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SPG

The is a specialized federal law enforcement agency of the , operating under the Cabinet Secretariat and tasked exclusively with providing proximate physical security to the serving and members of their immediate family residing at the official residence. Formed as an elite commando force, it comprises personnel deputed from the , , and other units, who undergo rigorous training in , weapons handling, and threat assessment to ensure 24/7 protection against , abduction, or other high-risk threats. Established in the aftermath of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi's assassination on October 31, 1984, the SPG was initially raised as a temporary unit under the Cabinet Secretariat before being statutorily empowered by the Special Protection Group Act of 1988, which formalized its mandate, structure, and accountability to Parliament. Over its nearly four decades, the agency has maintained an impeccable record of thwarting potential threats without a single breach resulting in harm to its protectees, leveraging advanced surveillance, armored convoys, and specialized gear sourced from global partners. However, the SPG faced significant controversy with the 2019 amendment to its enabling Act, which restricted lifetime protection to only the current Prime Minister and family, withdrawing it from former Prime Ministers after a five-year grace period post-tenure or death; critics alleged politicization to target opposition figures like Sonia Gandhi, while proponents cited fiscal efficiency and risk reduction amid evolving security paradigms. This shift marked a departure from prior expansions under the 1988 Act, which had extended cover to former Prime Ministers and their kin indefinitely, reflecting debates on resource allocation in India's security apparatus.

Geographical locations

North America

Albert Whitted Airport (IATA: SPG), situated in St. Petersburg, , , at coordinates 27°45′54″N 82°37′37″W, serves as a primary facility on the waterfront adjacent to . Owned and operated by the of St. Petersburg, the features a single asphalt (Runway 18/36) measuring 3,677 feet (1,121 meters) in length and operates at an elevation of 7 feet (2 meters) above mean , accommodating activities such as private charters, , and . It supports regional air traffic without scheduled commercial passenger services, emphasizing its role in local access. Union Station in ( code: SPG), located at 66 Lyman Street, functions as a major intercity rail hub at coordinates approximately 42°06′11″N 72°35′21″W, serving 's , , and routes with daily operations connecting to , and . The station, originally opened in 1926 and renovated in the , includes facilities for passengers, baggage handling, and integration with local bus services, handling thousands of travelers annually as a key node in New England's rail network. In hydrological contexts, SPG denotes "spring" in U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) monitoring site nomenclature for natural water sources across states like and , such as the Mojave Spring site (USGS 350827116061401) in , and a spring near Gillis Camp (USGS 384200118165000) in , used for data collection. These designations track flow rates, water quality, and levels but do not refer to populated places. No prominent cities, towns, or other fixed geographical features in or bear the SPG abbreviation.

Europe and Asia

In Asia, the abbreviation SPG designates specific locales such as the SPG Village Resorts in Kabbur village, , , , a rural hospitality site established amid agricultural terrain with populations in the surrounding exceeding 1.77 million as of the 2011 , though recent boundary adjustments remain undocumented in official records post-2020. This site leverages proximity to historical agrarian zones without noted administrative reconfigurations since . In , SPG lacks association with discrete geographical entities like districts or villages in verified nomenclature, with occurrences confined to non-locational uses such as supplementary planning guidance documents issued by authorities like the for urban policy implementation rather than territorial designations. Empirical reviews of postal, administrative, and geographic registries confirm no prominent SPG-abbreviated regions or sites with population metrics or post-2020 developments akin to those elsewhere.

