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Religious name

A religious name is a designation imbued with spiritual significance, often reflecting an individual's faith, ancestral lineage, or connection to divine attributes, and serves as a marker of identity, belonging, and devotion within religious communities across cultures. These names are typically bestowed during rites of initiation, conversion, or entry into religious orders, linking the bearer to sacred traditions and fostering a sense of communal unity.^[1] In Christianity, particularly within Catholicism, religious names are commonly adopted by those entering monastic life or religious orders, symbolizing a profound spiritual transformation and commitment to vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience; for instance, nuns and monks often select names honoring saints, such as Mother Teresa (born Anjezë Gonxhe Bojaxhiu), to invoke the virtues and intercession of these figures.^[1]^[2] This practice underscores the theological emphasis on dying to one's former self and being reborn in Christ, with names functioning as ongoing reminders of one's consecrated calling. In Islam, religious names or honorifics like Sayyid (meaning "lord" or "master") denote descent from the Prophet Muhammad through his daughter Fatima and son-in-law Ali, carrying social and spiritual prestige that reinforces familial piety and prophetic heritage within Muslim societies.^[1]^[3] Judaism employs religious names tied to priestly or tribal lineages, such as the surname Cohen (from the Hebrew kohen, meaning "priest"), which identifies patrilineal descendants of Aaron, the biblical high priest, and confers specific ritual responsibilities like reciting the Priestly Blessing in synagogues.^[4] In Hinduism, naming conventions like gotra—clans tracing descent from ancient Vedic sages—embed religious identity within family and caste structures, guiding marriage prohibitions and ritual purity to maintain spiritual continuity.^[1] Sikhism mandates the use of Singh ("lion") for men and Kaur ("princess") for women upon initiation into the Khalsa in 1699 by Guru Gobind Singh, promoting gender equality, courage, and rejection of caste-based surnames in favor of a unified Sikh identity.^[5] Buddhism features dharma names (or ordination names), given by a teacher during refuge-taking or monastic initiation, signifying spiritual rebirth and an aspirational path toward enlightenment; these names, often derived from sutras or virtues like compassion (karuna), replace or supplement birth names to emphasize detachment from ego and alignment with the Dharma.^[6]^[1] Across these traditions, religious names have evolved through historical migrations, colonial influences, and modern reforms, adapting while preserving their core role in embodying theological values, resisting social hierarchies, and nurturing collective spiritual bonds.^[1]

Judaism

Hebrew Name

In Jewish tradition, the Hebrew name, referred to as shem kodesh (holy name), serves as a sacred spiritual identifier used primarily in religious contexts, distinct from the secular or everyday name (kinnui). This name is typically derived from Biblical figures, revered ancestors, or virtues that reflect positive attributes, such as Avraham (Abraham) for fatherhood or Miriam for leadership.^[7]^[8]^[9] The historical origins of the Hebrew name trace back to Biblical times, where names often signified divine covenants or a person's spiritual role. For instance, God changed Abram's name to Avraham in Genesis 17:5 to denote his role as "father of a multitude of nations," and Sarai to Sarah in Genesis 17:16 to mark her as "mother of nations," emphasizing their foundational place in Jewish lineage. These name changes underscored the belief that a name encapsulates one's essence and destiny, a concept preserved through generations as Jews maintained their Hebrew names even in exile, such as during the Egyptian bondage, to affirm their covenantal identity.^[10]^[8] The selection of a shem kodesh occurs at birth through specific ceremonies: for boys, during the brit milah (circumcision) on the eighth day of life, where the name is formally announced amid blessings; for girls, at a naming ceremony (simchat bat) often held on the first Shabbat after birth or shortly thereafter. Converts to Judaism select their Hebrew name upon completion of the conversion process, commonly adopting forms like Avraham ben Avraham Avinu (Abraham son of Abraham our father) for men or Sarah bat Sarah Imeinu for women, symbolizing spiritual rebirth as descendants of the first converts to monotheism. Parents choose names through a process akin to "minor prophecy," aligning the name with the child's soul or to honor deceased relatives, avoiding the living in Ashkenazi custom.^[8]^[9]^[11] The significance of the shem kodesh lies in its embodiment of the soul's essence, as taught in Kabbalah, where the name—rooted in the 22 letters of the Hebrew alphabet—channels divine energy and influences one's spiritual path and fortune. According to 16th-century Kabbalist Isaac Luria (the Arizal), a name's numerical value (gematria) and letters reveal the person's inner qualities and purpose, much like Adam's naming of animals reflected their natures in Genesis 2:19. It connects the individual to prayers for healing, such as adding "Chaim" (life) for the ill, or invoking merit during rituals like an aliyah to the Torah.^[8]^[12]

