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Dart

Dart is an open-source, language developed by with C-style syntax, optimized for building high-performance client-side applications across , , , and platforms. It features garbage collection, optional static typing, and robust support for asynchronous operations through async-await constructs paired with isolate-based concurrency to manage event-driven workloads efficiently without traditional threading complexities. Originally announced in 2011 to address limitations in languages like for structured , Dart evolved through major releases including in 2018, which introduced sound null safety in subsequent updates to enhance code reliability and prevent common runtime errors. The language gained prominence as the foundation for , Google's UI toolkit for crafting natively compiled applications from a single codebase, enabling developers to target , , web, and desktop with consistent performance and pixel-perfect rendering. Dart's design emphasizes productivity and scalability, with tools for code analysis, formatting, and testing integrated into its , though its outside Google-backed projects remains limited compared to entrenched languages like or , partly due to ecosystem maturity and browser support challenges in early iterations. Despite this, its just-in-time () and ahead-of-time (AOT) compilation capabilities have supported and optimized deployment, contributing to Flutter's widespread use in apps by enterprises seeking cross-platform efficiency.

Projectile and game

Description and mechanics

A dart is a small, pointed intended for manual throwing, functioning as a with a streamlined form to achieve accurate, short-range flight. The term "dart" derives from "darte," borrowed from "dart" or "darte," signifying a or , with roots in Proto-Germanic words akin to "daroth" for . Standard darts comprise four primary components: a sharpened metal for impact and penetration, a cylindrical barrel serving as the and primary mass, a slender linking the rear elements, and —typically plastic or flights—affixed to the tail for aerodynamic stabilization. The barrel, often crafted from , nickel-silver, or for and , allows customization in and to suit throwing dynamics. In game contexts, complete darts weigh 16 to 26 grams, enabling controlled propulsion without excessive strain. Flight mechanics rely on ballistic principles modulated by : upon release, the dart traces a parabolic path governed by initial (typically 10-15 m/s from hand throw), launch (optimal near 10-20 degrees for horizontal targets), and gravitational pull, with air resistance introducing drag that decelerates forward motion. Rear generates asymmetric drag and induced moments to dampen yaw and instabilities, promoting straight-line travel by aligning the center of behind the center of ; perturbations from crosswinds or release errors are corrected via this fin-like stabilization rather than inherent spin, though imparted rotation can enhance gyroscopic effects in some designs.

Historical and cultural uses

Archaeological evidence indicates that darts, often propelled by atlatls, were used as hunting tools during the Upper Paleolithic period in Europe, with spear-thrower artifacts dating to approximately 30,000 years ago. These lightweight projectiles, typically consisting of wooden shafts with stone or bone points, extended the effective range and force of throws compared to unaided spears, enabling hunters to target large game from safer distances. In the Americas, Native American groups similarly relied on atlatl-thrown darts for megafauna hunting throughout much of prehistory, as evidenced by a well-preserved 10,000-year-old dart recovered from a high-altitude ice patch in the Rocky Mountains near Yellowstone National Park. This technology persisted in North America until the adoption of the bow and arrow around 1,500 years ago, with earlier evidence including 9,000- to 10,000-year-old spear-thrower hooks from sites like Warm Mineral Springs, Florida. In ancient warfare, darts served as tactical weapons, exemplified by the Roman plumbata, a lead-weighted iron-tipped dart introduced by the 4th century AD and carried in infantry quivers. Soldiers hurled plumbatae by hand to penetrate shields and disrupt enemy lines at ranges of 80-90 meters, with over 100 archaeological sites across the empire yielding examples, primarily from late Roman contexts in regions like Pannonia. The design's lead ballast maximized impact velocity and penetration, reflecting engineering adaptations for close-quarters battlefield efficacy rather than long-range projection. Culturally, held significance in practices, particularly through the application of poisons to enhance lethality where size limited wounding potential. In , San hunter-gatherers employed blow tipped with toxins from plants like Acanthosicyos horridus and beetles such as Diamphidia nigroornata, a tradition documented by Greek historian in the and persisting for millennia due to the poisons' paralytic effects on prey. Residue analysis from Pleistocene sites suggests poison use on projectiles may extend to 70,000 years ago, with material selections driven by local —larvae for stable, slow-acting curare-like compounds allowing trackers to follow wounded animals without immediate kills. Such adaptations prioritized efficacy over raw kinetic force, enabling smaller groups to procure food in resource-scarce environments.

