects on disease mechanisms. These entities, while smaller in scale than NCI's CCR, exemplify regional efforts to enhance infrastructure and translational impact in specialized medical fields.

Government Registries

The Central Contractor Registration (CCR) was the primary U.S. federal government database for registering , contractors, and other entities seeking to conduct business with federal agencies. Established as part of Department of Defense initiatives in the late and expanded government-wide, CCR served as a centralized to collect, validate, store, and disseminate standardized vendor information, enabling efficient processes across agencies. Registration in CCR became mandatory for contractors prior to the award of any federal contract, subcontract exceeding $500, or certain grants, as codified in the (FAR) effective October 1, 2003. The system required entities to provide details such as Universal Numbering System (DUNS) identifiers, Commercial and Government Entity (CAGE) codes, business addresses, banking information for , and certifications regarding exclusions or debarments. This data supported over 100 federal agencies in verifying eligibility, processing payments, and managing contracts valued in billions annually. CCR operated as a free, online self-registration portal managed initially by the Department of Defense and later transitioned to broader oversight, reducing redundant data collection and paperwork burdens on both government and vendors. By the early 2000s, it had registered millions of entities, facilitating transactions under programs like the General Services Administration schedules and defense contracts. However, limitations in integrating related systems, such as the (ORCA), prompted reforms. In 2012, CCR was consolidated into the () as part of a broader federal initiative to streamline entity registration, exclusions tracking, and representations under the Federal Funding Accountability and Transparency Act. The transition began with a notice in January 2012, with CCR operations fully migrating to SAM by April 24, 2012, and the legacy CCR database retired by July 30, 2012. SAM retained and expanded CCR's core functions, incorporating additional modules for and federal assistance listings, while maintaining the requirement for active registration to receive federal awards.

Law and Real Estate

Penal and Corrections Systems

In various U.S. states, CCR denotes sections of the official Code of Regulations that prescribe operational standards, procedures, and policies for penal institutions, correctional facilities, and related supervisory programs. These regulations, promulgated by state administrative agencies such as departments of , establish binding rules on inmate classification, disciplinary actions, medical care, housing assignments, and parole eligibility to ensure orderly and compliance with constitutional requirements. For example, they mandate specific protocols for security levels, visitation rights, and grievance processes, often derived from statutory authority and updated periodically to address litigation outcomes or legislative changes. In California, Title 15 of the California Code of Regulations (CCR), Division 3, governs adult institutions, programs, and parole under the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation (CDCR). Enacted pursuant to the Penal Code, it details over 300 sections covering topics such as disciplinary detention—defined as temporary confinement in designated cells for violations—and credit earning for good behavior or rehabilitation participation, with inmates potentially earning up to 15% sentence reductions under Penal Code Section 2933 as of updates effective January 1, 2022. These rules, last comprehensively revised in the 2010s with amendments through 2024, have been central to federal court oversight, including class-action suits on mental health care adequacy, where violations led to population caps under a 2011 ruling by the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California. Colorado's Code of Colorado Regulations (CCR) includes targeted provisions for penal systems, such as 8 CCR 1511-1, which outlines procedures including risk assessments and hearing timelines for inmates in state prisons or private facilities, effective as of 2023 updates. Similarly, 6 CCR 1010-13 sets sanitary standards for penal institutions, requiring potable systems, , and food service to prevent outbreaks, with compliance enforced through state health department inspections. These frameworks reflect empirical priorities like reduction—Colorado's regulations incorporate validated risk tools showing a 10-15% lower reoffense rate for structured parolees per 2022 departmental data—but face scrutiny for inconsistent enforcement amid facility , as evidenced by independent audits citing understaffing ratios exceeding 1:7 in high-security units. Such CCR provisions prioritize causal mechanisms for deterrence and over punitive excess, grounded in data from longitudinal studies like those from the indicating that regulated programming correlates with 20-30% drops, though systemic biases in source institutions—such as academia-influenced that downplays enforcement failures—necessitate cross-verification with primary correctional records. Internationally, analogous uses appear in frameworks like Uganda's Correction and Centres under UNODC-guided reforms, emphasizing for 50,000+ inmates as of 2015, but U.S. CCRs remain the most litigated and data-rich examples.