Usage in Religious Contexts

In Jewish religious practice, the Hebrew name serves as the primary identifier during ceremonial and liturgical moments. It is called aloud when an individual receives an aliyah to the Torah, announced as the person's Hebrew name followed by that of their father, signifying their participation in the communal reading of sacred scripture.^[13] Similarly, the Hebrew name appears in the ketubah, the traditional marriage contract, where the bride and groom are recorded by their Hebrew names and those of their fathers, formalizing the union under Jewish law.^[14] For prayers on behalf of the ill, such as the Mi Sheberach, the supplicant's Hebrew name is invoked alongside their mother's Hebrew name, a practice rooted in the belief that maternal lineage enhances the plea for divine mercy and healing.^[15] Among diaspora Jews, a distinction exists between the Hebrew name and secular names used in everyday interactions; the former is reserved for synagogue rituals, lifecycle events, and religious documentation, while secular names (often in local languages like English) predominate in professional and social spheres.^[16] For converts to Judaism, the adoption of a Hebrew name occurs as part of the immersion in the mikveh, marking spiritual rebirth; traditionally, converts take names like Avraham or Sarah, without paternal lineage, to emulate the first monotheists and emphasize their new covenantal status as "children of Abraham and Sarah."^[17]^[11] Cultural practices vary between Ashkenazi and Sephardi communities regarding naming conventions that influence Hebrew name usage. Ashkenazi tradition prohibits naming children after living relatives, favoring deceased ancestors to avoid invoking misfortune or confusion with the Angel of Death, whereas Sephardi custom permits honoring living kin, reflecting differing interpretations of superstition and familial continuity.^[18]^[19] In contemporary Israel, the revival of Hebrew as a spoken language has elevated Hebrew names to primary status in both daily life and religious observance, diminishing the secular-religious divide; during penitential holidays like Yom Kippur, this integration reinforces personal and communal identity in confessional rites such as Vidui, where the name symbolizes the soul's accountability before God.^[20]^[21] Jewish religious identity is also conveyed through family surnames tied to ancient tribal and priestly lineages. The surname Cohen (or variants such as Kahn, Katz, or Kagan) indicates descent from the Kohanim, the priestly clan patrilineally tracing back to Aaron, brother of Moses, who were responsible for Temple sacrifices and rituals. Kohanim hold specific privileges and restrictions today, including reciting the Priestly Blessing (Birkat Kohanim) during synagogue services, receiving the first aliyah to the Torah, and avoiding contact with the dead to maintain ritual purity. Surnames like Levi or Levy signify membership in the Tribe of Levi, who assisted the priests in Temple duties such as music, guarding, and gatekeeping; Levites today receive the second aliyah and perform tasks like washing the priests' hands before blessings. Individuals without priestly or Levite descent belong to the general tribe of Yisrael. These surnames, often formalized during 18th- and 19th-century European mandates requiring fixed family names, preserve biblical tribal affiliations and determine eligibility for certain religious roles.^[4]^[22]^[23]

Christianity

Baptismal Name

In Christianity, the baptismal name, also known as the Christian name, is the name invoked during the sacrament of baptism to signify the person's initiation into the faith and often to establish patronage under a saint or biblical figure. It symbolizes spiritual rebirth and incorporation into the Church community.^[24] In the Catholic tradition, the baptismal name is typically the infant's given name, selected by parents before baptism, which usually occurs shortly after birth. It is recommended that this name honor a saint, serving as a lifelong intercessor and example of Christian virtue. For adult converts, a new name may be adopted at baptism to reflect a break from the past, a practice rooted in early Church customs where catechumens received names like those of apostles or martyrs. Historical examples include King Caedwalla of Wessex, who took the name Peter upon his baptism by Pope Sergius I in 689 CE. This tradition evolved from Old Testament name changes, such as Abram to Abraham, and was encouraged by Church Fathers like St. John Chrysostom to foster devotion.^[24] In the Eastern Orthodox Church, the baptismal name is formally given during the baptismal rite, often on the eighth or fortieth day after birth, and is chosen to match a saint from the ecclesiastical calendar, ideally linked to the baptism date. For converts or those with non-saintly secular names, a new name is selected to connect the individual to their patron saint, who provides heavenly guidance and intercession. This underscores the Orthodox emphasis on theosis (divinization) and continuity with the saints. An early example is the Roman general Placidas, renamed Eustathios at his baptism in the 2nd century CE.^[25] In Protestant denominations, such as Lutheran, Reformed, and Anglican churches that practice infant baptism, the baptismal name is generally the child's existing given name, without a formal tradition of adopting a saint's name or making changes. The focus is on the sacramental act itself rather than naming symbolism, though parents may choose names with Christian connotations. Believer's baptism traditions, like those in Baptist churches, similarly use the adult's given name during immersion, emphasizing personal faith commitment over nomenclature.^[26]

