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Let's roll

"Let's roll" constitutes the final recorded words of Todd M. Beamer, a passenger on United Airlines Flight 93 hijacked during the September 11, 2001, al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, as he coordinated with other passengers to assault the cockpit and thwart the hijackers' plan to strike a target in Washington, D.C. The phrase emerged from Beamer's approximately 13-minute Airfone call to GTE operator Lisa Jefferson, initiated around 9:43 a.m. Eastern Time after the hijacking, during which he recited the Lord's Prayer and Pledge of Allegiance before rallying compatriots with the directive amid scuffles audible on the line. Flight 93 ultimately crashed in a field near Shanksville, Pennsylvania, at 10:03 a.m., the sole hijacked aircraft that day not to reach its intended suicide mission objective, an outcome attributed to the passengers' intervention based on cockpit voice recorder data and call records. Post-event, "Let's roll" evolved into a cultural emblem of resolve, invoked by political leaders, military units, and memorials to denote proactive resistance against existential threats, though no verbatim transcript of the call exists and details derive principally from Jefferson's firsthand testimony.

Phrase Origins and Pre-9/11 Usage

Colloquial Definition and Everyday Contexts

"Let's roll" is an informal employed to signal the initiation of an action, the commencement of a venture, or departure from a current situation, equivalent to phrases like "let's go" or "time to get moving." The expression emerged in 20th-century , with documented usage dating back to at least , primarily in contexts such as everyday speech rather than formal or specialized like commands. In pre-2001 everyday applications, "let's roll" frequently appeared in casual conversations to prompt group movement or activity starts, such as embarking on a road trip or beginning a casual gathering. During the 1990s, the phrase proliferated in popular media, including television shows, films, and music, where it commonly conveyed "let's get out of here" or an enthusiastic call to proceed without delay. This usage underscored its roots as a neutral, motivational idiom for ordinary social or recreational scenarios, distinct from any structured institutional lexicon. Examples in non-heroic settings included settings for rallying teams to launch initiatives or in contexts to urge players into motion, reflecting its broad, unpretentious civilian adoption prior to any elevated connotations.

United Airlines Flight 93 on September 11, 2001

Hijacking Sequence and Timeline

, a 757-222, departed at 8:42 a.m. EDT on , 2001, en route to with 37 passengers, two pilots, and five crew members aboard, following a 41-minute departure delay. The last routine communication with occurred at 9:27 a.m. The hijacking commenced at approximately 9:28 a.m., when four operatives—Ziad Jarrah, , , and —breached the using knives, box cutters, and a chemical irritant such as or to subdue the crew. This intrusion resulted in immediate violence, including the stabbing of Captain Jason Dahl and at least one flight attendant, with the pilots ultimately killed or incapacitated. Jarrah, a trained pilot, assumed control of the aircraft, issuing an announcement over the claiming a was aboard and instructing passengers to remain seated and comply. By 9:36 a.m., the plane executed a 180-degree turn from its original westbound course, redirecting southeast toward the area, with FAA radar tracking indicating headings consistent with potential targets such as the U.S. Capitol or . The was deactivated around 9:41 a.m., though continued to monitor the flight's erratic maneuvers, including a climb to over 40,000 feet followed by intermittent descents. The aircraft maintained this trajectory until crashing at 10:03 a.m. in .

Todd Beamer's Airphone Call

Todd , a 32-year-old account manager for from , boarded on , 2001, for a business trip to ; he was married with two young children. After the hijacking, Beamer used a GTE Airfone seatback phone to connect with operator Lisa Jefferson in at approximately 9:43 a.m. EDT, remaining on the line for over 13 minutes while calmly describing the situation. During the call, Beamer reported that the flight had been hijacked, and first had been stabbed or murdered, hijackers possessed knives and claimed to have a , passengers had been herded to the rear of the aircraft, and there were around 37 passengers including seven children; he expressed uncertainty about the pilots' status and the bomb's authenticity. He recited the and with Jefferson, requested she contact his wife Lisa to convey his love for her and their children, and stated his intent to act against the hijackers with other passengers. Jefferson took contemporaneous notes and was later debriefed by the FBI, confirming Beamer's composed demeanor and the absence of any scripted phrasing in his statements. Beamer then addressed fellow passengers, saying, "Are you guys ready? Okay. Let's roll," before handing the phone aside; Jefferson remained connected, hearing ensuing commotion but no further direct words from him. This utterance, captured in 's account and corroborated in official investigations, marked Beamer's rally to resistance without evidence of embellishment or fabrication in the relayed details.

