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SPG

The Special Protection Group (SPG) is a specialized federal law enforcement agency of the Government of India, operating under the Cabinet Secretariat and tasked exclusively with providing proximate physical security to the serving Prime Minister and members of their immediate family residing at the official residence.^[1] Formed as an elite commando force, it comprises personnel deputed from the Indian Army, Central Reserve Police Force, and other paramilitary units, who undergo rigorous training in close-quarters combat, weapons handling, and threat assessment to ensure 24/7 protection against assassination, abduction, or other high-risk threats.^[2]^[3] Established in the aftermath of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi's assassination on October 31, 1984, the SPG was initially raised as a temporary unit under the Cabinet Secretariat before being statutorily empowered by the Special Protection Group Act of 1988, which formalized its mandate, structure, and accountability to Parliament. Over its nearly four decades, the agency has maintained an impeccable record of thwarting potential threats without a single breach resulting in harm to its protectees, leveraging advanced surveillance, armored convoys, and specialized gear sourced from global partners.^[3] However, the SPG faced significant controversy with the 2019 amendment to its enabling Act, which restricted lifetime protection to only the current Prime Minister and family, withdrawing it from former Prime Ministers after a five-year grace period post-tenure or death; critics alleged politicization to target opposition figures like Sonia Gandhi, while proponents cited fiscal efficiency and risk reduction amid evolving security paradigms.^[1] This shift marked a departure from prior expansions under the 1988 Act, which had extended cover to former Prime Ministers and their kin indefinitely, reflecting debates on resource allocation in India's security apparatus.

Geographical locations

North America

Albert Whitted Airport (IATA: SPG), situated in St. Petersburg, Pinellas County, Florida, United States, at coordinates 27°45′54″N 82°37′37″W, serves as a primary general aviation facility on the Tampa Bay waterfront adjacent to downtown.^[4] Owned and operated by the City of St. Petersburg, the airport features a single asphalt runway (Runway 18/36) measuring 3,677 feet (1,121 meters) in length and operates at an elevation of 7 feet (2 meters) above mean sea level, accommodating activities such as private charters, flight training, and aircraft maintenance.^[4]^[5] It supports regional air traffic without scheduled commercial passenger services, emphasizing its role in local aviation access.^[6] Union Station in Springfield, Massachusetts (Amtrak code: SPG), located at 66 Lyman Street, functions as a major intercity rail hub at coordinates approximately 42°06′11″N 72°35′21″W, serving Amtrak's Vermonter, Lake Shore Limited, and Hartford Line routes with daily operations connecting to Boston, New York, and Chicago.^[7] The station, originally opened in 1926 and renovated in the 2010s, includes facilities for passengers, baggage handling, and integration with local bus services, handling thousands of travelers annually as a key node in New England's rail network.^[7] In hydrological contexts, SPG denotes "spring" in U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) monitoring site nomenclature for natural water sources across states like California and Nevada, such as the Mojave Spring site (USGS 350827116061401) in San Bernardino County, California, and a spring near Gillis Camp (USGS 384200118165000) in Mineral County, Nevada, used for groundwater data collection.^[8]^[9] These designations track flow rates, water quality, and aquifer levels but do not refer to populated places. No prominent cities, towns, or other fixed geographical features in Canada or Mexico bear the SPG abbreviation.

Europe and Asia

In Asia, the abbreviation SPG designates specific locales such as the SPG Village Resorts in Kabbur village, Hassan District, Karnataka, India, a rural hospitality site established amid agricultural terrain with populations in the surrounding Hassan District exceeding 1.77 million as of the 2011 census, though recent boundary adjustments remain undocumented in official records post-2020.^[10] This site leverages proximity to historical agrarian zones without noted administrative reconfigurations since establishment. In Europe, SPG lacks association with discrete geographical entities like districts or villages in verified nomenclature, with occurrences confined to non-locational uses such as supplementary planning guidance documents issued by authorities like the Greater London Authority for urban policy implementation rather than territorial designations.^[11] Empirical reviews of postal, administrative, and geographic registries confirm no prominent SPG-abbreviated regions or sites with population metrics or post-2020 developments akin to those elsewhere.

Organizations and enterprises

Government and security agencies

The Special Protection Group (SPG) is a federal agency under India's Cabinet Secretariat, tasked exclusively with providing proximate security to the Prime Minister, former Prime Ministers, and their immediate family members while residing at official residences.^[2]^[12] Established on 8 April 1985 following the assassination of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi on 31 October 1984, its creation was recommended by the Birbal Nath Committee to address vulnerabilities in VIP protection; it operated informally until formalized by the Special Protection Group Act, 1988, which granted it statutory powers including the authority to requisition personnel from other central forces.^[13]^[14] SPG personnel, numbering around 3,000 as of recent estimates, undergo rigorous training in close protection, counter-assault tactics, and intelligence coordination with agencies like the Intelligence Bureau, emphasizing a "zero-error" operational doctrine derived from advanced commando selection processes.^[15] In the United Kingdom, the Special Patrol Group (SPG) operated as a centralized mobile reserve within the Metropolitan Police Service from its formation on 28 January 1965, designed to respond to high-risk public order incidents, serious crime, and terrorism threats across London with a focus on rapid deployment and tactical containment.^[16] Comprising specialized officers trained in riot control and crowd management, the unit peaked at approximately 120 members divided into four squads but drew scrutiny for its involvement in over 1,000 arrests during the 1981 Brixton riots and earlier operations, including the fatal injury to anti-racism protester Blair Peach on 23 April 1979 from a police weapon wielded by an SPG officer, as determined by a 1980 internal inquiry.^[17]^[18] Persistent allegations of disproportionate force and institutional cover-ups, documented in multiple inquiries, prompted its disbandment on 11 March 1987 amid public and political pressure, with responsibilities transferred to the restructured Territorial Support Group featuring enhanced oversight mechanisms.^[17]^[19] Other government entities abbreviated as SPG include the 3rd Security Police Group of the United States Air Force, activated on 16 September 1974 at Clark Air Base in the Philippines to oversee base defense, law enforcement, and counterintelligence for over 10,000 personnel until the facility's closure on 1 November 1991 following the Mount Pinatubo eruption; it coordinated with host-nation forces under jurisdictional agreements covering 13,000 acres.^[20] In Britain, analogous Special Patrol Groups existed in cities like Manchester and Sheffield during the 1970s, functioning as local anti-crime task forces with mandates for proactive policing but similarly critiqued for aggressive tactics in industrial disputes and urban unrest.^[21]