Regulatory Codes and Reports

Covenants, conditions, and restrictions (CC&Rs), often abbreviated as CCRs, constitute a set of binding legal rules recorded in deeds or declarations that govern the use, appearance, and maintenance of within specific developments, such as homeowners associations (HOAs), condominiums, or planned communities. These documents impose affirmative obligations (covenants), potential forfeitures for non-compliance (conditions), and prohibitive limitations (restrictions) on owners, typically addressing matters like architectural standards, requirements, policies, and limits to preserve values and community aesthetics. CC&Rs derive enforceability from contract law principles, as they represent mutual agreements among owners, but they must also comply with overriding statutes such as codes and fair housing laws prohibiting . In practice, CC&Rs are drafted by developers during the initial subdivision or formation and recorded with the local county recorder's office, providing to subsequent buyers through title searches. Amendments typically require approval by a of owners, often 67% or more as specified in the document, though may be needed for changes affecting vested rights. falls to the or association board, which can impose fines, liens, or legal action for violations; for instance, failure to maintain exteriors as per CC&R mandates can lead to assessments recoverable through in extreme cases, subject to requirements under state law. Courts interpret CC&Rs strictly, upholding them if reasonable and uniformly applied, but invalidating provisions deemed unconscionable or against , such as those restricting installations banned by laws in states like since 1976. Reports related to CC&Rs often include annual disclosures required by state statutes, such as California's Davis-Stirling Common Interest Development Act, which mandates HOAs to provide , litigation summaries, and CC&R copies to prospective buyers within specified timelines, typically 10 days of request. Non-compliance with reporting duties can expose associations to , as seen in cases where undisclosed CC&R violations led to rescission claims by purchasers. While CC&Rs promote orderly development—evidenced by their prevalence in over 74 million Americans living in governed communities as of 2021—they can limit individual autonomy, prompting legislative reforms like Texas's 2019 amendments capping fines at $250 per day to curb overreach. Empirical data from HOA studies indicate that well-enforced CC&Rs correlate with 5-10% higher property values, though disputes arise when rules evolve post-purchase without adequate owner input.

Property and Contractual Restrictions

Covenants, conditions, and restrictions (CC&Rs), also known as CCRs, are legally binding provisions recorded in deeds or declarations that impose contractual limitations on the use, appearance, and maintenance of within planned communities or homeowners associations (HOAs). These documents function as equitable servitudes that "run with the ," meaning they bind subsequent purchasers who acquire through the recorded title, thereby extending the original developer's or association's regulatory authority indefinitely unless amended or terminated. CC&Rs derive their enforceability from principles, where owners implicitly agree to terms by purchasing subject to the recorded declaration, supplemented by the doctrine of implied reciprocal servitudes among neighboring lots. Typical restrictions under CC&Rs prohibit or regulate activities such as short-term rentals, commercial operations on residential lots, exterior modifications without approval, pet ownership beyond specified limits, and signage placement, all aimed at preserving uniformity, values, and . Conditions within CC&Rs may outline consequences for violations, including forfeiture of title in severe cases, though modern enforcement more commonly involves monetary fines, liens, or injunctive relief rather than reversion due to judicial reluctance to disrupt ownership stability. Courts generally uphold CC&Rs if they are reasonable, clearly stated, and applied uniformly, rejecting enforcement where selective application or abandonment by the demonstrates , as established in cases requiring mutuality and . Amendments to CC&Rs typically require supermajority approval from HOA members, often 67% or more of voting owners, and must be re-recorded to bind future buyers, with state statutes like California's Davis-Stirling Act mandating specific procedures to ensure transparency and prevent developer overreach post-construction. Discriminatory provisions, such as those based on or , have been unenforceable since the U.S. Supreme Court's 1948 decision in , which invalidated judicial enforcement of racial covenants under the , though non-discriminatory restrictions remain valid absent violations of public policy or antitrust laws. In jurisdictions without active HOAs, individual owners may still seek private enforcement through claims or suits, provided the CC&Rs were properly recorded and touch-and-concern the benefited properties.