Passenger Counterattack and Aircraft Crash

Passengers and crew members on , having learned through airphone and cell calls of the successful hijackings and crashes of the other three aircraft as well as the hijackers' apparent intent to target either the or the , coordinated a group revolt against the hijackers around 9:57 a.m. EDT. Approximately ten to fifteen passengers armed themselves with improvised weapons, including food carts, trays, and possibly boiling water procured from the , and advanced toward the fortified door in an organized rush to regain control of the aircraft. The cockpit voice recorder (CVR) captured audio evidence of the ensuing struggle, including sounds of physical fighting, passenger shouts such as "In the cockpit!", and hijacker commands like "Give it to me" amid the commotion, indicating passengers had breached or were forcing entry into the area. In response, hijacker-pilot executed erratic maneuvers, including a high-speed roll and dive, to disrupt the assault, but the aircraft's flight path deviated from its projected course toward , as the hijackers deliberately crashed the into an empty field near , at 10:03:11 a.m. EDT, traveling at approximately 563 miles per hour. Forensic analysis of the crash site, including debris distribution and the flight data recorder, confirmed the impact resulted from deliberate pilot input rather than mechanical failure or external interference, with the plane inverting and striking the ground nose-first in a near-vertical , underscoring the hijackers' decision to sacrifice the aircraft to prevent passenger seizure of controls. This outcome empirically thwarted the hijackers' operational plan, as evidenced by the aircraft's failure to reach its intended high-casualty target in the capital, where a strike akin to those on the could have inflicted substantial additional losses given the density of government operations.

Post-Event Verification and Official Findings

Cockpit Voice Recorder Analysis

The cockpit voice recorder (CVR) from was recovered on September 14, 2001, at 8:30 p.m., from a depth of 25 feet in the crash crater near , by FBI personnel who assumed custody for analysis. The device captured approximately 31 minutes of usable audio following the , including four channels of sounds, pilot and hijacker voices, radio transmissions, and ambient noises from the . Initial processing confirmed the recording's integrity despite impact damage, with NTSB specialists decoding digital audio from solid-state memory modules standard to the 757's Universal CVR model. NTSB forensic focused on acoustic patterns to reconstruct events, identifying distinct sounds of intrusion such as cart impacts used as improvised weapons, collective shouting, and physical scuffles aligning temporally with Airfone call reports of coordinated revolt. Hijacker-pilot Ziad Jarrah's recorded utterances, including "They want to get in here. Hold, hold from the door," occurred amid escalating alarms and thuds, indicating defensive panic without prior warning of external fabrication or alteration in the . Spectral analysis revealed no anomalies in voice modulation, continuity, or tampering, affirming the audio as a direct evidentiary artifact rather than post-event construct. Timestamped CVR data pinpointed the passenger breach initiation at approximately 9:57 a.m. EDT, marked by abrupt shifts from hijacker control announcements to revolt indicators, precisely matching the relayed timing of Todd Beamer's "Let's roll" directive from contemporaneous phone communications. This synchronization across independent sources—CVR acoustics, flight data recorder parameters, and witness call logs—provided causal corroboration of the assault's spontaneity and efficacy in disrupting hijacker operations until the 10:03 a.m. crash. Official NTSB evaluations found the recording's evidentiary chain unbroken, with no forensic markers of editing or simulation discernible in the raw data.