Darts as a sport

Darts developed as an organized from informal pub games in 19th-century , gaining structure through early 20th-century efforts to standardize rules amid growing popularity in taverns and working-class venues. The National Darts Association, formed in 1924, became the first governing body to regulate competitions, sanction events, and promote uniform play, marking the transition from pastime to competitive discipline. In professional and standard competitive formats, the predominant game is 501, where each player or team begins with 501 points and subtracts the value of landed —ranging from single segments (1-20 points), (twice the segment value), (thrice the value), outer (25 points), or inner (50 points)—until reaching exactly zero, with the winning dart required to hit a double or bullseye to close the score. Players throw three per turn, alternating sequentially, and games consist of "legs" won by the first to finish, often aggregated into sets for tournaments. The official dartboard measures 451 mm in diameter, featuring 20 radial segments numbered 1 through 20, with thin wires delineating , , and the central bullseye; it is constructed from compressed fibers forming a self-healing surface to secure steel-tip . The (PDC), established after a 1992-1993 schism from the , governs elite circuits including the , inaugural in December 1993-January 1994 with 24 competitors and won by . This event, now held annually at London's with prize funds exceeding £2.5 million as of 2024, features a format escalating from best-of-five legs to best-of-13 sets in the final, drawing global fields of 96 players qualified via rankings from ProTour events. Elite competitors exhibit refined skill metrics, such as triple-20 hit rates of 40-50% per dart in high-stakes matches, underscoring darts' emphasis on precision over physical exertion.

Computing

Dart programming language

Dart is an open-source, object-oriented programming language developed by Google, designed primarily for building fast applications across client platforms such as web, mobile, and desktop. It supports both just-in-time (JIT) compilation for rapid development and ahead-of-time (AOT) compilation for optimized runtime performance, enabling efficient execution without a virtual machine in production environments. The language emphasizes productivity through features like optional static typing, garbage collection, and isolates for lightweight concurrency, which avoid shared mutable state to prevent race conditions common in thread-based models. These design choices stem from first-principles optimizations for scalability, as evidenced by benchmarks where Dart AOT-compiled code performs comparably to Go and C# in tasks like numerical computations and data processing, often outperforming JavaScript by factors of 2-10x in execution speed. Conceived in 2011 by engineers Lars Bak and Kasper Lund to address limitations in for large-scale web applications, Dart was publicly unveiled on October 10, 2011. The first stable release, version 1.0, arrived on November 14, 2013, introducing core libraries for and initial support for compiling to native . A pivotal evolution occurred with Dart 2.12 on March 3, 2021, which implemented sound null safety, enforcing compile-time checks to eliminate null reference errors—a common source of runtime failures in languages like or C++. This feature, backed by empirical reductions in null-related bugs reported in migrated codebases, aligns with causal realism by prioritizing prevention over runtime detection. Dart's ecosystem expanded significantly with integration into the UI framework, first previewed in May 2017, which leverages Dart for declarative, high-performance rendering across platforms via compilation. Server-side capabilities were bolstered by the Dart SDK's HTTP libraries and (pub), supporting scalable backends with low-latency I/O through async/await patterns. For web deployment, Dart compiles to or , achieving near-native speeds in benchmarks like , where it edges out in multi-threaded simulations via isolates. The August 14, 2025, release of Dart 3.9 introduced performance enhancements, including up to 50% faster static analysis via improved reachability algorithms and refined null safety type promotions, reducing build times in large projects. Adoption has surged, with over 1 million developers using (and thus Dart) actively as of 2025, powering apps that constitute around 10% of free App Store titles and enabling deployments of millions of cross-platform applications worldwide. Empirical metrics from 2025 highlight Dart's role in production systems at scale, underscoring its merit over alternatives in metrics like startup time and frame rates for interactive UIs.