Organizations and enterprises

Government and security agencies

The is a federal agency under India's Cabinet Secretariat, tasked exclusively with providing proximate security to the , former s, and their immediate family members while residing at official residences. Established on 8 1985 following the assassination of on 31 October 1984, its creation was recommended by the Birbal Nath Committee to address vulnerabilities in VIP protection; it operated informally until formalized by the Special Protection Group Act, 1988, which granted it statutory powers including the authority to requisition personnel from other central forces. SPG personnel, numbering around 3,000 as of recent estimates, undergo rigorous training in close protection, counter-assault tactics, and intelligence coordination with agencies like the Intelligence Bureau, emphasizing a "zero-error" operational doctrine derived from advanced commando selection processes. In the , the operated as a centralized mobile reserve within the from its formation on 28 January 1965, designed to respond to high-risk public order incidents, serious crime, and threats across with a focus on rapid deployment and tactical containment. Comprising specialized officers trained in and crowd management, the unit peaked at approximately 120 members divided into four squads but drew scrutiny for its involvement in over 1,000 arrests during the 1981 riots and earlier operations, including the fatal injury to protester Blair Peach on 23 April 1979 from a police weapon wielded by an SPG officer, as determined by a 1980 internal inquiry. Persistent allegations of disproportionate force and institutional cover-ups, documented in multiple inquiries, prompted its disbandment on 11 March 1987 amid public and political pressure, with responsibilities transferred to the restructured featuring enhanced oversight mechanisms. Other government entities abbreviated as SPG include the 3rd Security Police Group of the , activated on 16 September 1974 at in the to oversee base defense, law enforcement, and counterintelligence for over 10,000 personnel until the facility's closure on 1 November 1991 following the eruption; it coordinated with host-nation forces under jurisdictional agreements covering 13,000 acres. In Britain, analogous Special Patrol Groups existed in cities like and during the , functioning as local anti-crime task forces with mandates for but similarly critiqued for aggressive tactics in industrial disputes and urban unrest.

Commercial entities

Simon Property Group, Inc. (NYSE: SPG) is a established in the , focusing on the ownership and management of retail properties including shopping malls, dining centers, and mixed-use developments across the and internationally. As of 2024, the company reported of $5.96 billion, reflecting a 5.39% year-over-year increase from $5.66 billion in 2023, driven by occupancy rates and leasing strategies amid evolving retail landscapes such as competition and experiential retail adaptations. In 2025, Simon increased its quarterly to $2.15 for the third quarter, payable in September, signaling confidence in sustained cash flows from its portfolio of over 200 properties. Starwood Preferred Guest (SPG) operated as the for Hotels & Resorts from its launch in 1999 until its merger with in 2016, fully integrating into a combined program by August 18, 2018, and rebranding to Marriott Bonvoy on February 13, 2019. The program, known for its points-based rewards and status benefits, amassed a substantial membership base prior to the merger, which combined it with Marriott Rewards and Ritz-Carlton Rewards to form a unified system serving over 120 million members by 2019. Post-integration, metrics shifted, with legacy SPG members facing reductions in points valuations and perk accessibility, such as altered night credits and redemption rates, contributing to reported member dissatisfaction and slower initial adoption of the Bonvoy structure. The Products Group (SPG), originally a business segment of Agilent Technologies, Inc., traced its roots to the late and was spun off in 2005 to form Avago Technologies, which later merged with in 2016 to create Broadcom Inc., a major player in semiconductor design and manufacturing. , inheriting SPG's legacy in analog and mixed-signal semiconductors, has contributed to advancements in connectivity chips, wireless infrastructure, and data center solutions, with post-2020 mergers including the $61 billion acquisition of in November 2023 enhancing its software-defined capabilities and market position in enterprise networking. These activities have bolstered Broadcom's revenue, reaching approximately $35.8 billion in fiscal 2023, amid broader semiconductor sector consolidation driven by supply chain resilience and technological demands.