Commercial entities

Simon Property Group, Inc. (NYSE: SPG) is a real estate investment trust established in the 1960s, focusing on the ownership and management of retail properties including shopping malls, dining centers, and mixed-use developments across the United States and internationally.^[22] As of 2024, the company reported revenue of $5.96 billion, reflecting a 5.39% year-over-year increase from $5.66 billion in 2023, driven by occupancy rates and leasing strategies amid evolving retail landscapes such as e-commerce competition and experiential retail adaptations.^[23] In 2025, Simon increased its quarterly common stock dividend to $2.15 for the third quarter, payable in September, signaling confidence in sustained cash flows from its portfolio of over 200 properties.^[24] Starwood Preferred Guest (SPG) operated as the loyalty program for Starwood Hotels & Resorts from its launch in 1999 until its merger with Marriott International in 2016, fully integrating into a combined program by August 18, 2018, and rebranding to Marriott Bonvoy on February 13, 2019.^[25]^[26] The program, known for its points-based rewards and elite status benefits, amassed a substantial membership base prior to the merger, which combined it with Marriott Rewards and Ritz-Carlton Rewards to form a unified system serving over 120 million members by 2019.^[27] Post-integration, hospitality metrics shifted, with legacy SPG members facing reductions in points valuations and perk accessibility, such as altered elite night credits and redemption rates, contributing to reported member dissatisfaction and slower initial adoption of the Bonvoy structure.^[28]^[29] The Semiconductor Products Group (SPG), originally a business segment of Agilent Technologies, Inc., traced its roots to the late 1990s and was spun off in 2005 to form Avago Technologies, which later merged with Broadcom Corporation in 2016 to create Broadcom Inc., a major player in semiconductor design and manufacturing.^[30] Broadcom, inheriting SPG's legacy in analog and mixed-signal semiconductors, has contributed to industry advancements in connectivity chips, wireless infrastructure, and data center solutions, with post-2020 mergers including the $61 billion acquisition of VMware in November 2023 enhancing its software-defined capabilities and market position in enterprise networking.^[31] These activities have bolstered Broadcom's revenue, reaching approximately $35.8 billion in fiscal 2023, amid broader semiconductor sector consolidation driven by supply chain resilience and technological demands.^[32]

Military and defense

Units and operations

Special Purpose Groups (SPGs) in military contexts refer to specialized units or task-organized teams within special operations forces, designed for high-risk missions including reconnaissance, sabotage, prisoner rescue, and targeted strikes, often operating behind enemy lines or in denied areas. These groups emphasize small-team tactics, rapid deployment, and adaptability, drawing personnel from elite formations to execute time-sensitive objectives with minimal support. Historical and modern examples span various conflicts, with effectiveness measured by mission success rates, casualty figures, and post-operation analyses from military reports.^[33] In the Ukrainian National Guard, the 1st Special Purpose Detachment incorporates dedicated SPGs, such as the X-Ray Group, structured for assault and support roles within a headquarters-led framework including management and commandant platoons. Formed as part of broader special operations restructuring amid the Russo-Ukrainian War, these groups have conducted artillery coordination and target acquisition tasks, contributing to defensive operations against Russian advances. Similarly, the Special Purpose Group "Kontakt-12" (K-12), a subunit of the Azov Brigade's Artillery Group, focuses on forward observation and fire support integration, enabling precise strikes in contested zones. Ukrainian SPGs have demonstrated operational viability in urban and rural environments, with documented raids yielding intelligence and disrupting enemy logistics, though exact casualty statistics remain classified.^[33]^[34] The 4th Special Purpose Battalion, operating under Ukrainian special operations, executed reconnaissance and engagement missions documented via helmet-mounted footage, relaying target coordinates to artillery units for real-time neutralization during frontline advances in 2025. One notable operation involved a special purpose group conducting a nighttime reconnaissance raid in the Nova Kakhovka area of Kherson Oblast from January 23 to 24, infiltrating enemy rear positions to gather data on fortifications and troop movements. These actions highlight SPG utility in asymmetric warfare, where small units achieve disproportionate impact through surprise and mobility, though vulnerabilities to detection have led to occasional high personnel losses in ambushes, as inferred from operational tempo and replacement needs.^[35]^[36] In the U.S. Air Force, the 3rd Security Police Group (SPG) at Clark Air Base, Philippines, served as a tactical unit under Pacific Air Forces from the post-Vietnam era through the 1980s, specializing in base defense, military working dog operations, and contingency response against potential insurgent threats. Activated to bolster regional security amid Cold War tensions, the group trained for rapid reaction to ground incursions, with readiness exercises emphasizing K-9 patrols and perimeter hardening, as detailed in 1982 Stars and Stripes reports. The unit's operations contributed to stable force projection in Southeast Asia but faced disbandment following the base's closure in 1991 due to geopolitical shifts rather than performance failures, underscoring dependency on host-nation agreements over inherent inefficiencies.^[20] The Special Purpose Islamic Regiment (SPIR), a Chechen militant group formed in the late 1990s under Arbi Barayev, functioned as an SPG in the Second Chechen War, conducting kidnappings, ambushes, and executions targeting perceived collaborators. In July 2001, SPIR claimed responsibility for executing Alkhan-Kala resident Dzhapar Khazuyev as a traitor, exemplifying internal policing tactics amid insurgency operations. Despite initial tactical successes in hit-and-run attacks, the group's effectiveness waned after Barayev's death in a Russian special forces raid on August 3, 2001, leading to fragmentation and designation as a terrorist entity by the UN Security Council; declassified assessments indicate limited strategic impact, with high attrition rates from counterinsurgency operations eroding cohesion without achieving secessionist goals.^[37] Strategic Planning Groups (SPGs) in defense establishments, such as variants within U.S. Department of Defense logistics and Navy capstone strategy development post-1991, operate as operational planning units coordinating multi-service efforts for sustained campaigns. The Chief of Naval Operations Strategic Planning Group (CSPG), active in the 1990s, oversaw concept formulation for maritime dominance, involving vice chiefs and directorates to align resources with national military strategy, resulting in documents like forward-presence doctrines. Critiques from internal reviews note occasional bureaucratic delays in adapting to post-Cold War threats, but measurable outputs included refined readiness metrics without formal disbandments, prioritizing empirical alignment over doctrinal rigidity.^[38]