Space exploration

Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART)

The Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART) was a NASA planetary defense technology demonstration mission that tested kinetic impactor deflection of near-Earth asteroids by intentionally colliding a spacecraft with a celestial target. The mission targeted Dimorphos, the 160-meter-diameter moonlet of the binary asteroid (65803) Didymos, to measure changes in its orbital period around the primary body. Launched on November 24, 2021, from Vandenberg Space Force Base aboard a SpaceX Falcon 9 Block 5 rocket, the 610-kilogram DART spacecraft traveled 11 million kilometers over 10 months before impacting Dimorphos at approximately 6.6 kilometers per second on September 26, 2022. The kinetic impact relied on momentum transfer from the spacecraft's mass and velocity, without explosives or nuclear augmentation, to validate first-order Newtonian mechanics for asteroid trajectory alteration. Managed by the () under NASA's , DART incorporated autonomous navigation via the SMART Nav system and released the Space Agency's LICIACube for independent imaging of the impact plume and . Post-impact observations from Earth-based telescopes, including the , and subsequent analyses confirmed the deflection: Dimorphos's around Didymos shortened by 32 minutes, from 11 hours 55 minutes to about 11 hours 23 minutes, exceeding the mission's minimum success threshold of 73 seconds. This outcome stemmed from enhanced momentum transfer due to , where roughly 1% of Dimorphos's mass was expelled as boulders and finer particles, amplifying the effective impulse by a factor of 2.3 to 4.9 beyond the spacecraft's direct . The asteroid's shape deformed from an oblate spheroid to a more rounded form without catastrophic fragmentation, as evidenced by and optical data showing intact structural cohesion despite surface disruption. Empirical data from DART empirically validated predictive models of rubble-pile responses, demonstrating that kinetic impacts can achieve measurable orbital shifts for objects under 1 kilometer in while minimizing risks of uncontrolled fields that could exacerbate Earth-impact hazards. No emerged of systemic fragmentation propagating through the , aligning with simulations that prioritized cohesive strength over brittle under collision. As of 2025, ongoing ground- and space-based studies, including lightcurve and spectroscopic analyses, continue to refine dynamics and long-term system evolution, informing scalability for larger threats. The European Space Agency's mission, launched in October 2024, is scheduled to rendezvous with the Didymos system in late to provide in-situ of the site, subsurface properties, and residual effects, complementing DART's remote measurements. These results underscore kinetic as a viable, non-proliferative option, grounded in observable causal chains rather than untested high-energy alternatives.

Transportation

Public transit systems

The operates as the primary public transit agency for the in , encompassing bus services, , , and managed lanes. Established on August 13, 1983, following voter approval to consolidate prior city-run systems, it spans 13 member cities across a 700-square-mile service area. The component consists of 93 miles across four lines—Red, Blue, Green, and Orange—connecting key urban centers, airports, and suburbs. Ridership recovery post-COVID-19 has progressed, with first-quarter fiscal year 2025 data reporting 14.9 million total unlinked trips, including 6.1 million on and 7.5 million on buses. This reflects operational resilience amid regional growth, though full annual figures for 2024 indicate levels around 80% of pre-pandemic volumes. , administered by the Delaware Transit Corporation, delivers statewide multimodal public transit in , integrating fixed-route buses, , and rail connections such as SEPTA's . Operational since the system's unification in the 1980s, with the DART branding formalized in 1992, it covers all three counties via over 70 routes focused on urban hubs like Wilmington and intercounty travel. 2023 recorded 6.3 million system-wide trips, with fixed-route bus usage at 5 million; ridership in 2024 rose 17% year-over-year, approaching 7% above 2019 pre-pandemic benchmarks. The Des Moines Area Regional Transit Authority (DART) provides bus-based public transit for central Iowa's Greater Des Moines region, including fixed routes, , and on-demand services from a central hub at DART . Formed to regionalize local operations, it prioritizes coverage of urban corridors and employment centers with a fleet emphasizing reliability. 2025 saw 3.75 million total rides, with fixed-route buses accounting for 95% or 3.58 million trips, marking a 7% increase from the prior year.