Science and Technology

Biology and Medicine

CC chemokine receptors (CCRs) constitute a subfamily of G protein-coupled receptors that bind CC (or β) , seven-transmembrane proteins primarily expressed on leukocytes to orchestrate immune cell trafficking via . Ten human CCR subtypes (CCR1–CCR10) have been identified, each exhibiting specific affinities—such as CCR1 binding MIP-1α and RANTES—and tissue distributions that regulate processes like , , and lymphoid organ homing. Dysregulation of CCR signaling contributes to pathologies including , , and , where elevated expression promotes excessive leukocyte infiltration. CCR5, in particular, functions as a co-receptor alongside for macrophage-tropic (R5) HIV-1 strains, facilitating glycoprotein-mediated entry into target cells like T lymphocytes and macrophages; the homozygous -Δ32 deletion , prevalent in ~1% of people of descent, confers near-complete resistance to R5 HIV-1 infection by preventing surface expression of functional receptor. This discovery has spurred therapeutic strategies, including maraviroc, a approved by the FDA in 2007 for treatment-experienced patients, which blocks binding and viral fusion without broadly suppressing immunity. CCR5 desensitization involves β-arrestin recruitment and following stimulation, terminating signaling within seconds to minutes and preventing sustained activation that could exacerbate . In renal medicine, creatinine clearance (CCr) quantifies excretory function by measuring the volume of cleared of per unit time, serving as a surrogate for (GFR) in diagnosing and staging . Calculated via the 24-hour urine collection method—CCr (mL/min) = (urine [mg/dL] × urine volume [mL]) / ( [mg/dL] × 1440 min)—or estimated using formulas like Cockcroft-Gault, values below 60 mL/min/1.73 m² indicate impaired filtration, correlating with progression to end-stage renal disease; accuracy diminishes in extremes of age, muscle mass, or diet. Cardiocerebral resuscitation (CCR) denotes a cardiac arrest protocol prioritizing uninterrupted chest compressions at 100/min with delayed or asynchronous ventilations to maximize coronary and cerebral perfusion, diverging from conventional CPR by minimizing interruptions that reduce survival odds. Implemented in witnessed out-of-hospital arrests with shockable rhythms, CCR has yielded neurologically intact survival rates of 38–50% in select cohorts, versus 5–10% for standard CPR, based on data from systems adopting it since 2005; it emphasizes early defibrillation and post-return-of-spontaneous-circulation hypothermia for neuroprotection.

Computing and Electronics

Electronic sensors and instrumentation play a critical role in monitoring the structural integrity and environmental compliance of coal combustion residuals (CCR) surface impoundments and landfills, as mandated by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) under 40 CFR Part 257. For impoundments exceeding specified height and volume thresholds, facilities must install piezometers to measure pore water pressures and inclinometers to detect lateral movements and settlements, enabling early identification of potential instability risks. These electronic devices, typically equipped with transducers, data loggers, and telemetry systems, provide continuous or periodic readings that are essential for annual structural integrity assessments and to prevent failures akin to the 2008 Kingston, Tennessee spill, which released 5.4 million cubic yards of CCR slurry. Groundwater monitoring systems around CCR units incorporate electronic probes, conductivity meters, and automated sampling devices to track parameters such as pH, specific conductance, and concentrations of appendices III and IV constituents (e.g., arsenic, lead, mercury). Data from these sensors feeds into statistical evaluation protocols, where software analyzes temporal and spatial trends to trigger assessment monitoring if groundwater protection standards (GWPS) are exceeded, as required by §257.93–§257.95. Compliance often involves multi-unit monitoring networks sharing electronic data acquisition systems to optimize coverage across adjacent CCR disposal areas. Computing applications support CCR management through specialized software for , risk modeling, and reporting. Groundwater statistical analysis tools, such as Sanitas, automate predictions of background levels and GWPS exceedances using methods like intra-well trending and Mann-Kendall tests, tailored for CCR datasets under EPA rules. Geochemical and transport modeling software integrates monitoring data with site ; for example, models simulate migration, calibrating hydraulic conductivities (often 10^{-6} to 10^{-4} cm/s for CCR materials) against observed boron plumes as conservative tracers. These models inform corrective action plans, predicting plume stabilization times ranging from years to decades based on advection-dispersion parameters. Real-time geotechnical advancements, researched by the (EPRI), deploy wireless sensor networks in CCR impoundments to track vibrations, strains, and seepage continuously, surpassing periodic manual surveys. Such systems use low-power electronics and cloud-based computing for remote data visualization, facilitating to avert structural distress. Facilities maintain electronic operating records, including GIS-mapped networks and annual reports, posted on dedicated websites for public access, with data formats enabling automated compliance tracking under §257.107.