Equipment and weaponry

The Sturmgeschütz III (StuG III), a German self-propelled assault gun introduced in 1940, exemplified early SPG design with its casemate-mounted 7.5 cm StuK 40 L/43 gun derived from the Panzer III chassis, achieving a muzzle velocity of approximately 600 m/s and effective anti-tank range up to 1,500 meters. Approximately 10,500 units were produced through 1945, with the Ausf. G variant comprising the majority at around 8,000 vehicles, enabling mass deployment for infantry support and tank destruction. In combat, such as a 1943 engagement where a single regiment claimed 184 enemy tanks (primarily T-34s), 87 anti-tank guns, and 26 artillery pieces over nine days with only four losses, the StuG III demonstrated a favorable kill-to-loss ratio due to its low silhouette, armor up to 80 mm, and simplified production prioritizing quantity over turreted versatility.^[39]^[40]^[39] The British Alecto, a light SPG prototype developed in 1944 for airborne and Far East operations, mounted a QF 6-pounder (57 mm) gun on a modified Harry Hopkins light tank chassis weighing about 8.5 tons, with a top speed of 40 mph and armor limited to 30 mm to facilitate air transport. Two prototypes underwent trials emphasizing mobility and rapid deployment against Japanese armor, but the project was abandoned by mid-1945 following the European war's conclusion, as strategic needs shifted away from lightweight assault guns toward heavier postwar designs.^[41]^[42] In the Russia-Ukraine conflict from 2022 onward, SPGs have proven critical for counter-battery fire and mobile artillery support, with Ukraine's domestically produced 2S22 Bohdana wheeled howitzer—chambered for 155 mm NATO-standard shells, offering a 42 km maximum range and automated loading for sustained fire—scaling production to dozens of units annually by 2025 to offset losses and enhance responsiveness. Western-supplied systems like the German Panzerhaubitze 2000 and pledged Swedish Archer units, featuring automated turrets, 52-caliber barrels for 40+ km ranges, and high survivability through rapid displacement, have shown empirical superiority in accuracy and rate of fire (up to 10 rounds per minute) when paired with drone spotting, though vulnerability to loitering munitions necessitates shoot-and-scoot tactics. Russian 2S19 Msta-S SPGs, with 152 mm guns and 29 km ranges, have sustained heavy attrition, underscoring mobility's role in efficacy amid pervasive drone threats.^[43]^[44]^[45] Post-2020 upgrades emphasize extended-range propulsion, such as the US Army's SPH-M program pursuing 155 mm systems with 70+ km capabilities via precision-guided munitions and hybrid-electric drives for reduced acoustic signatures and improved logistics, informed by Ukraine's data on attrition rates exceeding 50% for static artillery. These developments prioritize caliber standardization at 155 mm, all-terrain mobility exceeding 60 km/h, and active protection systems to counter modern threats, with prototypes demonstrating 20-30% gains in survivability over legacy models like the M109.^[46]^[47]