Investigations by NTSB and 9/11 Commission

The (NTSB) conducted an analysis of the flight data recorder (FDR) and cockpit voice recorder (CVR) from , releasing findings in February 2002 that attributed the crash to deliberate actions by hijackers amid a passenger counterassault, rather than mechanical failure or external intervention. The FDR data indicated erratic control inputs, including multiple pitch oscillations consistent with a struggle in the , culminating in a high-speed descent into the ground at approximately 563 miles per hour and 40 degrees nose-down, generating impact forces exceeding 40 g-forces. Debris patterns across a 70-acre field in , aligned with aerodynamic breakup during the final dive, not fragmentation from a strike or mid-air , as no evidence of structural anomalies prior to the hijacking was detected. The 9/11 Commission Report, published in July 2004, corroborated these technical findings through Chapter 1's examination of the flight, drawing on over 2.5 million pages of documents, thousands of interviews—including with air traffic controllers, military personnel, and family members of passengers—and declassified intelligence linking the hijacking to al-Qaeda's coordinated plot. It concluded that passengers and crew, informed via airphone calls of the other attacks, organized a revolt around 10:00 a.m. that prevented the aircraft from reaching its intended Washington, D.C., target, such as the Capitol or White House, thereby disrupting the "fourth plane" in the operation. This causal sequence emphasized human agency in the crash outcome, with no indications of U.S. military involvement, as radar tracks confirmed the absence of intercepting fighters in position to engage before the 10:03 a.m. impact. Both investigations refuted claims of a U.S. shoot-down, noting the CVR's 31 minutes of audio captured interpersonal and warnings like "Let's roll" without sounds of missiles, gunfire, or external ; protocols authorized intercepts but none occurred due to delayed FAA notifications and fighter scramble timelines exceeding the flight's remaining window. Independent analyses of seismic data and wreckage distribution further aligned with a single-point ground impact from passenger-forced loss of control, dismissing alternative theories lacking empirical support from primary evidence.

Broader Cultural and Symbolic Adoption

Governmental and Political Invocation

President incorporated "Let's roll" into his rhetoric to symbolize American resolve against terrorism, first prominently in a , , amid the ongoing U.S. invasion of , stating, "We will, no doubt, face new challenges. But we have our marching orders: , let's roll." This invocation framed the phrase as a in the broader , emphasizing proactive defense following the military operations launched on October 7, . In his January 29, 2002, State of the Union address, Bush expanded the phrase's application to national character, declaring, "For too long our culture has said, 'If it feels good, do it.' Now America is embracing a new ethic and a new creed: 'Let's roll,'" linking it to sacrifices by soldiers and firefighters that underscored a shift toward collective duty in countering threats, including preparations for potential action against Iraq. The address highlighted the phrase's role in rallying support for security policies, portraying it as emblematic of defiance against complacency amid intelligence reports of weapons of mass destruction in rogue states. Bush reiterated "Let's roll" during the February 8, in , urging U.S. athletes with the words to evoke unity and determination in the face of global adversity, stating it as a motivational creed tied to national solidarity. This usage extended the phrase into , reinforcing its association with American resilience during an international event heightened by security concerns after the attacks. Congressional actions further invoked the phrase in bipartisan honors for Flight 93 passengers, such as House Resolution 372 in 2005, which passed unanimously and referenced Todd Beamer's "Let's roll" as a pivotal act of heroism that aligned with imperatives by thwarting further attacks on landmarks like the . Speakers from both parties, including Democrats like Rep. Michael , echoed the call during debates, affirming its role in commemorative legislation that supported memorials and ongoing vigilance, though prominent Democratic leaders less frequently adopted it in advocating expansive military engagements compared to .

Military and Security Applications

Following the September 11, 2001 attacks, the phrase "Let's Roll" was adopted by U.S. military units as a motivational rallying cry, drawing from the passenger revolt on United Flight 93. In the U.S. , sailors aboard the USS Belleau Wood (LHA-3) formed the words "9-11 LET'S ROLL" with personnel on the on September 6, 2002, to commemorate the first of the attacks and honor Todd Beamer's final words. Similarly, the USS Somerset (LPD-25), commissioned in and named after the county where Flight 93 crashed, displays "Let's Roll" prominently on its hangar bay door to evoke Beamer's heroism. The U.S. Air Force incorporated the phrase into operational symbolism, authorizing wings to apply a "Let's Roll" design to one designated aircraft, such as C-17 Globemasters, as outlined in Supplement to AFI 21-105 dated June 17, 2022. This usage extended to unit mottos and mission initiations, with troops in invoking it as a during early deployments. In counterterrorism contexts, the Marine Corps Antiterrorism/ training curriculum references "Let's Roll" to illustrate decisive civilian action against hijackers, emphasizing lessons in courage for military personnel. Empirical applications in and operations highlighted morale benefits, as Seabees at camps adopted "Let's Roll" alongside "Can Do!" as slogans during 2000s deployments, fostering amid extended combat rotations. Reserve documentation from the era notes the phrase's role in memorializing Flight 93's resistance, correlating with sustained operational readiness post-9/11. These integrations symbolized a transition from civilian defiance to military resolve, without reliance on political rhetoric.