Engineering and Environmental Technologies

Coal combustion residuals (CCR) management relies on engineered disposal systems designed to prevent environmental releases, including landfills and surface impoundments lined with composite barriers such as geomembranes over compacted clay soils to achieve below 10^{-7} cm/s. systems, comprising geosynthetic clay liners and drainage layers, monitor for potential groundwater contamination from constituents like and mercury. Closure technologies for inactive units involve excavating CCR for relocation to dry landfills or capping in place with multi-layer systems including geomembranes, geosynthetic clay liners, and vegetative covers to minimize infiltration and . Environmental technologies for CCR emphasize groundwater protection through semi-annual monitoring networks using wells to detect III parameters (e.g., , ) and, if exceeded, Appendix IV metals (e.g., , ). Corrective action programs deploy pump-and-treat systems or in-situ remediation like permeable reactive barriers to address plumes, with hydraulic containment via slurry walls where necessary. (FGD) integrates advanced processes such as chemical precipitation for removal and filtration to reduce before discharge or reuse. Beneficial use engineering repurposes CCR in structural applications, guided by standards ensuring stability and prevention; for instance, fly ash in mixtures enhances durability per ASTM C618 specifications, substituting up to 30% of while maintaining above 4,000 psi. Engineered structural fills, such as embankments, incorporate CCR with geotechnical assessments for exceeding 1,500 psf and controls to avoid settlement issues. Research advances include biocarbon-engineered amendments for CCR-impacted soils, improving remediation efficacy by enhancing microbial degradation of organics and binding . These practices, regulated under EPA's Part 257, prioritize risk-based assessments to verify environmental inertness before unencapsulated uses.

Business and Finance

Financial Risk Concepts

Counterparty credit risk (CCR) encompasses the potential for loss arising from the default of a trading partner in contracts, securities financing transactions, or other bilateral agreements before final settlement. This risk combines elements of and , as the exposure amount fluctuates with underlying market variables such as interest rates, equity prices, or rates. Unlike traditional in loans, where exposure is typically fixed and unilateral, CCR is bilateral and dynamic, requiring measurement of both current and future potential exposures. A fundamental concept in CCR is replacement cost (RC), which represents the current market value of a transaction if the counterparty defaults, necessitating replacement with a new counterparty at prevailing conditions. Positive RC occurs when the transaction has positive value to the non-defaulting party, while negative values imply no immediate loss from default but potential future exposure. Closely related is settlement risk, a subset of CCR where delivery versus payment fails, as seen in foreign exchange settlements where one party fulfills obligations before the other, potentially leading to Herstatt risk—named after the 1974 Bankhaus Herstatt failure that caused multimillion-dollar losses for counterparties. Potential future exposure (PFE) quantifies the worst-case estimate of future credit exposure over the transaction's life, typically at a high confidence level such as 95% or 99%, derived from simulations of market scenarios using methods. PFE accounts for the volatility of exposure profiles in non-linear instruments like options, where exposure may increase asymmetrically. Complementary metrics include expected exposure (EE), the average positive exposure at future dates, and expected positive exposure (EPE), the time-weighted average of EE, both used in calculating regulatory capital under frameworks like . Exposure at default (EAD) aggregates current exposure and add-ons for potential future changes, often calibrated with a multiplier (e.g., α=1.4 under Basel's standardized approach for CCR, or ) to conservatively estimate total risk-weighted assets. , implemented globally since 2017, supersedes the prior current exposure method by incorporating supervisory factors for and supervisory delta for hedging effects, reducing procyclicality. Credit valuation adjustment (CVA) adjusts the risk-free value of a to reflect expected losses from default, incorporating (PD), (LGD), and exposure profiles: CVA ≈ ∫ LGD × PD(t) × EE(t) × discount(t) dt. Unilateral CVA assumes only the defaults, while bilateral adjustments like debt value adjustment (DVA) account for own-default , though DVA has drawn for recognizing gains from deteriorating creditworthiness. CVA desks emerged post-2008 to this via instruments like CVA swaps, with spiking during the 2020 market turmoil, where CVA losses exceeded $100 billion for major banks. Wrong-way risk (WWR) arises when correlates positively with counterparty probability, amplifying losses—e.g., holding credit swaps on a deteriorating increases as likelihood rises. General WWR stems from market-wide factors, while specific WWR involves transaction-specific links, such as pledged in the counterparty's own securities. Mitigation involves and limits on high-correlation trades, as emphasized in guidelines. These concepts underpin CCR management through netting agreements, collateralization via credit support annexes (CSAs) under ISDA master agreements, and central clearing via central counterparties (CCPs), which multilateralize risk but introduce concentration and operational dependencies, as evidenced by the 2011 collapse due to inadequate CCP margin calls.