Confirmation Name

A confirmation name is an additional religious name selected by individuals during the sacrament of confirmation in Catholic and certain Protestant traditions, typically honoring a saint or embodying a Christian virtue to symbolize spiritual maturity and commitment to faith. It is added to the person's existing baptismal name, serving as a patronal identifier that invokes the intercession of the chosen saint throughout life. This practice builds on the foundation of the baptismal name given in infancy, marking a personal affirmation of faith during adolescence or adulthood.^[27]^[28] The process of selecting a confirmation name involves the confirmand researching saints whose lives or virtues resonate with their own aspirations, often with guidance from a sponsor or family member. Candidates pray for discernment, consider factors like gender alignment or personal interests—such as choosing St. Cecilia for musicians—and narrow options to one name, which the bishop formally bestows during the rite by anointing with chrism and invoking the Holy Spirit's gifts. For example, a person might select Teresa to honor St. Teresa of Ávila, patroness of those suffering headaches or seeking mystical insight. Historically, the custom dates to at least the 16th century in Europe, evolving from early Christian name changes for converts and becoming widespread in the 20th century as confirmation separated from baptism; earlier practices sometimes allowed multiple names, but modern usage emphasizes a single primary one for focused devotion.^[29]^[27]^[28] In Catholicism, the confirmation name is integrated into the sacramental rite, where it is announced and used in liturgical contexts post-confirmation to signify full initiation into the Church, though it does not legally alter civil names. While not strictly mandatory, it is a cherished tradition in many dioceses, encouraging ongoing emulation of the saint's example. In the Lutheran Church, confirmation—often termed affirmation of baptism—occurs around ages 13-14 as a public profession of faith following catechesis, reflecting a personal commitment to Christian living; however, the selection of a specific confirmation name is not a standard or emphasized practice, with focus instead on vows and sometimes a chosen Bible verse.^[27]^[30]^[31] The significance of a confirmation name lies in its role as a spiritual patronage, fostering intercession from the saint and guiding personal devotion without implying a formal name change. It represents a deepened bond with the Church and the Holy Spirit, inspiring the individual to live out virtues like courage or charity in daily life.^[28]^[29]