Sports, Public Events, and Commemorations

In the weeks following the September 11, 2001, attacks, "Let's roll" emerged as a grassroots symbol of resolve in public settings, including the resumption of major sports leagues. The restarted its season on September 23, 2001, with games marked by widespread awareness of the phrase from Flight 93, reflecting national unity and determination amid heightened security and patriotic displays. Similarly, MLB's between the Yankees and Diamondbacks, held in , captured a mood of , with post-9/11 cultural references to the passengers' defiance resonating in fan and media responses. The phrase proliferated in everyday public expressions, notably on bumper stickers that became ubiquitous on vehicles across the from late 2001 through 2003, signifying civilian solidarity against . Public rallies and tribute gatherings, such as community ceremonies and motorcade events, adopted "Let's roll" as a rallying cry, evolving into organized remembrances like Operation Patriot's annual rides honoring Flight 93 heroes. Annual 9/11 commemorations at the in , routinely invoke the phrase to underscore the passengers' counterattack. Ahead of the 24th anniversary services on , 2025, reflections emphasized Todd Beamer's words—"Are you ready? OK. Let's roll"—as a enduring emblem of sacrifice and civic . Various local 9/11 memorials feature engravings of "Let's roll" to memorialize the event's heroism.

Media, Music, and Entertainment Representations

Initial broadcast news coverage of the , 2001, of relayed operator Lisa Jefferson's account of Todd Beamer's call, including his recitation of the and the phrase "Let's roll" as a signal to fellow passengers to the hijackers. Jefferson, who stayed on the line with Beamer until the connection dropped, shared details with media outlets like and in the hours following the crash at 10:03 a.m. EDT, emphasizing Beamer's calm resolve despite the absence of a verbatim transcript of the call itself. These early reports, drawn directly from Jefferson's firsthand recollection, established "Let's roll" as a of passenger defiance, though later scrutiny noted potential variances in real-time transcription versus post-event retellings. In music, Neil Young's 2002 song "Let's Roll," from the album Are You Passionate?, serves as a to Beamer and the Flight 93 passengers, lyrically evoking their final moments with lines like "I know I said / I've got to put the phone down / And do what we got to do." Released on , 2002, the track draws on Jefferson's publicized account to frame the phrase as a against terror, blending rock instrumentation with narrative homage but prioritizing emotional resonance over verbatim historical fidelity. The 2006 film United 93, directed by , dramatizes the hijacking in near real-time, culminating in a passenger revolt where actor David Alan Basche's portrayal of Beamer utters "Let's roll" amid speculative reconstructions of breaches and group coordination. Praised for procedural realism derived from data, analyses, and phone call records, the film nonetheless inserts inferred dialogue and actions not captured on the voice recorder, which begins mid-hijacking and focuses primarily on hijacker communications. Critics noted this approach heightens tension through , such as portraying Beamer's exhortation as understated urgency rather than a rallying cry, diverging from romanticized media narratives while adhering to evidentiary timelines. Lisa Beamer's 2002 memoir Let's Roll!: Ordinary People, Extraordinary Courage, co-authored with Ken Abraham and published by Tyndale House on September 10, 2002, offers a family-centered on Todd Beamer's life and the phrase's origins, incorporating Jefferson's relayed call details alongside personal anecdotes of faith and routine heroism. The book, which topped bestseller lists, emphasizes undramatized context from Beamer's evangelical background but relies on secondhand reconstructions of the revolt, prompting debates on whether such accounts mythologize events absent direct passenger testimony.