Aircraft

The was a supersonic developed by for the , entering service in 1959 after its first flight on December 26, 1956. Powered by a J75-P-17 engine producing 24,000 lbf (107 kN) of thrust with , it achieved a top speed of 2.3 (approximately 1,525 or 2,455 km/h at altitude) and a service ceiling of 57,000 feet (17,400 m). Equipped with an missile system and a nuclear-tipped rocket for intercepting Soviet bombers, the F-106 served as the USAF's primary interceptor through the 1960s and 1970s, with 350 production aircraft delivered by 1960; it was retired in after logging over 141,000 flight hours across Air Defense Command squadrons. Reliability data from USAF records indicate an average mission capability rate exceeding 80% in operational units, attributed to robust delta-wing design and automated flight control systems that enabled unpiloted landings during emergencies. The was a single-engine designed for carrier operations, with its prototype first flying in 1921 and entering service in 1923. Powered by a 450 hp inline piston engine, it had a maximum speed of 105 mph (169 km/h), a range of 240 miles (386 km), and could carry a 1,500 lb (680 kg) or bombs; over 450 units were produced, serving until 1936 in roles including anti-submarine patrols. Historical deployment logs from records document its use in fleet exercises, with structural enhancements for deck operations improving seaworthiness, though was limited at approximately 0.4 miles per pound of fuel due to . Other notable aircraft include the Driggs Dart, an American light sporting monoplane of the late 1920s designed by Clayton Folkerts and built by Driggs Aircraft, featuring an enclosed cabin and powered by engines like the 80 hp LeBlond; around 10-12 were constructed, used for private flying and aerobatics with a cruise speed of 100 mph (161 km/h). The Aerial Experiment Association Silver Dart, a 1909 Canadian pioneer biplane, achieved the first powered flight in Canada on February 23, 1909, over frozen Bras d'Or Lake, Nova Scotia, with a 50 hp Curtiss engine enabling a top speed of 40 mph (64 km/h) and a flight duration of about 0.6 miles. Modern examples, such as the Diamond Aircraft DART-750 turboprop trainer introduced in the 2010s, incorporate a 750 shp PT6A engine for aerobatic training, reaching speeds of 240 knots (276 mph) with +7/-5G limits, but remain in limited certification phases as of 2023.

Missiles and weapons

The SSM-A-23 was a wire-guided, rocket-propelled anti-tank developed by the during the 1950s as part of efforts to counter heavy armored vehicles with improved standoff range and precision over unguided recoilless rifles like the . Launched from ground platforms, it utilized via trailing wires to direct the toward targets, achieving potential engagement distances exceeding those of contemporary man-portable systems. Despite successful prototype testing, the program faced technical challenges in guidance reliability and was canceled in 1958 without achieving operational deployment, paving the way for subsequent guided advancements like the TOW. In non-lethal applications, syringe-tipped tranquilizer serve as specialized projectiles for , typically fired from pneumatic guns or crossbows to deliver sedatives with controlled penetration depths of 10-20 mm into muscle , minimizing injury while ensuring drug based on animal and dart up to 50 m/s. varies with environmental factors, but declassified veterinary reports indicate hit probabilities around 70-85% in calm conditions for trained operators targeting large mammals like or rhinos, though gusts exceeding 5 m/s can reduce accuracy to below 50% due to unguided ballistic trajectories. These prioritize pharmacological incapacitation over kinetic destruction, contrasting with lethal munitions, and their design draws from early 20th-century innovations in hypodermic delivery systems refined through empirical testing in and North American programs.