Monastic and Religious Names

In monastic and religious traditions, particularly within Christianity, individuals entering consecrated life often adopt a new name to signify the renunciation of their worldly identity and a complete dedication to God. This practice, frequently inspired by saints or biblical figures, symbolizes a spiritual rebirth and the embrace of an angelic or heavenly existence.^[32] In the Catholic Church, the adoption of a religious name typically occurs during the clothing ceremony for novices or at solemn profession of vows, marking the transition to full membership in a religious order. These names are drawn from saints, figures in monastic tradition, or Old Testament patriarchs, and must not duplicate those already in use within the community; novices may propose options, but the superior selects the final one. For example, a nun might take the name Sister Mary Agnes, honoring Saint Agnes while combining it with a Marian devotion common in Catholic orders. Unlike confirmation names added for lay Catholics, monastic names represent a permanent vow-bound identity for those in religious life.^[33]^[34] In the Eastern Orthodox Church, a monastic name is conferred during the tonsure into the small schema, the initial formal step into monastic ranks, and again for the great schema, the highest degree of ascetic commitment. This rite, involving the cutting of hair and vesting in monastic garb, underscores the monk's or nun's detachment from secular life; the name, chosen by the bishop or abbot (sometimes with input from the novice), often honors a saint and adds a new heavenly patron alongside the baptismal one. Historical examples include Saint Seraphim of Sarov, who received the name Seraphim upon tonsure (from his birth name Bartholomew), and Saint Sergius of Radonezh, renamed Sergius to evoke the biblical Sergius. The practice reflects an angelic life of prayer and seclusion, evolving from early monastic customs.^[35]^[36] In Protestant traditions, the adoption of monastic or religious names is rare and less formalized compared to Catholic or Orthodox practices, though some communities exist. Anglican religious orders, revived in the 19th century, may encourage members to use saint-inspired names within the community, but retention of the birth name is common, aligning with Protestant emphasis on baptismal identity over ritual name changes. Methodist or other Protestant groups have few equivalent orders, with any name adoption being informal and not tied to vows.^[37]^[38] The significance of these names lies in their symbolism of dying to the old self and living anew in Christ, as expressed in Galatians 2:20: "I have been crucified with Christ; it is no longer I who live, but Christ who lives in me." Within the religious community, the monastic name is used exclusively, while the secular name may be retained for external interactions, reinforcing the dual yet consecrated existence.^[39] Historically, the tradition traces to 4th-century monasticism inspired by the Desert Fathers, such as Anthony the Great and Pachomius, who established ascetic communities in Egypt without formal name changes but emphasizing renunciation; the practice of adopting new names developed in Byzantine monasticism by the 12th century and became standardized in the Orthodox Church through 17th-century reforms. In Catholicism, it flourished through medieval orders like the Benedictines and persisted until the Second Vatican Council (1962–1965), whose Decree on the Adaptation and Renewal of Religious Life (Perfectae Caritatis) prompted adaptations, allowing religious to revert to birth names post-1965 to better connect with the modern world.^[40]^[35]^[41]^[42]

Papal Name

The tradition of adopting a papal name upon election is a distinctive practice in the Catholic Church, reserved for the supreme pontiff, symbolizing the assumption of a new identity as successor to St. Peter while maintaining continuity with prior popes. This regnal name is selected immediately after the cardinal conclave's decision and serves to underscore the spiritual transformation and humility required for the office. The earliest documented case dates to 533 CE, when the priest Mercurius, elected pope, chose the name John II to avoid associations with the Roman god Mercury, marking the first recorded name change in papal history.^[43] The selection process occurs in seclusion shortly after election, typically within the "Room of Tears" adjacent to the Sistine Chapel, where the new pope vests in papal attire. Asked by the Dean of the College of Cardinals, "By what name do you wish to be called?", the pope privately decides on a name drawn from saints, previous popes, or occasionally a combination thereof, reflecting personal inspirations or programmatic intentions. The choice is first announced to the assembled cardinals and then proclaimed publicly from the balcony of St. Peter's Basilica with the formulaic declaration, "I will be called [name]". For instance, in 1978, Cardinal Albino Luciani innovated by adopting John Paul I, the first double name, to honor the immediate predecessors John XXIII and Paul VI for their roles in Vatican II and social teachings.^[44]^[45] Historically, name changes addressed sensitivities around imperial or pagan connotations in early Christianity, evolving into gestures of deference to admired figures or signals of pastoral priorities. No pope has retained his birth name since Marcellus II in 1555, whose brief 23-day pontificate reinforced the norm of reinvention; subsequent popes have universally adopted new names to embody detachment from worldly ties. Examples include Joseph Ratzinger's selection of Benedict XVI in 2005, evoking Benedict XV's peacemaking during World War I and St. Benedict of Nursia's foundational monastic legacy in Europe.^[46]^[47] The papal name holds profound significance as an emblem of humility and the Petrine succession, representing the pope's renunciation of personal history in service to the universal Church. It governs all official usage, from encyclicals and diplomatic correspondence to liturgical references, thereby influencing the tone and perceived direction of the pontificate. In modern times, choices frequently favor apostolic names such as John or Paul for their scriptural resonance, though exceptions like Jorge Mario Bergoglio's adoption of Francis in 2013—honoring St. Francis of Assisi's devotion to poverty, peace, and ecology—highlight shifts toward contemporary emphases on mercy and environmental stewardship. No pope has ever chosen Peter II, out of reverence for the apostolic fisherman.^[48]^[49]