Technology and engineering

Computing and electronics

A synchronous pulse generator (SPG) is an electronic device that produces precise timing signals for synchronizing video cameras, switchers, and other broadcast equipment in television and video production systems. These generators output black burst, tri-level sync, or other pulse formats to maintain frame and field alignment across multiple sources, preventing timing errors that could cause visual artifacts.^[48] In multi-camera setups, a central SPG distributes signals via 75-ohm coaxial cables, with terminations ensuring signal integrity and impedance matching to minimize reflections.^[49] SPGs evolved from analog designs in the mid-20th century to support digital standards by the 1990s, incorporating features like GPS locking for long-term stability in large facilities. Modern units, such as those used in post-production and live events, provide outputs compliant with SMPTE and EBU standards, including HD and UHD formats, with jitter below 1 ns for high-precision applications.^[50] Facilities like broadcast stations employ SPGs to generate reference signals for genlocks, enabling seamless switching and effects processing.^[51] In circuit protection hardware, SPG also designates spark gap protectors, which are gas discharge tubes that divert transient surges, such as lightning-induced voltages, to ground while maintaining low leakage currents near zero before breakdown. These components exhibit junction capacitance below 2 pF, making them suitable for high-frequency telecom lines and sensitive electronics where parasitic effects must be minimized.^[52] Yageo and Socay SPGs withstand repeated strikes with breakdown voltages typically from 90 V to 1000 V, certified under UL standards for reliability in outdoor installations.^[53] The Semiconductor Products Group (SPG) at Applied Materials oversees development of equipment for wafer processing, including tools for atomic layer deposition, etching, and metrology used in fabricating advanced nodes down to 2 nm. As of 2025, SPG supports global chipmakers in scaling production for AI and 5G applications, with integrated solutions reducing defect rates in high-volume manufacturing.^[54] Historically, Agilent Technologies divested its SPG in 2005 to focus on core operations, transferring assets including fab tools to private equity.^[55]

Industrial and scientific applications

In industrial machinery, particularly cinema projectors, SPG denotes Start Pulse Generator, a component that produces high-voltage pulse bursts to ignite xenon arc lamps. This device is integral to systems like Barco's FLM and DP2K series projectors, where it facilitates reliable lamp startup by generating peaks sufficient to ionize the gas within the lamp envelope, typically operating in conjunction with the projector's power supply for instantaneous response upon activation. Failure modes include pulse degradation leading to ignition delays or complete lamp strike failures, often necessitating module replacement to maintain operational uptime in projection environments; empirical testing in service manuals highlights voltage output consistency as critical, with malfunctions traced to capacitor wear or trigger circuit faults after prolonged use exceeding 5000 hours.^[56]^[57] In engineering testing and calibration, SPG refers to Sinusoidal Pressure Generator, employed to simulate dynamic pressure waves for validating transducers and gauges. These generators produce sinusoidal outputs with frequencies ranging from 300 to 5000 Hz and peak-to-peak amplitudes up to 5.6 psi, enabling precise assessment of sensor phase response and amplitude fidelity under controlled conditions akin to operational stresses in fluids or gases. Applications include fundamental liquid studies and calibration for aerospace components, where causal limitations such as resonance effects in the generator's driver system can introduce harmonic distortions if not empirically tuned, as documented in NASA evaluations emphasizing the need for amplitude-independent frequency stability to avoid measurement artifacts.^[58]^[59] Scientifically, SPG designates Scientific Planning Group, committees that oversee research prioritization and proposal evaluation in fields like global change and planetary science. Within the Asia-Pacific Network for Global Change Research, the SPG has reviewed annual project submissions since 1996, recommending funding for interdisciplinary studies on climate adaptation, yielding outputs such as peer-reviewed analyses of vulnerability capacities in developing regions with empirical data from 2010 onward integrated into UNFCCC reports. Similarly, the NSF's Solar and Planetary Research Grants program under SPG supports individual and collaborative investigations, including laboratory plasma simulations and archival data analyses, with awards since at least 2016 emphasizing causal mechanisms in solar system dynamics over incremental modeling.^[60]^[61]^[62]

Arts, entertainment, and media

Music

Steam Powered Giraffe (commonly abbreviated SPG) is an American musical project founded in San Diego, California, in 2008 by twin siblings David Michael Bennett and Isabella "Bunny" Bennett. The act features performers portraying steam-powered robots in a pantomime style, incorporating steampunk aesthetics with genres spanning cabaret, folk, electronic, and orchestral elements. Their music often explores themes of Victorian-era machinery, space opera, and automaton lore, delivered through live shows with elaborate costumes and props.^[63]^[64] The group's discography includes Album One (self-released in 2009), MK III (2013, featuring tracks like "Brass Goggles" with over 10 million YouTube views as of 2025), The Vice Quadrant: A Space Opera (2016), and Quintessential (2020). More recent releases encompass Music from SteamWorld Heist (2015, a video game soundtrack collaboration) and 1896 (2023), which debuted tracks such as "Olly and the Equinox Band" and "Intertwined" via official music videos in 2023–2025. SPG maintains a dedicated fanbase through independent releases and tours, with no major commercial chart success but sustained streaming presence on platforms like YouTube and Spotify.^[65]^[66] "S.P.G." is a track by Scottish punk rock band The Exploited, appearing on their debut album Punk's Not Dead released on 29 March 1981 by Secret Records. The song, written by vocalist Wattie Buchan, satirizes the UK's Special Patrol Group police unit amid 1970s–1980s social unrest, exemplifying the band's raw, anti-establishment sound with fast-paced instrumentation and shouted vocals. It has been reissued in compilations like the 2004 Punk's Not Dead remaster but lacks significant chart performance, remaining a staple in punk subculture playlists.^[67] SPG Records operated as an independent Canadian label from the early 1990s to 2010, focusing on house, dance, and electronic compilations such as Club Hits 2000 (1999). Based in Toronto, it distributed tracks by various artists in the club scene without notable mainstream breakthroughs.^[68]