Performance and Operational Metrics

Counterparty credit risk (CCR) performance metrics primarily encompass measures that quantify potential losses from counterparty default, including current (replacement cost of the transaction at default) and potential future (PFE), which estimates maximum future loss over the transaction's life at a high confidence level, typically 95-99%. (EE) and expected positive (EPE) provide time-averaged projections of positive mark-to-market values, essential for calculating regulatory capital under frameworks like . These metrics integrate (PD), (LGD), and (EAD) to derive and requirements. Operational metrics for CCR management focus on monitoring and mitigation processes, such as coverage ratios, which assess the sufficiency of posted against , and efficiency, measuring the time from valuation to receipt, ideally under T+1 for non-centrally cleared . and triggers prompt intraday or daily reviews, with predefined thresholds for escalating limits or terminating trades. validates models by comparing predicted versus actual exposures, ensuring accuracy within 95% confidence intervals, while evaluates metrics under adverse scenarios like market crashes. Credit valuation adjustment (CVA), a market-based , quantifies the of CCR by adjusting derivative fair values for probability, incorporating wrong-way where correlates positively with likelihood. Banks maintain a of complementary , including secondary ones like netted post-collateral, to comprehensively cover portfolio , with ongoing validation against historical data. Effective CCR frameworks require real-time systems for computation, integrating credit, market, and data to support limit setting and hedging decisions.

Procurement and Vendor Systems

The Central Contractor Registration (CCR) served as the primary supplier database for the U.S. federal government, enabling to register essential business, financial, and certification data required for participation in federal processes. Established to streamline onboarding, CCR required a one-time initial registration followed by annual updates, collecting information such as taxpayer identification numbers, banking details for , and (DUNS) numbers to facilitate awards and payments. This system ensured that federal agencies, including the (DoD), , and the (DoT), could verify vendor eligibility and compliance before engaging in acquisitions. In procurement workflows, CCR integrated with electronic s to automate and dissemination, reducing manual verification efforts and minimizing errors in selection. used CCR to self-certify capabilities, such as status or socioeconomic classifications, which agencies referenced during evaluations and bid assessments. For instance, the supported the (FAR) requirements by providing a centralized for procurement-relevant data, allowing agencies to import profiles directly into their acquisition tools. Failure to register or maintain active status in CCR historically barred from receiving federal contracts, enforcing accountability in the supply chain. Vendor management under CCR emphasized accuracy and , with features for vendors to and update their independently, thereby supporting efficient financial transactions like invoicing and disbursements. The database handled over basic identification by incorporating validation checks against watchlists and financial systems, enhancing in vendor relationships. By , CCR had registered millions of entities, demonstrating its in federal ecosystems before its consolidation into the () on July 30, , which absorbed CCR's functions alongside other platforms like the Online Representations and Certifications Application () and FedBizOpps. This transition preserved CCR's core procurement utilities while expanding capabilities for broader federal assistance and exclusions .