Military and defense

Units and operations

Special Purpose Groups (SPGs) in contexts refer to specialized units or task-organized teams within forces, designed for high-risk missions including , , rescue, and targeted strikes, often operating behind enemy lines or in denied areas. These groups emphasize small-team tactics, rapid deployment, and adaptability, drawing personnel from elite formations to execute time-sensitive objectives with minimal support. Historical and modern examples span various conflicts, with effectiveness measured by mission success rates, casualty figures, and post-operation analyses from military reports. In the Ukrainian National Guard, the 1st Special Purpose Detachment incorporates dedicated SPGs, such as the X-Ray Group, structured for assault and support roles within a headquarters-led framework including management and commandant platoons. Formed as part of broader restructuring amid the , these groups have conducted coordination and tasks, contributing to defensive operations against Russian advances. Similarly, the Special Purpose Group "Kontakt-12" (K-12), a subunit of the Brigade's Group, focuses on forward observation and integration, enabling precise strikes in contested zones. Ukrainian SPGs have demonstrated operational viability in urban and rural environments, with documented raids yielding and disrupting enemy , though exact casualty statistics remain classified. The 4th Special Purpose Battalion, operating under Ukrainian , executed and engagement missions documented via helmet-mounted footage, relaying target coordinates to units for real-time neutralization during frontline advances in 2025. One notable operation involved a special purpose group conducting a nighttime raid in the area of from January 23 to 24, infiltrating enemy rear positions to gather data on fortifications and troop movements. These actions highlight SPG utility in , where small units achieve disproportionate impact through surprise and mobility, though vulnerabilities to detection have led to occasional high personnel losses in ambushes, as inferred from operational tempo and replacement needs. In the U.S. Air Force, the 3rd Group (SPG) at , , served as a tactical unit under from the post-Vietnam era through the 1980s, specializing in base defense, military working dog operations, and contingency response against potential insurgent threats. Activated to bolster regional security amid tensions, the group trained for rapid reaction to ground incursions, with readiness exercises emphasizing K-9 patrols and perimeter hardening, as detailed in 1982 Stars and Stripes reports. The unit's operations contributed to stable force projection in but faced disbandment following the base's closure in 1991 due to geopolitical shifts rather than performance failures, underscoring dependency on host-nation agreements over inherent inefficiencies. The (SPIR), a Chechen militant group formed in the late 1990s under , functioned as an SPG in the Second Chechen War, conducting kidnappings, ambushes, and executions targeting perceived collaborators. In July 2001, SPIR claimed responsibility for executing Alkhan-Kala resident Dzhapar Khazuyev as a traitor, exemplifying internal policing tactics amid operations. Despite initial tactical successes in hit-and-run attacks, the group's effectiveness waned after Barayev's death in a Russian special forces raid on August 3, 2001, leading to fragmentation and designation as a terrorist entity by the UN Security Council; declassified assessments indicate limited strategic impact, with high attrition rates from operations eroding cohesion without achieving secessionist goals. Strategic Planning Groups (SPGs) in defense establishments, such as variants within U.S. Department of Defense logistics and Navy capstone strategy development post-1991, operate as operational planning units coordinating multi-service efforts for sustained campaigns. The Chief of Naval Operations Strategic Planning Group (CSPG), active in the 1990s, oversaw concept formulation for maritime dominance, involving vice chiefs and directorates to align resources with national military strategy, resulting in documents like forward-presence doctrines. Critiques from internal reviews note occasional bureaucratic delays in adapting to post-Cold War threats, but measurable outputs included refined readiness metrics without formal disbandments, prioritizing empirical alignment over doctrinal rigidity.

Equipment and weaponry

The (StuG III), a self-propelled introduced in 1940, exemplified early SPG design with its casemate-mounted 7.5 cm StuK 40 L/43 gun derived from the chassis, achieving a of approximately 600 m/s and effective anti-tank range up to 1,500 meters. Approximately 10,500 units were produced through 1945, with the Ausf. G variant comprising the majority at around 8,000 vehicles, enabling mass deployment for infantry support and tank destruction. In combat, such as a engagement where a single claimed 184 tanks (primarily T-34s), 87 anti-tank guns, and 26 artillery pieces over nine days with only four losses, the StuG III demonstrated a favorable kill-to-loss ratio due to its low , armor up to 80 mm, and simplified production prioritizing quantity over turreted versatility. The British Alecto, a light SPG prototype developed in 1944 for airborne and Far East operations, mounted a QF 6-pounder (57 mm) gun on a modified Harry Hopkins light tank chassis weighing about 8.5 tons, with a top speed of 40 mph and armor limited to 30 mm to facilitate air transport. Two prototypes underwent trials emphasizing mobility and rapid deployment against Japanese armor, but the project was abandoned by mid-1945 following the European war's conclusion, as strategic needs shifted away from lightweight assault guns toward heavier postwar designs. In the Russia-Ukraine conflict from 2022 onward, SPGs have proven critical for and mobile artillery support, with Ukraine's domestically produced wheeled howitzer—chambered for 155 mm NATO-standard shells, offering a 42 maximum range and automated loading for sustained fire—scaling production to dozens of units annually by 2025 to offset losses and enhance responsiveness. Western-supplied systems like the German and pledged Swedish Archer units, featuring automated turrets, 52-caliber barrels for 40+ ranges, and high survivability through rapid displacement, have shown empirical superiority in accuracy and rate of fire (up to 10 rounds per minute) when paired with spotting, though vulnerability to munitions necessitates tactics. Russian SPGs, with 152 mm guns and 29 ranges, have sustained heavy attrition, underscoring mobility's role in efficacy amid pervasive threats. Post-2020 upgrades emphasize extended-range propulsion, such as the US Army's SPH-M program pursuing 155 mm systems with 70+ km capabilities via precision-guided munitions and hybrid-electric drives for reduced acoustic signatures and improved logistics, informed by Ukraine's data on attrition rates exceeding 50% for static artillery. These developments prioritize caliber standardization at 155 mm, all-terrain mobility exceeding 60 km/h, and active protection systems to counter modern threats, with prototypes demonstrating 20-30% gains in survivability over legacy models like the M109.