Fictional works and other media

In the British sitcom The Young Ones (1982–1984), SPG refers to Special Patrol Group, a fictional talking hamster owned by the punk character Vyvyan. Voiced by Rik Mayall with a Glaswegian accent, the character is depicted as destructive and frequently subjected to extreme violence by Vyvyan, serving as a satirical nod to the real-life controversial Special Patrol Group police unit known for aggressive tactics.^[69] SPG appears in multiple episodes, such as "Flood" (1982), where it highlights the show's absurd humor and critique of authority.^[70] In chess composition literature, SPG denotes Shortest Proof Game, a type of retroanalysis puzzle requiring the reconstruction of the minimal number of moves to reach a given board position, often featured in specialized books and periodicals. These problems, distinct from standard proof games by emphasizing brevity without uniqueness, appear in works like Problem Chess: Art and Magic on the Chessboard (2010), which details solving techniques and examples exploiting illegal or improbable prior moves.^[71] Solving records for complex SPGs, such as those involving homebase variants or underpromotions, are documented in chess problem bulletins, with computational aids like the Natch program verifying minimal paths since the early 2000s.^[72] In the Philippines, SPG stands for Strong Parental Guidance (or Striktong Patnubay at Gabay), a television and film rating introduced by the Movie and Television Review and Classification Board (MTRCB) on February 13, 2012, to flag content with mature themes like violence, sexual innuendo, or horror unsuitable for children without supervision.^[73] The rating mandates viewer discretion advisories and has sparked debates over its application to news broadcasts featuring graphic crime stories, with critics arguing it inadequately shields minors from midday airings.^[74] Implementation guidelines require programs to include on-screen warnings, aiming to enforce stricter parental oversight amid concerns over escalating media explicitness.^[75]

Other uses

Slang, culture, and colloquialisms

In Singaporean and Malaysian vernacular, particularly among ethnic Chinese communities, "SPG" acronymizes "Sarong Party Girl," a pejorative label coined in the 1940s–1950s under British colonial administration for local women attending expatriate-hosted social gatherings in traditional sarongs, often implying transactional or aspirational romantic pursuits with Western men.^[76] ^[77] The term evokes stereotypes of culturally alienated, urban-educated women prioritizing Caucasian partners for perceived socioeconomic elevation, with usage enduring into the 21st century amid debates over its sexist undertones and reflections of postcolonial identity tensions; demographic patterns link it to higher-income, English-proficient Singaporean Chinese females in globalized enclaves like Orchard Road.^[78] Literary depictions, including Cheryl Lu-Lien Tan's 2016 satirical novel Sarong Party Girls, portray SPGs as antiheroines navigating racial hierarchies and consumerism, drawing from real-world expatriate dating dynamics observed in city-state nightlife since the 1990s economic boom.^[79] Across Southeast Asia, especially Indonesia, "SPG" signifies "Sales Promotion Girl," a job category for predominantly young female promoters at trade fairs, retail outlets, and product launches, where duties involve direct customer engagement often in form-fitting or minimal clothing to boost visual appeal and sales conversion rates.^[80] Emergent in the post-1998 Asian financial crisis era amid expanding consumer markets, the role provides entry-level wages 20–50% above minimum for unskilled labor—averaging IDR 2–4 million monthly in Jakarta as of 2018—but incurs economic critiques for commodifying female physicality in male-dominated industries like tobacco and FMCG, exacerbating gender wage gaps and informal sector vulnerabilities.^[81] Participants report endemic verbal and physical harassment, with scant regulatory oversight in events hosting up to 10,000 attendees, underscoring broader labor market pressures on female youth unemployment rates hovering at 15–20% in urban Indonesia during the 2010s.^[81] In American barbecue culture, "SPG" denotes a foundational dry rub comprising kosher salt, coarse black pepper, and granulated garlic, applied pre-cook to proteins for flavor penetration via salt-induced moisture extraction and enhancement of umami through garlic's allicin compounds during high-heat searing.^[82] Popularized in Texas-style brisket smoking since the early 2000s competition circuit, standard formulations use ratios like 4:2:1 (salt:pepper:garlic by volume), yielding 1–1.5 cups per batch for 10–15 pounds of meat, with prevalence in recipes emphasizing simplicity to spotlight meat's inherent savoriness over complex spice profiles.^[83] This blend's efficacy stems from balanced salinity (drawing out proteins for bark formation), pepper's piperine for heat modulation, and garlic's sulfur volatiles amplifying Maillard browning, as evidenced in low-and-slow cooks reaching 225–250°F internal temperatures over 12–18 hours.^[82]