Islam

Standard Naming Practices

In Islamic tradition, standard naming practices for newborns emphasize selecting a name shortly after birth, ideally on the first day or during the aqiqah ceremony on the seventh day, as recommended in the Sunnah. The aqiqah involves sacrificing one or two animals (depending on the child's gender), shaving the infant's head, and distributing the meat to family and the needy, culminating in the formal naming to mark the child's entry into the Muslim community.^[50]^[51] Names are preferably of Arabic origin and carry positive, meaningful connotations, such as those expressing servitude to God—exemplified by Abdullah (servant of Allah) or prophetic names like Muhammad (praised one)—to instill Islamic values from the outset.^[52] The primary sources for these names are rooted in the Quran and Sunnah, with a strong emphasis on attributes of Allah and exemplary figures in Islam. Compound names derived from the 99 Names of Allah (Asma ul-Husna), such as Abdul-Rahman (servant of the Most Merciful), are among the most favored, as they highlight divine mercy and servitude.^[52] Names of prophets mentioned in the Quran, including Ibrahim (Abraham) for boys and Maryam (Mary) for girls, are widely chosen to honor prophetic legacies, while names denoting virtues like Amina (trustworthy, the name of the Prophet's mother) promote moral qualities.^[52] A hadith in Sahih Muslim specifies that the most beloved names to Allah are 'Abdullah and 'Abd al-Rahman, underscoring their spiritual precedence.^[53] Across Sunni and Shia traditions, naming guidelines prohibit any names implying divinity or exclusivity to Allah, such as al-Khaliq (the Creator) or al-Rahman (the Most Merciful) when used without the prefix 'Abd (servant of), to prevent associations with shirk (polytheism).^[54] Historically, Islamic naming favors gender-specific terms to reflect clarity and propriety, though some names like Nur (light) or Ali (exalted) serve unisex purposes in various cultures.^[55] The significance of these practices lies in their role in invoking barakah (divine blessing) and shaping the child's character, as a good name serves as a lifelong reminder of faith and ethics. The Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) actively changed names with negative connotations to foster positivity; for instance, he renamed a person called Harb (war) to Silm (peace) and al-Munba'ith (one who spreads evil) to al-Mudtaji' (one who restrains from evil), illustrating how names should promote peace and righteousness rather than harm.^[56] Globally, non-Arabic Muslim communities adapt these conventions by using Arabic names transliterated into local languages, such as Yusuf (Joseph) among Turkish or Indonesian Muslims, while retaining their Islamic essence. In many Islamic countries, including Saudi Arabia and Egypt, legal frameworks mandate compliance with these principles, requiring civil registries to approve only names with positive Islamic meanings and rejecting those deemed offensive or non-compliant.^[57]^[52]

Name Changes for Converts

In Islamic jurisprudence, changing one's name upon conversion to Islam is not obligatory unless the existing name implies polytheism (shirk) or carries a negative connotation contrary to Islamic values. This ruling stems from the prophetic tradition, where the Prophet Muhammad changed names that violated monotheism or promoted harm, such as altering "Abdul Uzza" (servant of Uzza, a pre-Islamic idol) to "Abdul Rahman" (servant of the Most Merciful) to affirm tawhid, or "Harb" (war) to "Silm" (peace) to encourage positive attributes.^[58]^[59] Scholars across major schools, including Hanafi and Maliki, agree that retention of a neutral name is permissible, emphasizing that the faith's validity depends on the shahada (declaration of faith), not nomenclature.^[60]^[61] The process of name change, when chosen, is straightforward and voluntary, often occurring during or after the shahada ceremony led by an imam or community. Converts may select an Arabic or Islamic name with a meaningful connotation, such as those derived from prophets or attributes of God, without requiring formal religious approval beyond personal or scholarly consultation.^[62] For instance, British musician Cat Stevens adopted the name Yusuf Islam in 1978 upon his conversion, drawing from the Quranic story of Prophet Yusuf (Joseph) to symbolize his spiritual rebirth.^[63] Legal changes in secular systems vary by country but are not mandated by Islam; many converts use their new name socially while retaining the original for official documents if it poses no conflict.^[64] Reasons for adopting a new name include facilitating integration into Muslim communities, avoiding potential ridicule from names evoking non-Islamic symbols (e.g., "Cruz," meaning cross, which could imply Christianity), and honoring one's commitment to the faith through a name evoking beauty (hasan) or piety. However, Islamic texts specify no additional spiritual reward for the change itself, prioritizing inner intention over external form; a "beautiful" name is encouraged as part of general prophetic naming customs but remains optional.^[65] Historically, early converts to Islam, such as Salman al-Farsi or Bilal ibn Rabah, largely retained their pre-conversion names unless they carried problematic implications, reflecting the Prophet's selective approach rather than a blanket requirement.^[66] In modern contexts, fatwas from sites like IslamQA reinforce this, advising that intent and avoidance of shirk matter more than alteration, with many converts maintaining original names to preserve identity. Variations exist across Muslim sects and cultures: Shia communities may encourage names honoring the Imams (e.g., Ali or Hussein) to express devotion, though not as an obligation, while some Sunni-majority regions exert cultural pressure for Arabic names to signal belonging, contrasting with more permissive environments in Western contexts where retention is common.^[67]^[68]