Road vehicles

The was a compact automobile produced by the division of Corporation from 1960 to 1976, initially derived from full-size platforms but reengineered as a unibody compact with a 111-inch starting in 1960. It offered inline-six engines from 170 to 225 cubic inches and V8 options up to 318 cubic inches in performance models like the GT and GTS variants, delivering up to 275 horsepower in high-output configurations. Annual production peaked at approximately 190,000 units in the early , reflecting strong demand for affordable, efficient family cars before market saturation and fuel crises contributed to declining sales by the mid-1970s. The Dart name was revived in for a front-wheel-drive compact built on Fiat's CUSW platform at the in , targeting the entry-level segment with Italian-derived engineering for cost efficiency. Available engines included a 1.4-liter turbocharged inline-four (160 horsepower, 148 lb-ft ), a 2.0-liter naturally aspirated inline-four (160 horsepower), and a 2.4-liter inline-four (184 horsepower) in the GT trim, paired with six-speed manual or automatic transmissions. EPA-rated fuel economy varied by configuration, with the 1.4-liter turbo manual achieving 27 city and 39 highway, while the 2.0-liter automatic models rated around 25 city and 36 highway. Performance metrics for the revived Dart emphasized responsive handling from its multi-link rear suspension, with the 2.4-liter GT variant accelerating from 0 to 60 mph in under 8 seconds according to independent tests. Initial sales reached about 83,000 units in 2013 amid promotional efforts, but volumes fell sharply to under 20,000 by 2016 due to uncompetitive pricing, perceived quality issues from early electronic glitches, and eroding demand for compact sedans. Production ceased in August 2016 to retool the facility for Jeep Cherokee output, as Chrysler prioritized SUVs amid a broader industry shift where compact car sales dropped from 15% of the U.S. market in 2012 to under 10% by 2016.

Businesses and organizations

Dart Container Corporation

Dart Container Corporation is a privately held manufacturer of single-use , specializing in , , and products such as cups, containers, plates, lids, and straws. Founded in 1960 and headquartered in , the company operates globally with facilities across multiple countries and employs approximately 15,000 people. Annual revenues exceed $3 billion, positioning Dart as a leading supplier to the industry. Key expansions include the 2012 acquisition of for about $1 billion, which bolstered Dart's portfolio in thermoformed and paper-based disposables while emphasizing integration and production scale. This move created synergies in manufacturing efficiency, reducing costs through combined capabilities estimated to serve over 50% of the U.S. market for certain disposables. Dart's core products rely on expanded (EPS) foam for insulation and lightweight design, alongside injection-molded plastics, but post-2010s regulations on single-use plastics prompted a pivot toward alternatives. The ProPlanet® line incorporates post-consumer recycled () content, renewable fibers, and PFAS-free formulations, with molded fiber containers certified home-compostable by standards as of 2025. These innovations aim to minimize virgin material use and enhance end-of-life , with company-reported metrics tracking diversion through partnerships like the Association of Plastic Recyclers. Despite industry-wide challenges in verifying broad efficacy due to municipal infrastructure limits, Dart's designs prioritize material recovery feasibility over unsubstantiated zero-waste claims.

Other entities

Dart Energy was an Australian energy company specializing in coal seam gas and unconventional gas exploration and production, primarily in the region. Spun out from Energy's international assets in March 2010 following 's acquisition by and , it listed on the Australian Securities and pursued aggressive expansion through acquisitions, including Composite Energy in 2011 and Apollo Gas for A$145 million in 2010. The firm operated assets in , , and before agreeing to an all-share acquisition by UK-based IGas Energy in May 2014 for A$211.5 million, after which it delisted. Dart Records operated as a small based in , , during the late 1950s and early 1960s, owned by music promoter and producer Harold "Pappy" Daily. It released singles in genres including , , , and , with notable output such as Amery Lynn's "Shock Party" / "I Want to Go Home" in 1959. The label ceased operations by the mid-1960s, leaving a modest catalog of regional recordings without significant national chart impact.