Science, medicine, and miscellaneous

In medicine, splenoportography (SPG) is a diagnostic imaging procedure that involves percutaneous injection of radiopaque contrast material directly into the spleen to opacify and visualize the portal venous system, including the splenic vein, portal vein, and its branches. First described in the 1950s, it was historically employed to evaluate portal hypertension, varices, and thrombosis, providing dynamic assessment of hepatopetal blood flow prior to surgical interventions like shunts.^[84] Despite risks such as splenic rupture or hemorrhage (reported in up to 2-5% of cases in early series), its utility persisted into the 1980s for cases where non-invasive methods like ultrasound were inconclusive, though it has largely been supplanted by CT and MRI portography due to improved safety and resolution.^[85] The sphenopalatine ganglion (SPG), a small parasympathetic nerve cluster in the pterygopalatine fossa posterior to the middle turbinate, serves as a therapeutic target in interventional pain management. SPG blocks, administered via transnasal applicators or catheters with anesthetics like lidocaine, alleviate cluster headaches, migraines, and facial pain by interrupting sensory and autonomic pathways linked to trigeminal activation; clinical trials from the 2010s report pain relief in 60-80% of acute episodes within 15-30 minutes.^[86] Devices such as the Tx360 nasal applicator, FDA-cleared in 2012, enable office-based procedures with minimal complications like epistaxis (under 1%).^[87] In neurogenetics, SPG designates loci and genes implicated in hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP), a heterogeneous group of over 80 autosomal dominant, recessive, or X-linked disorders causing progressive lower limb spasticity, weakness, and gait disturbance due to corticospinal tract degeneration. Mutations in SPG4 (encoding spastin, affecting microtubule dynamics) account for 40% of autosomal dominant cases, with onset typically in the third to fourth decade; prevalence is 1-9 per 100,000 globally, higher in certain isolates like the Irish (up to 9.6 per 100,000).^[88] The sucrose-phosphate-glyoxylic acid (SPG) method represents a refined histofluorescence technique for detecting monoamines (catecholamines and serotonin) in neural tissues. Developed in 1976 by de la Torre, it entails immersion of fresh cryosections in a buffered solution of 0.2 M sucrose, 0.15 M potassium phosphate (pH 7.9), and 2% glyoxylic acid monohydrate, followed by 3-second exposure at 95-100°C to induce specific green (catechol) or yellow (serotonin) fluorescence under UV microscopy. This approach yields results in under 20 minutes with enhanced sensitivity over prior Falck-Hillar p methods, enabling precise mapping of adrenergic and serotonergic fibers in brain and peripheral tissues; standardization studies confirm reproducibility across species like rats and humans when tissue drying and heating are controlled.^[89]^[90] Speckle plethysmography (SPG), an optical imaging modality leveraging laser speckle contrast analysis of microvascular blood flow fluctuations, provides non-contact hemodynamic assessment superior to traditional photoplethysmography (PPG) in noisy environments. Validated in 2018 wearable prototypes, SPG extracts pulse waveforms and heart rate variability from dynamic light scattering, with signal-to-noise ratios 20-50% higher than PPG during motion artifacts; applications include remote vital sign monitoring in clinical settings, where it correlates strongly (r>0.9) with arterial blood pressure oscillations.^[87]^[91] In miscellaneous scientific contexts, SPG denotes a submersible pressure gauge for deep-sea measurements, recording hydrostatic pressures up to 10,000 psi in oceanographic deployments to study currents and tectonics.^[88] It also refers to sinusoidal pressure generators in fluid dynamics experiments, producing controlled acoustic waves for testing material resonance since the 1990s.^[92]