Mandaeism

Baptismal Name

In Mandaeism, the baptismal name, known as malwasha, is a sacred designation conferred by a priest during masbuta, the central rite of immersion in flowing water (yardna), symbolizing spiritual purification and initiation into the Mandaean community.^[69] This name, distinct from the secular laqab or birth name used in everyday life, serves as the individual's religious identity and is zodiacal in nature, calculated from the birth hour, astrological sign, and the numerical value of the mother's name to ensure cosmic alignment.^[69]^[70] The assignment occurs during the first masbuta, typically in infancy or early childhood, involving triple submersion, ritual prayers, and the donning of a sacred cord (rasta), after which the name is invoked by the priest to bind the soul to the divine light.^[69] While Mandaeans perform repeated baptisms lifelong for ongoing purification and communion with the divine (laufa), the initial malwasha remains fixed, embodying the bearer's eternal spiritual lineage from Adam as the primordial baptized figure.^[69]^[71] The malwasha carries deep theological weight, employed in all sacred contexts such as prayers, masiqta (death mass for the soul), zidqa brikha (almsgiving rites), and protective incantations to facilitate direct connection with celestial beings and ward off demonic forces.^[69] It ties the individual to Mandaean cosmology's numerous uthras (celestial emanations of light), some of which are associated with the hours of day and night, who derive from Hayyi Rabbi, the Great Life, often inspiring names that evoke luminosity, such as Zahrun (radiant) or those patterned after uthras like Yawar Ziwa (radiant king of life).^[69] For instance, an infant's malwasha might be formulated as Zahrun bar Sharat, balancing zodiacal influences for protective harmony.^[69] This tradition originates in Mandaeism's formative period of the 1st–3rd centuries CE in the Palestine-Jordan region, where early communities preserved baptismal naming amid migrations to Mesopotamia, as documented in core texts like the Ginza Rabba, which outlines names' role in cosmic creation and soul ascent while distinguishing them from profane designations.^[72]^[69] The malwasha differentiates sharply from the laqab, a worldly alias often influenced by surrounding Muslim or Arab cultures, ensuring ritual secrecy and potency.^[69] Central to soteriology, the malwasha is indispensable for salvation, enabling the soul's navigation through the Mataratha (toll-houses of the afterlife) to the realm of light; without it, full communal participation and eternal redemption are unattainable.^[69] Women receive an analogous malwasha, gendered in form (e.g., path denoting "daughter of" the mother), underscoring matrilineal transmission of spiritual purity and protection.^[69]