Technology and engineering

Computing and electronics

A synchronous pulse generator (SPG) is an electronic device that produces precise timing signals for synchronizing video cameras, switchers, and other broadcast equipment in television and systems. These generators output black burst, , or other pulse formats to maintain frame and field alignment across multiple sources, preventing timing errors that could cause visual artifacts. In multi-camera setups, a central SPG distributes signals via 75-ohm cables, with terminations ensuring and to minimize reflections. SPGs evolved from analog designs in the mid-20th century to support digital standards by the , incorporating features like GPS locking for long-term stability in large facilities. Modern units, such as those used in and live events, provide outputs compliant with SMPTE and EBU standards, including and UHD formats, with jitter below 1 ns for high-precision applications. Facilities like broadcast stations employ SPGs to generate reference signals for genlocks, enabling seamless switching and effects processing. In circuit protection hardware, SPG also designates spark gap protectors, which are gas discharge tubes that divert transient surges, such as lightning-induced voltages, to while maintaining low leakage currents near zero before breakdown. These components exhibit junction below 2 pF, making them suitable for high-frequency telecom lines and sensitive electronics where parasitic effects must be minimized. and Socay SPGs withstand repeated strikes with breakdown voltages typically from 90 V to 1000 V, certified under UL standards for reliability in outdoor installations. The Semiconductor Products Group (SPG) at oversees development of equipment for wafer processing, including tools for , , and used in fabricating advanced nodes down to 2 nm. As of 2025, SPG supports global chipmakers in scaling production for and applications, with integrated solutions reducing defect rates in high-volume manufacturing. Historically, Agilent Technologies divested its SPG in to focus on core operations, transferring assets including fab tools to .

Industrial and scientific applications

In industrial machinery, particularly cinema projectors, SPG denotes Start Pulse Generator, a component that produces high-voltage pulse bursts to ignite . This device is integral to systems like Barco's FLM and DP2K series projectors, where it facilitates reliable lamp startup by generating peaks sufficient to ionize the gas within the lamp envelope, typically operating in conjunction with the projector's for instantaneous response upon activation. Failure modes include pulse degradation leading to ignition delays or complete lamp strike failures, often necessitating module replacement to maintain operational uptime in projection environments; empirical testing in service manuals highlights voltage output consistency as critical, with malfunctions traced to wear or trigger circuit faults after prolonged use exceeding 5000 hours. In engineering testing and calibration, SPG refers to Sinusoidal Pressure Generator, employed to simulate waves for validating transducers and gauges. These generators produce sinusoidal outputs with frequencies ranging from 300 to 5000 Hz and peak-to-peak amplitudes up to 5.6 , enabling precise assessment of phase response and amplitude fidelity under controlled conditions akin to operational stresses in fluids or gases. Applications include fundamental studies and for components, where causal limitations such as effects in the generator's driver system can introduce distortions if not empirically tuned, as documented in evaluations emphasizing the need for amplitude-independent frequency stability to avoid measurement artifacts. Scientifically, SPG designates Scientific Planning Group, committees that oversee research prioritization and proposal evaluation in fields like global change and planetary science. Within the Asia-Pacific Network for Global Change Research, the SPG has reviewed annual project submissions since 1996, recommending for interdisciplinary studies on climate , yielding outputs such as peer-reviewed analyses of vulnerability capacities in developing regions with empirical data from 2010 onward integrated into UNFCCC reports. Similarly, the NSF's Solar and Planetary Research Grants program under SPG supports individual and collaborative investigations, including laboratory plasma simulations and archival data analyses, with awards since at least 2016 emphasizing causal mechanisms in solar over incremental modeling.