References

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The Special Protection Group (Amendment) Bill, 2019 - PRS India
The Special Protection Group (Amendment) Bill, 2019 was introduced in Lok Sabha by the Minister of Home Affairs, Mr. Amit Shah, on November 25, 2019.
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Special Protection Group, Government of India
Special Protection Group (SPG) is entrusted with the task of providing proximate security to the Prime Minister of India, former Prime Minister and their ...Director's Message · Tenders · Awards
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How India's Special Protection Group protects PM and other VVIPS
Jun 2, 2024 · The SPG was formed in 1985, after the assassination of Indira Gandhi. The Union home ministry codified the protocols for protection in the “Blue ...
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KSPG - Albert Whitted Airport - AirNav
Complete aeronautical information about Albert Whitted Airport (St Petersburg, FL, USA), including location, runways, taxiways, navaids, radio frequencies, ...
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Albert Whitted Airport - City of St. Petersburg
The City's Albert Whitted Airport sits on the edge of downtown St. Pete, overlooking Tampa Bay. The Airport provides various aviation services.
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Albert Whitted Airport, St Petersburg - SPG KSPG - Business Air News
IATA Code: SPG · FAA Code: SPG · ICAO Code: KSPG · Latitude: 27.765N · Longitude: 82.626W · Time: UTC-5 · Runway: 1121m / 3677ft (Paved) · Elevation: 7ft.
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Springfield, MA (SPG) - Amtrak
Learn all about the Amtrak Springfield Massachusetts Train Station - map, directions, parking, accessibility, station and ticketing hours, baggage service ...Missing: Springville abbreviation
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MC Spg IN Moahave National Preserve, CA - 350827116061401
Discover water data collected at monitoring location USGS-350827116061401, located in San Bernardino County, California and find additional nearby ...
[9]
122 N10 E33 26BBC 1 Spg Near Gillis Camp - 384200118165000
Discover water data collected at monitoring location USGS-384200118165000, located in Mineral County, Nevada and find additional nearby monitoring ...
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FLAGSHIP SPG VILLAGE RESORTS - Hotel Reviews (Kabbur, India)
Flagship Spg Village Resorts, Kabbur: See traveler reviews, candid photos, and great deals for Flagship Spg Village Resorts at Tripadvisor.
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[PDF] Town Centres SPG - Greater London Authority
0.1 This Supplementary Planning Guidance. (SPG) provides guidance on the implementation of London Plan1 Policy. 2.15 Town centres (see below) and its associated ...
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Special Protection Group (SPG) - BYJU'S
SPG is a federal agency tasked with the proximate protection of the Prime Minister of India, former Prime Ministers, and his/her immediate family members.
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Special Protection Group (SPG) - History, Duties and Act - Testbook
The SPG's protection extends to the Prime Minister, former Prime Ministers, and their immediate family members who reside with them at their official residence.
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Special Protection Group(SPG) - iPleaders
May 26, 2022 · This is an Indian Government organization whose duty is to protect the Prime Minister of India. This group came into force in 1988 by a ...
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SPECIAL PROTECTION GROUP -UPSC Current Affairs - IAS GYAN
It was formed in 1988 by an Act of the Parliament of India. The SPG protects the Prime Minister at all times both in India and abroad, as well as the Prime ...<|separator|>
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The political legacy of Blair Peach - Institute of Race Relations
Apr 23, 2009 · The Special Patrol Group (SPG) was created in 1965 as a para-military unit of the Metropolitan police to provide a centrally-based mobile squad ...
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Metropolitan Police Special Patrol Group - Powerbase.info
Oct 5, 2009 · The Special Patrol Group was disbanded in 1986 and replaced by the Territorial Support Group.Missing: formation controversies
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The Special Patrol Group and the 80s riots
Feb 27, 2011 · The Special Patrol Group was a Metropolitan unit that became very unpopular in the 1970s and was blamed for the 1981 riots in Brixton.
[19]
Dangerous role models: Police specialist squads and gang policing ...
Jan 13, 2021 · This piece, while ranging over a number of issues, foregrounds the growing controversy around specialist squads in the UK, from the SPG in the 1970s-80s to the ...
[20]
3rd SPG Clark Air Base - USAF Police Alumni Association
The 3rd Security Police Group was activated on 16 September 1974 and maintained a presence until Clark AB was closed after the eruption of Mount Pinatubo on ...
[21]
Special Patrol Groups in Britain (From Review of Security and the ...
This paper describes the origins and activities of Special Patrol Groups (SPG) in London and in other British cities.<|control11|><|separator|>
[22]
Investor Relations | Simon Property Group, L.P.
Our properties across North America, Europe and Asia provide community gathering places for millions of people every day and generate billions in annual sales.SEC Filings for SPG INC · SEC Filings for SPG LP · Quarterly Reports · Management
[23]
Simon Property Group (SPG) Stock Price & Overview
Financial Performance In 2024, Simon Property Group's revenue was $5.96 billion, an increase of 5.39% compared to the previous year's $5.66 billion. Earnings ...
[24]
Simon® Reports Second Quarter 2025 Results, Increases Full Year ...
Aug 4, 2025 · Today, Simon's Board of Directors declared a quarterly common stock dividend of $2.15 for the third quarter of 2025. This is an increase of ...
[25]
Marriott Rebrands Its Loyalty Program as Marriott Bonvoy
Jan 16, 2019 · Marriott International's new loyalty brand, Marriott Bonvoy, will replace Marriott Rewards, The Ritz-Carlton Rewards, and Starwood Preferred ...Missing: history 1999-2018 effects<|separator|>
[26]
Marriott Rewards & SPG to combine on August 18
Jul 26, 2018 · Marriott Rewards & SPG to combine on August 18 · One account or two? On August 18, your existing SPG membership number would no longer be valid.Missing: 1999-2018 rebranded
[27]
Marriott's Newly Unveiled Loyalty Program, Bonvoy, Replaces ...
Jan 22, 2019 · Bonvoy, which is free to join, integrates Marriott Rewards, Starwood Preferred Guest, and Ritz-Carlton Rewards into one program.Missing: history 1999-2018 effects
[28]
What SPG Members Have Lost in the Marriott Integration
Sep 1, 2018 · A look at what aspects of the legacy Starwood Preferred Guest program have been devalued or removed entirely as part of the Marriott and SPG ...Missing: 1999-2018 rebranded
[29]
Marriott's New Loyalty Program: Not as Bad as Starwood Fans Feared
Apr 16, 2018 · When Marriott acquired Starwood Hotels, Starwood Preferred Guest members feared the worst. Our resident Starwood fan thinks the new program ...
[30]