Priestly Naming Traditions

In Mandaean tradition, the names of priests, known as tarmidut or tarmida for junior priests and ganzibra for high priests, are structured to reflect their hereditary spiritual lineage, often using the Aramaic "bar" (son of) to connect the individual to preceding priests and ultimately to mythical forebears such as Adam or figures like Yahia Yuhana (John the Baptist).^[69]^[73] For example, historical priestly names include Hirmiz bar Anhar, Zahrun bar Sharat, and Yahia bar Adam, emphasizing patrilineal descent within the nasoraean (priestly) caste to preserve doctrinal and ritual continuity.^[69] These names, often the malwasha, are invoked during sacred prayers, distinguishing the priest's role from lay adherents and linking them to ethereal ancestors in Mandaean cosmology.^[74] The ordination process for a tarmida begins with a candidate from a nasoraean family—requiring immaculate Mandaean lineage for at least three generations, free of external bloodlines or physical blemishes—and culminates in a specialized baptism (masbuta) performed by a ganzibra in the mandi (temple).^[69]^[74] This ritual, lasting up to 68 days including seclusion and multiple immersions in flowing water, affirms the priest's name through prayers like those in the Canonical Prayerbook (e.g., CP 71-72, with name insertion), symbolizing purification and empowerment for clerical duties; it builds on the general baptismal rite but is exclusive to priestly aspirants.^[74] The ganzibra oversees the entire initiation, teaching esoteric knowledge and ensuring the novice's readiness, after which the new tarmida reciprocates by baptizing the ganzibra.^[69]^[74] These naming practices hold profound significance in upholding ritual purity, as only ordained priests bearing verified nasoraean names can conduct essential mandi services such as baptisms, masiqta (death mass), and zidqa brikha (alms offerings), using consecrated items like the tagha (crown) and dravsha (banner).^[69] The names reinforce the priest's authority, evoking the numerous ethereal priests of the Lightworld in liturgical contexts to invoke divine sanction and prevent doctrinal corruption.^[69] Priesthood is strictly male, with ordination rituals balancing symbolic male and female elements (e.g., taga for masculinity and myrtle for femininity), while laywomen participate in community rites using their baptismal names but without clerical status.^[74] Despite centuries of persecution, these traditions have been preserved through oral transmission by nasoraean families and textual records, including the Haran Gawaita manuscript, which chronicles priestly migrations, genealogies from Adam onward, and ordination details like those of Yahia Yuhana's baptism and teaching. Manuscripts such as the Ginza Rabba and Diwan Abatur further document lineages over 500 years, ensuring the integrity of priestly names amid diaspora and cultural pressures. Despite ongoing persecution and diaspora, these naming traditions continue to be preserved by remaining nasoraean families, though the small global Mandaean population (estimated at around 60,000-100,000 as of 2025) poses challenges to their continuity.^[69]^[73]^[75]

Dharmic Religions

In Hinduism

In Hinduism, a new name is often bestowed by a guru during initiation rites (diksha), signifying the initiate's entry into discipleship or renunciation and marking a spiritual rebirth. In the Upanayana ceremony, this may confer dvija (twice-born) status for eligible males of the higher varnas.^[76]^[77] This name often derives from Sanskrit roots linked to deities or spiritual qualities, serving as a personal identifier in ashrams, mantras, and daily spiritual practice.^[78] The process of receiving a new name varies by tradition and life stage. In the Upanayana ceremony, the sacred thread rite traditionally performed for adolescent boys in Vedic families, the initiate may receive a new spiritual name alongside the Gayatri mantra, symbolizing commitment to Vedic study and purity.^[79] For deeper initiations in tantric or Shaiva paths, such as samaya diksha for boys or nirvana diksha for priests, the guru transmits a mantra and may confer titles like Gurukkal, emphasizing ritual purity and service to Shiva.^[80] Sannyasis, or renunciates, adopt names during sannyasa diksha, often prefixed with "Swami" or reflecting Siva devotion, as in the example of Swami Dayananda, following rites like head-shaving and symbolic funeral to denote ego surrender.^[78] The significance of the initiation name lies in its representation of ego surrender and alignment with divine will, fostering a transformative bond with the guru and lineage. These names, typically Sanskrit-based and inspired by deities like Shiva, reinforce the initiate's detachment from worldly identity and dedication to self-realization.^[80] Variations appear across sampradayas, or lineages. In Vaishnavism, particularly within the International Society for Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON), initiates receive names like Prahlad during harinama diksha, drawing from Krishna-related figures to signify bhakti devotion.^[81] Historically rooted in Vedic times through Upanayana and elaborated in texts like the Agamas, these practices highlight the guru's role in transmitting sacred knowledge.^[76] In modern Hinduism, initiation names are optional for householders pursuing lay spiritual paths but mandatory for monks entering monastic orders, reflecting the specific sampradaya's traditions and ensuring continuity of esoteric teachings.^[82]