Arts, entertainment, and media

Music

(commonly abbreviated SPG) is an American musical project founded in , , in 2008 by twin siblings David Michael Bennett and Isabella "Bunny" Bennett. The act features performers portraying steam-powered robots in a style, incorporating aesthetics with genres spanning , , , and orchestral elements. Their music often explores themes of Victorian-era machinery, , and lore, delivered through live shows with elaborate costumes and props. The group's discography includes Album One (self-released in 2009), MK III (2013, featuring tracks like "Brass Goggles" with over 10 million YouTube views as of 2025), The Vice Quadrant: A Space Opera (2016), and Quintessential (2020). More recent releases encompass Music from SteamWorld Heist (2015, a video game soundtrack collaboration) and 1896 (2023), which debuted tracks such as "Olly and the Equinox Band" and "Intertwined" via official music videos in 2023–2025. SPG maintains a dedicated fanbase through independent releases and tours, with no major commercial chart success but sustained streaming presence on platforms like YouTube and Spotify. "S.P.G." is a track by Scottish punk rock band , appearing on their debut album Punk's Not Dead released on 29 March 1981 by Secret Records. The song, written by vocalist , satirizes the UK's police unit amid 1970s–1980s social unrest, exemplifying the band's raw, sound with fast-paced instrumentation and shouted vocals. It has been reissued in compilations like the 2004 Punk's Not Dead remaster but lacks significant chart performance, remaining a staple in playlists. SPG Records operated as an independent Canadian label from the early to , focusing on house, dance, and electronic compilations such as Club Hits 2000 (1999). Based in , it distributed tracks by various artists in the club scene without notable mainstream breakthroughs.

Fictional works and other media

In the British sitcom The Young Ones (1982–1984), SPG refers to , a fictional talking owned by the character Vyvyan. Voiced by with a Glaswegian accent, the character is depicted as destructive and frequently subjected to extreme violence by Vyvyan, serving as a satirical nod to the real-life controversial police unit known for aggressive tactics. SPG appears in multiple episodes, such as "" (1982), where it highlights the show's absurd humor and critique of authority. In chess composition literature, SPG denotes Shortest Proof Game, a type of retroanalysis puzzle requiring the reconstruction of the minimal number of moves to reach a given board position, often featured in specialized books and periodicals. These problems, distinct from standard proof games by emphasizing brevity without uniqueness, appear in works like Problem Chess: Art and Magic on the (2010), which details solving techniques and examples exploiting illegal or improbable prior moves. Solving records for complex SPGs, such as those involving homebase variants or underpromotions, are documented in chess problem bulletins, with computational aids like the Natch program verifying minimal paths since the early . In the , SPG stands for Strong Parental Guidance (or Striktong Patnubay at Gabay), a television and film rating introduced by the Movie and Television Review and Classification Board (MTRCB) on February 13, 2012, to flag content with mature themes like , sexual innuendo, or unsuitable for children without supervision. The rating mandates viewer discretion advisories and has sparked debates over its application to news broadcasts featuring graphic crime stories, with critics arguing it inadequately shields minors from midday airings. Implementation guidelines require programs to include on-screen warnings, aiming to enforce stricter parental oversight amid concerns over escalating media explicitness.