Environment and Public Safety

Waste and Residual Management

Coal combustion residuals (CCR), also known as coal ash, consist of fly ash, , boiler slag, and materials generated from burning for production in power plants. These materials are classified as nonhazardous solid waste under Subtitle D of the (RCRA), distinguishing them from hazardous wastes regulated under Subtitle C. In 2015, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) promulgated national standards for CCR disposal to address risks such as contamination from leaching of including , mercury, and . Primary disposal methods for CCR include onsite surface impoundments (wet storage ponds) and landfills, with surface impoundments historically used for about 80% of CCR placement prior to regulatory shifts toward dry handling. Landfills must incorporate composite liners, leachate collection systems, and groundwater monitoring to prevent migration of contaminants into aquifers, as required under 40 CFR Part 257 Subpart D. Surface impoundments, particularly legacy units predating the 2015 rule, face closure mandates by deadlines such as August 31, 2029, for unlined impoundments inactive since before October 19, 2015, involving dewatering, stabilization, and capping to minimize infiltration. Beneficial reuse accounts for approximately 50% of CCR generated annually, with applications in production, wallboard , and road base stabilization, reducing disposal volumes while EPA guidance emphasizes environmental soundness to avoid unencapsulated uses that could release toxins. Operators must conduct annual assessments for structural integrity, seismic risks, and fault stability at disposal units, with immediate reporting of exceedances in parameters like , , or . Post-closure care extends for 30 years or until statistical evidence demonstrates no ongoing impact, whichever is longer, incorporating financial assurance mechanisms such as trust funds or bonds to cover remediation costs estimated at billions nationally. Incidents like the 2008 Kingston Fossil Plant spill in , releasing 5.4 million cubic yards of CCR slurry, underscored vulnerabilities in wet impoundments, prompting accelerated transitions to dry storage and enhanced federal oversight. Regulatory compliance data, publicly accessible via owner-operator websites, reveals variability in state implementation, with some facilities achieving through excavation and offsite disposal to lined landfills, while others cap in place after confirming no hydraulic connection to . The EPA's rule on legacy surface impoundments expanded and requirements for inactive units at operating facilities, aiming to mitigate long-term risks from the estimated 1,000+ nationwide impoundments holding over 1 billion tons of CCR. Despite these measures, peer-reviewed studies and agency assessments indicate persistent challenges in verifying the efficacy of in-place closures against episodic failures from or seismic events.

Water Quality Reporting

Under the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) regulations for coal combustion residuals (CCR), owners or operators of CCR units, including landfills and surface impoundments, must implement programs to assess potential impacts on from migration. These requirements, codified in 40 CFR Part 257 Subpart D, apply to all active, inactive, and legacy CCR surface impoundments unless exempted, with the goal of detecting releases of hazardous constituents such as and radionuclides into . involves installing a network of wells upgradient and downgradient of the CCR unit, designed to yield representative samples of the uppermost and any zones affected by the unit. The monitoring program operates in two phases: detection monitoring and assessment monitoring. In detection monitoring, conducted at least semi-annually (with quarterly sampling for certain parameters), facilities analyze for 23 inorganic constituents listed in Appendix III of 40 CFR Part 257, including , , , , , , , lead, , mercury, , , , radium-226, radium-228, and . Statistical methods, such as prediction intervals or tolerance/prediction limits, are used to evaluate data against background levels established from upgradient wells; a statistically significant increase (SSI) over background for any constituent triggers notification within 24 hours and initiation of assessment monitoring within 90 days. Assessment monitoring expands to 39 Appendix IV constituents, including additional metals like , silver, and , plus synthetic organic compounds if applicable, and compares results to groundwater protection standards (GWPS), typically Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCLs) under the or alternate sources. Persistent exceedances of GWPS necessitate corrective action programs, including remedy selection and effectiveness assessments, with annual progress reports. Reporting obligations ensure transparency and public access to data. Facilities must prepare annual and corrective action reports by January 31, summarizing sampling results, statistical evaluations, and any SSIs or exceedances from the prior calendar year, certified by a qualified professional engineer. These reports, along with semiannual detection data, must be posted on a publicly accessible site within 30 days of completion, with operating records retained for at least five years (or the facility's active life plus post-closure period). For legacy CCR units, recent EPA amendments (effective November 2024) extended initial deadlines to May 8, 2029, while maintaining core reporting requirements to address contamination risks from unlined or leaking impoundments. Non-compliance, such as failure to report exceedances of (MCL 10 μg/L) or (50 μg/L), has led to enforcement actions, underscoring the rule's emphasis on verifiable data over self-reported assurances.