Criticisms, Controversies, and Debates

Accuracy of Accounts and Dramatizations

Early reports of the passenger revolt on United Airlines Flight 93 included variations in phrasing, such as "Roll it" captured on the cockpit voice recorder (CVR) at approximately 10:00:42 a.m. EDT, shouted by an English-speaking male in the distance amid sounds of struggle. This command, possibly referring to using a food cart as a battering ram, preceded crashes of objects and intensified fighting, but differed from the "Let's roll" attributed to Todd Beamer. Lisa Jefferson, the Verizon Airfone supervisor who stayed on the line with Beamer, later testified and recounted in interviews that his final words were "Are you ready? Okay. Let's roll," after reciting the Lord's Prayer and discussing the hijacking with her. Some analyses, including a 2004 review of data, suggested the "Let's roll" phrase—widely reported as a cry—may have been Beamer's individual remark overheard by , rather than a group chant echoed on the CVR. No verbatim recording of Beamer's call exists, as it was not taped, leaving reliance on Jefferson's contemporaneous notes and , which resolved early discrepancies toward the "Let's roll" formulation. These phonetic similarities fueled minor debates, but official reconstructions by the prioritized phone call accounts and CVR audio over initial unverified reports, confirming passenger coordination without altering the core sequence of events. Dramatizations, such as the 2006 film United 93 directed by , have faced criticism for blending verified facts with speculative reconstructions of passenger interactions, as the onboard scenes lack direct eyewitness corroboration beyond fragmented calls and CVR sounds. Detractors labeled it propagandistic for emphasizing heroism and synchronized revolt, potentially overstating unity among passengers, though the film's timeline aligns closely with NTSB flight path data and findings on the hijackers' loss of control. Greengrass consulted families and investigators, incorporating real-time elements like improvised cockpit breaches, but critics noted fictionalized dialogues filled evidentiary gaps, prioritizing emotional impact over strict literalism. Claims of U.S. military shoot-down or staging, often citing debris spread or a white jet sighting, lack substantiation from tracks, wreckage , or CVR , which document an inverted, high-speed ground impact at 10:03 a.m. EDT due to forcible entry into the . The NTSB flight path study and attribute the crash to hijacker inputs amid the struggle, with no signatures or intercepts confirmed; FBI investigations affirmed the passenger uprising as the causal factor, dismissing alternative theories as inconsistent with physical and audio data.

Political Exploitation and Overuse Claims

Critics have argued that the phrase "Let's roll," originating from Beamer's final moments on Flight , was politically exploited to rally support for expansive foreign policies, particularly the . President invoked it multiple times in speeches, framing it as a national "ethic and creed" for confronting , as in his , 2002, address emphasizing domestic and resolve. Some commentators, particularly from anti-war perspectives, contended this usage transformed a spontaneous act of civilian defiance into a justification for military interventions lacking direct ties to the 9/11 hijackings, contributing to a broader pattern of invoking 9/11 imagery to build public consent for the . Such claims often emanate from sources skeptical of U.S. interventionism, highlighting how the phrase's heroic connotation was repurposed amid debates over intelligence on weapons of mass destruction, which later proved unsubstantiated. In domestic politics, the phrase faced accusations of partisan exploitation during the 2016 U.S. presidential election. The essay "The Flight 93 Election," published anonymously under the pseudonym Publius Decius Mus, likened voting for over to the passengers' revolt on Flight 93, urging a desperate "charge" against perceived establishment threats. Left-leaning outlets criticized this as a cynical of 9/11 for electoral gain, arguing it diminished the event's non-partisan heroism by aligning it with divisive and overlooking policy differences on . The essay's author, later revealed as , defended it as a rooted in the passengers' courage, but detractors viewed it as emblematic of how 9/11 narratives, including "Let's roll," were selectively weaponized in cultural wars. Claims of overuse extended to commercial and cultural spheres, where the phrase appeared on merchandise, sports slogans, and media, prompting concerns over . In August 2002, Boise State University's adoption of "Let's Roll" for its season drew scrutiny from commentator , who questioned whether such applications honored the victims or profited from tragedy amid a surge in 9/11-themed apparel and events. Literary and cultural analyses have similarly noted its proliferation on T-shirts and in patriotic branding, suggesting dilution of its original gravity through mass-market repetition. However, Beamer's family expressed approval of inspirational uses, countering overuse narratives by emphasizing the phrase's motivational value without endorsing exploitative contexts. These criticisms, often from progressive media outlets with institutional biases toward critiquing , remain contested, as empirical evidence of widespread "exploitation" is anecdotal rather than systemic, with the phrase's adoption largely reflecting voluntary public embrace of .

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