Places

Geographical features

The Dart River in New Zealand's region originates from meltwater of the Dart Glacier in the , flowing through a sculpted by Pleistocene glaciation into , where it forms a braided with high loads from ongoing glacial and fluvial . The river's catchment covers 632 km², characterized by steep gradients and rapid hydrological responses that amplify flood risks, as evidenced by outburst events from ice-dammed lakes, with documented major floods altering channel through mobilization and bank scour. Dartmoor, a granite upland in Devon, England, formed from Carboniferous intrusions into Devonian metasediments, exposes tors through subaerial weathering and periglacial processes that exploit jointing in the resistant Dartmoor Granite, creating a dissected plateau rising to 621 meters at High Willhays. Erosion patterns, including freeze-thaw cycles and chemical hydrolysis, have shaped the moorland's clitter fields and bogs over millennia, while prehistoric tin streaming in alluvial gravels—evidenced by worked cassiterite deposits and streamworks predating Roman times—further modified valley floors without significantly altering the underlying granite hydrology. The region's biodiversity, including acid grassland and blanket mires, correlates with these geological controls, supporting species adapted to nutrient-poor, waterlogged substrates formed by impeded drainage over impermeable granite. The River Dart in rises on Dartmoor's northern plateau amid outcrops, incising gorges through the upland before broadening into estuarine marshes, driven by and fluvial downcutting that has exposed mineralized veins associated with the emplacement.

Settlements and regions

The Dart Valley in , , comprises a rural region of small settlements and villages strung along the River Dart, including Dartington (an electoral with historical ties to agricultural and estate management) and the hamlet of Dartmeet at the river's upper reaches. These populated areas developed around farming, milling, and later , with the region's rail infrastructure—initially the Buckfastleigh, Totnes and South Devon Railway opened in stages from 1866—facilitating connectivity until branch line closures in the ; heritage operations persisted under the Dart Valley Light Railway banner into the late and continue today via the South Devon Railway Trust. Population densities remain low, characteristic of Devon's rural locales, with the encompassing area supporting about 34,000 residents based on 2001 census-derived estimates, concentrated in larger parishes like Ashburton (nearly 4,000). Recent trends indicate stagnation or decline in many valley-adjacent hamlets and villages due to out-migration toward urban centers like and , exacerbated by limited employment beyond and agriculture; 2021 data for district (encompassing downstream settlements) shows slower growth rates of 5-7% over the decade compared to England's 6.6% national average, reflecting broader rural urbanization pressures.

Science and other fields

Biology

In helicid land snails, such as species in the genus Helix and Euhadra, love darts are sharp, calcareous structures produced in a specialized dart sac within the reproductive system. These darts, typically 5-10 mm long and barbed, are propelled during courtship by muscular contraction to pierce the partner's body wall near the genitalia, delivering a coating of hormone-rich mucus. The mucus induces physiological changes in the recipient, including reduced sperm digestion in the spermatheca and altered receptivity to subsequent matings, functioning as a form of mate guarding in hermaphroditic reproduction. Experimental studies on Euhadra peliomphala demonstrate that successful dart use more than doubles the quantity of the shooter's sperm stored by the recipient compared to non-dart matings, thereby elevating the shooter's paternity share in sperm competition scenarios. This mechanism exemplifies post-copulatory , where the dart's mucus acts as an allohormone to bias fertilization toward the dart-shooting partner, with evolutionary models indicating it evolved to counter multiple by prolonging the viability of the shooter's over rivals'. Not all individuals possess darts on their first , as the structure regenerates over weeks, but repeated use correlates with higher in field observations of natural populations. Poison dart frogs of the genus , native to Central and South American rainforests, produce skin alkaloids like pumiliotoxins and histrionicotoxins that hunters historically applied to darts for prey immobilization. These lipophilic toxins target voltage-gated sodium channels, causing paralysis via persistent activation, with median lethal doses (LD50) for related analogs as low as 0.2 μg/kg subcutaneously in mice. The secretions, derived from dietary sources like and mites, serve as signals and antipredator defenses, with toxicity levels varying by species and population; for instance, Dendrobates pumilio exhibits alkaloid profiles enabling survival rates over 90% against predators in assays. Evolutionary pressures favor sequestration of these compounds, as evidenced by reduced toxicity in captivity-raised individuals lacking wild prey, underscoring their role in ecological arms races rather than direct projectile structures.