Other uses

Slang, culture, and colloquialisms

In Singaporean and Malaysian vernacular, particularly among ethnic communities, "SPG" acronymizes "," a pejorative label coined in the under colonial administration for local women attending expatriate-hosted social gatherings in traditional sarongs, often implying transactional or aspirational romantic pursuits with Western men. The term evokes stereotypes of culturally alienated, urban-educated women prioritizing Caucasian partners for perceived socioeconomic elevation, with usage enduring into the amid debates over its sexist undertones and reflections of postcolonial identity tensions; demographic patterns link it to higher-income, English-proficient Singaporean females in globalized enclaves like . Literary depictions, including Cheryl Lu-Lien Tan's 2016 satirical novel Sarong Party Girls, portray SPGs as antiheroines navigating racial hierarchies and consumerism, drawing from real-world expatriate dating dynamics observed in city-state nightlife since the 1990s economic boom. Across , especially , "SPG" signifies "Sales Promotion Girl," a job category for predominantly young female promoters at trade fairs, outlets, and product launches, where duties involve direct often in form-fitting or minimal to boost visual appeal and sales conversion rates. Emergent in the post-1998 Asian era amid expanding consumer markets, the role provides entry-level wages 20–50% above minimum for unskilled labor—averaging IDR 2–4 million monthly in as of 2018—but incurs economic critiques for commodifying female physicality in male-dominated industries like and FMCG, exacerbating wage gaps and informal sector vulnerabilities. Participants report endemic verbal and physical , with scant regulatory oversight in events hosting up to 10,000 attendees, underscoring broader labor market pressures on female rates hovering at 15–20% in urban during the . In barbecue culture, "SPG" denotes a foundational dry rub comprising , coarse , and granulated , applied pre-cook to proteins for flavor penetration via salt-induced moisture extraction and enhancement of through garlic's compounds during high-heat searing. Popularized in Texas-style since the early 2000s competition circuit, standard formulations use ratios like 4:2:1 (:pepper:garlic by volume), yielding 1–1.5 cups per batch for 10–15 pounds of meat, with prevalence in recipes emphasizing simplicity to spotlight meat's inherent savoriness over complex spice profiles. This blend's efficacy stems from balanced salinity (drawing out proteins for formation), pepper's for heat modulation, and garlic's volatiles amplifying Maillard browning, as evidenced in low-and-slow cooks reaching 225–250°F internal temperatures over 12–18 hours.

Science, medicine, and miscellaneous

In , splenoportography (SPG) is a diagnostic procedure that involves injection of radiopaque contrast material directly into the to opacify and visualize the , including the , , and its branches. First described in the 1950s, it was historically employed to evaluate , , and , providing dynamic assessment of hepatopetal blood flow prior to surgical interventions like shunts. Despite risks such as splenic rupture or hemorrhage (reported in up to 2-5% of cases in early series), its utility persisted into the 1980s for cases where non-invasive methods like were inconclusive, though it has largely been supplanted by and MRI portography due to improved safety and resolution. The sphenopalatine ganglion (SPG), a small parasympathetic cluster in the posterior to the middle turbinate, serves as a therapeutic target in . SPG blocks, administered via transnasal applicators or catheters with anesthetics like lidocaine, alleviate cluster headaches, migraines, and facial pain by interrupting sensory and autonomic pathways linked to trigeminal activation; clinical trials from the report pain relief in 60-80% of acute episodes within 15-30 minutes. Devices such as the Tx360 nasal applicator, FDA-cleared in , enable office-based procedures with minimal complications like epistaxis (under 1%). In , SPG designates loci and genes implicated in (HSP), a heterogeneous group of over 80 autosomal dominant, recessive, or X-linked disorders causing progressive lower limb , weakness, and gait disturbance due to degeneration. Mutations in SPG4 (encoding spastin, affecting dynamics) account for 40% of autosomal dominant cases, with onset typically in the third to fourth ; is 1-9 per 100,000 globally, higher in certain isolates like the (up to 9.6 per 100,000). The sucrose-phosphate-glyoxylic acid (SPG) method represents a refined for detecting monoamines ( and ) in neural tissues. Developed in 1976 by de la Torre, it entails immersion of fresh cryosections in a buffered solution of 0.2 M , 0.15 M (pH 7.9), and 2% monohydrate, followed by 3-second exposure at 95-100°C to induce specific green () or yellow () fluorescence under UV . This approach yields results in under 20 minutes with enhanced sensitivity over prior Falck-Hillar p methods, enabling precise mapping of adrenergic and fibers in brain and peripheral tissues; standardization studies confirm reproducibility across species like rats and humans when tissue drying and heating are controlled. Speckle plethysmography (SPG), an optical imaging modality leveraging speckle contrast analysis of microvascular fluctuations, provides non-contact hemodynamic assessment superior to traditional photoplethysmography (PPG) in noisy environments. Validated in 2018 wearable prototypes, SPG extracts waveforms and from , with signal-to-noise ratios 20-50% higher than PPG during motion artifacts; applications include remote vital sign monitoring in clinical settings, where it correlates strongly (r>0.9) with pressure oscillations. In miscellaneous scientific contexts, SPG denotes a for deep-sea measurements, recording hydrostatic pressures up to 10,000 in oceanographic deployments to study currents and . It also refers to sinusoidal generators in experiments, producing controlled for testing material since the 1990s.

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