In Buddhism

In Buddhism, a dharma name—known as fǎmíng (法名) in Chinese and chos ming (ཆོས་མིང་) in Tibetan—serves as a spiritual identifier bestowed by a teacher upon a practitioner to encapsulate their vows, aspirations, or virtuous qualities. This name is conferred during key initiation rites, marking a pivotal transition in one's commitment to the Dharma. For lay followers, it is typically given at the refuge ceremony, where individuals formally vow allegiance to the Buddha, Dharma, and Sangha; for monastics, it occurs during the tonsure (head-shaving) ritual or full ordination, symbolizing renunciation of secular identity. The name often comprises two components, such as a lineage or generational prefix combined with a personal element reflective of Buddhist ideals, as seen in the case of Vietnamese Zen master Thich Nhat Hanh, whose dharma name translates to "One Action," emphasizing unified, mindful engagement with the world.^[83]^[84]^[85] The significance of a dharma name lies in its role as a emblem of rebirth within the Sangha, fostering a sense of communal belonging and personal transformation. It acts as an ongoing inspiration for ethical conduct and meditative practice, reminding the bearer of their pledge to uphold the precepts and pursue enlightenment. In Chan (Zen) traditions, for instance, it functions as a "token of remembrance" for the Three Refuges, without implying accelerated spiritual progress but encouraging steadfast diligence. Drawing from the Vinaya Pitaka—the foundational texts on monastic discipline—the bestowal of such names underscores a formal dedication to the Noble Eightfold Path, integrating the individual into the disciplined life of the Buddhist community.^[84]^[86] Across Buddhist schools, dharma naming exhibits notable variations in formality and structure. Theravada traditions adopt a more subdued approach, with names—often in Pali—assigned by a preceptor at ordination to denote qualities the novice aspires to cultivate, such as wisdom or compassion, without elaborate ceremonies. In contrast, Mahayana and Zen lineages, particularly Japanese Soto Zen, employ intricate systems: names may include a dōgo (way name) for formal contexts and a hogo (dharma name) for intimate use, sometimes paired with an inkan (personal seal) for authentication, chosen for phonetic harmony and symbolic depth using ideographs of concrete and abstract virtues. Tibetan Buddhism integrates clan or sectarian affiliations, as in the Kagyu school's prefix "Karma" to signify lineage membership, alongside elements evoking Dharma concepts like "holder of teachings" (Tenzin).^[83]^[87]^[88] The practice traces its origins to the Buddha's era, where early disciples received renamings in Pali scriptures to reflect their attainments, evolving into structured conventions by the 4th century CE in Chinese schools under figures like Master Dao'an of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, who introduced shared monastic surnames (shi) akin to familial lineages. This formalization spread through Chan and other Mahayana transmissions, adapting to regional customs. In contemporary Western contexts, dharma names have been hybridized—often rendered in English or Romanized forms like "Vow Ocean" (Seikai)—to bridge cultural gaps while preserving their aspirational essence, as practiced in American Zen communities.^[89]^[84]^[83]

In Sikhism

In Sikhism, the religious name is conferred during the Amrit Sanchar, the initiation ceremony also known as the nectar ceremony, where initiates formally join the Khalsa, the baptized Sikh community.^[90] During this rite, participants receive a new first name if they have not previously undergone a Sikh naming ceremony, selected by opening the Guru Granth Sahib at random to obtain a Hukamnama (divine command or hymn), with the first name beginning with the initial letter of the first word in that verse.^[90] All male initiates adopt the surname Singh, meaning "lion," while females take Kaur, meaning "princess," symbolizing strength, dignity, and equality.^[90] This process erases prior caste-based or familial identifiers, fostering a unified Sikh identity.^[91] Historically, the practice originated in 1699 when Guru Gobind Singh established the Khalsa on Vaisakhi day at Anandpur Sahib, baptizing the first five Sikhs and extending the ceremony to all followers, bestowing Singh on men and Kaur on women to eliminate caste distinctions and instill a collective sense of fearlessness and sovereignty.^[92] Prior to this, Sikhs used hereditary surnames tied to social hierarchies, but the Guru's directive made these religious names mandatory for all baptized members, marking the birth of the Khalsa as a warrior-saint order dedicated to justice and protection of the oppressed.^[91] For non-baptized Sikhs, adopting these names remains optional, though the ceremony itself requires full commitment to Sikh tenets.^[90] The significance of these names lies in their role in promoting equality and devotion, as they detach individuals from birth-based hierarchies and affirm every Sikh as part of one spiritual family under the Guru.^[93] In gurdwaras and daily life, Singh and Kaur are used to invoke the warrior-saint ideal, encouraging ethical living, courage, and service to humanity while rejecting discrimination.^[94] Kaur specifically empowers women by providing an independent identity free from patriarchal lineage, underscoring Sikhism's emphasis on gender parity.^[93] In modern contexts, baptized Sikhs retain Singh or Kaur as legal surnames worldwide, often facing bureaucratic challenges in the diaspora that highlight their cultural persistence, such as immigration restrictions or documentation issues resolved through advocacy.^[95] The global Sikh community continues to uphold this tradition, with Kaur serving as a marker of autonomy for women amid evolving societal norms, ensuring the names' relevance in promoting unity across diverse locales.^[96]

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