Mathematics

In geometry, a dart is a prototile employed in aperiodic tilings of the , characterized by interior angles measuring °, °, °, and 216°. This shape is derived by bisecting a with acute angle ° and obtuse angle 108° along its longer diagonal in the \phi = (1 + \sqrt{5})/2 \approx 1.618, yielding two unequal segments that form the dart's . The dart's asymmetry and reflex angle ensure it cannot tile periodically, enforcing local matching rules—such as aligned notches and bulges—when paired with its counterpart, the , to cover the without gaps or overlaps. Darts feature prominently in Penrose tilings, an aperiodic monotile system developed by physicist in the mid-1970s as part of his exploration of quasicrystals and non-periodic order. These tilings admit hierarchical symmetries based on subdivisions into smaller kites and , with each iteration scaling areas by \phi^2, guaranteeing density ratios of kites to approaching \phi:1. Aperiodicity arises from the irrationality of \phi, preventing translational periodicity; this property holds for any valid tiling obeying the rules, as proven via substitution systems and confirmed by exhaustive computational enumerations of local configurations up to thousands of tiles. In graph theory, a dart denotes a specific induced subgraph: a diamond (complete graph K_4 minus one edge) augmented by a pendant vertex adjacent to one degree-3 vertex of the diamond, resulting in five vertices and seven edges. This structure serves as a forbidden subgraph in characterizations of certain graph classes, such as dart-free perfect graphs, where absence of darts alongside other obstructions implies polynomial-time recognition and optimization algorithms for coloring and clique problems. Structural theorems decompose dart-free graphs into clique sums of simpler components, leveraging decomposition techniques akin to those for Berge graphs but with added constraints on pendant attachments. The dart graph also appears as a minimal example in studies of forested graphs and Brooks' theorem generalizations for bounded-degree colorings.

Other technical uses

In materials engineering, the dart drop test evaluates the puncture of films and sheeting by releasing a hemispherical-ended dart of defined mass from a predetermined onto a taut specimen, quantifying the required for through either brittle or ductile puncture. The non-instrumented variant, outlined in ISO 7765-1:2019, employs variable dart weights at fixed drop s to derive statistically, while the instrumented method in ISO 7765-2:2022 uses and sensors for detailed force-deformation curves, aiding in materials with thicknesses typically under 1 mm. This test correlates empirical data with material toughness, revealing inconsistencies in formulations under sudden loading. In , logic dart probes, such as the E2310A model introduced in the early , serve as specialized accessories for logic analyzers, capturing asynchronous digital waveforms with adjustable threshold voltages and minimal capacitive loading to preserve in high-speed circuits operating up to 100 MHz. These probes incorporate series diodes for and support multiple channel configurations for state and timing analysis, enabling engineers to diagnose timing faults in microprocessor-based systems without oscilloscope-level but with enhanced . In medical instrumentation, dart-designated needles, including the MARCH Dart™ decompression variant, consist of 14-gauge stainless steel cannulas with 3.25-inch lengths and reinforced catheters to resist kinking or collapse during pleural space penetration, as applied in emergency needle thoracostomy for decompressing . This configuration, validated through field deployment in tactical , prioritizes rapid insertion with reduced risk of procedural failure compared to thinner-walled alternatives, though clinical outcomes depend on and .

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