Sports and Recreation

Competitions and Events

The Canadian Championships (CRC), known in as Championnats canadiens de (CCR), serve as the premier national competition for in , encompassing tournaments across three divisions: Under-16 (U16), Under-19 (U19), and the (NRL). Held annually in a host city selected through bidding, the event spans approximately one week in late March or early April, featuring preliminary games followed by playoff rounds to determine medal winners in each division. In the U16 and U19 divisions, provincial or regional representative teams compete, with typically 10-15 teams per division drawn from Canada's member associations across all provinces and territories. These age-class tournaments emphasize elite youth development, adhering to standardized rules set by Canada, including five-on-five gameplay on ice rinks with straight-line free passes and no . The NRL division crowns the professional league's season champion among its six teams, integrating top senior players in a high-intensity format that showcases advanced skills like ring control and goaltending. The championships involve around 49 teams, over 800 athletes, 200 coaches, 50 officials, and hundreds of volunteers, culminating in about 150 games broadcast live via streaming platforms. For the 2025 edition, hosted jointly by Ottawa and Gatineau from March 30 to April 5, all games were streamed by iSiLIVE, with venues including the Sensplex and Centre Slush Puppie. Medal ceremonies award gold, silver, and bronze to division winners, with past hosts like Burnaby, British Columbia (2024), highlighting the event's role in fostering national unity and talent identification for international play. Related events include regional qualifiers such as the Eastern and Western Canadian Championships, which feed into the national level, but the remains the culminating competition for AA-class provincial champions in U16 and U19. Participation requires teams to qualify through provincial leagues, ensuring competitive integrity based on season performance metrics like win-loss records and goal differentials.

Transportation

Vehicle and Infrastructure Systems

Motiva Infraestrutura de Mobilidade S.A., formerly CCR S.A., operates approximately 4,475 kilometers of toll roads through 11 concessionaires across five Brazilian states, encompassing key routes such as the 626 km managed by CCR RioSP and the 845.4 km under CCR MSVia. These concessions involve comprehensive infrastructure management, including operational bases distributed along the routes for maintenance, equipped with specialized vehicles for road repairs and emergency response. In 2024, the company invested R$7.3 billion in capital expenditures for highway enhancements, supporting an average daily traffic volume of 3.4 million equivalent vehicles across 192 cities. Vehicle monitoring systems on these highways incorporate 1,254 cameras for traffic surveillance, enabling oversight of , incidents, and compliance. predominates, utilizing tags (TAGs) for automated lanes, which offer discounts of up to 73% for frequent users via the Frequent User Discount (DUF) program. Several concessions, including CCR RioSP's Rio-Santos highway, employ Free Flow , eliminating physical barriers and enabling barrier-free tolling through plate and tag detection for seamless passage. This system, implemented to reduce congestion and emissions, aligns with broader efforts to phase out cash payments entirely by 2026 across the portfolio. Support for stranded or vehicles includes dedicated fleets at operational bases, providing pre-hospital care, mechanical assistance, and roadside interventions on all managed stretches. Safety infrastructure features campaigns like Movimento Afaste-se, which urges drivers to slow down and shift lanes during roadside stops, contributing to a 25% reduction in serious accidents involving direct employees in 2024. These measures, combined with traffic control technologies, position Motiva as Latin America's largest operator by concessioned length, accounting for 41% of Brazil's revenues in recent years.