[PDF] FORM 20-F - Broadcom Investor Relations
Dec 17, 2008 · We are the successor to the. Semiconductor Products Group business segment (“SPG” or “Predecessor”) of Agilent Technologies, Inc. (“Agilent ...
[31]
Notable Semiconductor Mergers & Acquisitions in 2022 - Z2Data
Jan 18, 2023 · 2020 saw a surge in semiconductor M&As due to tech, capacity, resource expansion, geo-diversification, and resiliency planning. Firms seek AI expertise too.Missing: SPG post- contributions
[32]
Recharged M&A Activity in the Semiconductor Industry - MergerSight
Nov 7, 2020 · 2020 has been the second-highest year of merger and acquisitions in the semiconductor industry. As of October 2020 and excluding any additional ...Missing: SPG contributions
[33]
1st Special Purpose Detachment - MilitaryLand.net
Apr 22, 2025 · It includes the headquarters, management and commandant platoon. X-Ray Group. A special purpose group of ...
[34]
Kontakt-12 - MilitaryLand.net
Apr 8, 2025 · Special Purpose Group “Kontakt-12”, also known as “K-12”, is a unit of the Artillery Group of the Azov Brigade.
[35]
This helmet cam footage shows the 4th Special Purpose Battalion ...
Jun 7, 2025 · Operators from the Special Purpose Group of the Ukrainian SOF relayed the coordinates of the detected targets to the artillery of the ...
[36]
Special forces conducted a special operation in the Kherson region ...
On the night of January 23 to 24, a special purpose group conducted a reconnaissance raid in the invader's rear in the Nova Kakhovka area. It is reported ...<|separator|>
[37]
SPECIAL PURPOSE ISLAMIC REGIMENT (SPIR) | Security Council
In July 2001, Barayev claimed that a “special purpose group” of SPIR had executed Alkhan-Kala resident Dzhapar Khazuyev as a “proven” traitor. After the ...
[38]
[PDF] U.S. Navy Capstone Strategies and Concepts (1991-2000)
♢ Overseen by “CNO Strategic Planning Group”. (CSPG). ♢VCNO ADM Don Pilling, OPNAV N3/N5 VADM Jim Ellis,. OPNAV N6 VADM Art Cebrowski, OPNAV N8 VADM. Connie ...
[39]
Sturmgeschütz III Ausf.G - Tank Encyclopedia
Dec 1, 2014 · After nine days of heavy fighting, the regiment claimed 184 enemy tanks (mostly T-34s), 87 AT guns and 26 artillery pieces, for only four losses ...
[40]
Sturmgeschütz III Assault Gun - World War II Database
Around 10.000 were produced, prototypes were built in 1937 and went in full production in 1940. Most produced series was StuG III Ausf. G. They made around 8000 ...
[41]
Alecto Self-Propelled Gun - Destination's Journey
The Alecto (named after on of the three Furies) was a development of the A25 Light Tank Mk VIII Harry Hopkins. It used a lightweight version of the Mk. VIII ...
[42]
Alecto Mk. II: The British ASU-57 - War Thunder — official forum
Jul 20, 2023 · The Alecto Mk. II was a mobile, airborne-capable SPG with a QF 6-pounder gun, designed for the far east, but never accepted for service. It was ...
[43]
Arms Trends in Ukraine: 04 August - 10 August, 2025
Aug 11, 2025 · The self-propelled howitzer Bohdana (2S-22) uses NATO-standard shells and can engage targets at distances up to 42 kilometers. Thanks to its ...
[44]
Artillery Is Still King, And Ukraine Has Mastered Producing Howitzers
Mar 26, 2025 · Ukraine has increased its ability to deploy large numbers of its domestically produced 2S22 Bohdana self-propelled howitzers.
[45]
The World's Most Advanced Self-Propelled Artillery Systems (2025)
Apr 11, 2025 · Proven effectiveness in Afghanistan and the Ukraine conflict (2022–2024), praised for accuracy and rate of fire ... PLA service; no known combat ...
[46]
Army reignites self-propelled howitzer competition after ATI pause
Sep 30, 2025 · Comprehensive analysis has confirmed the importance of 155mm self-propelled artillery system-of-systems to the Army,” read the request for ...Missing: 2020 upgrades
[47]
The continuing evolution of tube artillery - Euro-sd
Sep 1, 2025 · Meanwhile, Ukraine has accepted into service and significantly expanded production of the wheeled 2S22 Bohdana SPH. Based on battlefield ...
[48]
[PDF] Subject: Audio, Video & TV Engineering
All these cameras can have a common synchronization system. The synchronization pulses could be provided by a common synchronous pulse generator (SPG). Page 71 ...
[49]
Consumer Electronics-BEC654B - Module-4 | PDF | Cable Television
Rating 5.0 (1) All these cameras can have a common synchronization system. • The synchronization pulses could be provided by a common synchronous pulse generator (SPG). • Fig.Missing: cinema | Show results with:cinema
[50]
[PDF] synchronous - OSTI
The existing synchronous pulse generator (SPG) is a device presently being used in a field application and has been fully described in Reference 2. Two ...Missing: cinema | Show results with:cinema
[51]
Industrial Training Report at DDK Mandi House New Delhi | DOCX
The output of an SPG will typically be in one of several forms, depending on the needs of the facility. Fig: Synchronous Pulse Generator. 36. 35 MODES OF ...Missing: cinema | Show results with:cinema<|separator|>
[52]
SPG (Spark Gap Protectors) Circuit Protection Components - DigiKey
May 10, 2021 · YAGEO's SPG has low junction capacitance (<2 pF), which can meet the quality requirement of application in telecommunication.
[53]
SPG - Socay Electronics-Gas Discharge Tube,TVS Diodes,ESD ...
The glass gas discharge tube is also called Spark Gap Protectors (SPG) or a powerful discharge tube. SPG has the advantages of small size, low cost, ...
[54]
Prabu Raja | Applied Materials
Prabu Raja is president of the Semiconductor Products Group (SPG). He leads Applied Materials' semiconductor process equipment businesses and the global field ...
[55]
Agilent Technologies Details Timing for SPG Divestiture Close
Oct 13, 2005 · Agilent Technologies Inc. (NYSE:A) today announced it expects to close the sale of its Semiconductor Products Group (SPG) to Kohlberg Kravis Roberts & Co. and ...
[56]
Start Pulse Generator - Barco FLM series Service Manual [Page 307]
START PULSE GENERATOR. Functionality. The purpose of the Start Pulse Generator (SPG) is to ignite the lamp with a burst of high voltage peaks. The SPG ...
[57]
Start Pulse Generator - Barco DP2K-12C Service Manual [Page 307]
This chapter describes brieﬂy the functionality, the different parts and the replacement procedure of the Start Pulse Generator (SPG). Overview.
[58]
Sinusoidal-pressure generator for testing dynamic pressure probes
Generator can produce sinusoidal pressures at frequencies from 300 to 5000 Hz and peak-to-peak amplitudes up to 5.6 lbs/sq in. Amplitude and phase-angle ...Missing: SPG applications
[59]
Sinusoidal Pressure Generator with Wide Amplitude and Frequency ...
The SPG should find wide application in evaluation tests of pressure gauges as well as in a variety of research problems. Some preliminary data were ...
[60]
Scientific Planning Group | Asia-Pacific Network for Global Change ...
The Scientific Planning Group (SPG) provides recommendations on the scientific programme of APN. It reviews proposals submitted through an annual call.Missing: geographical | Show results with:geographical
[61]
[PDF] Asia-Pacific Network for Global change Research (APN) - UNFCCC
APN's Scientific Planning Group (SPG) before project funds for the next fiscal year is approved. • Final Scientific/Technical Activity Report, (applicable ...
[62]
NSF 16-602: Solar and Planetary Research Grants (SPG)
Sep 12, 2016 · The Solar and Planetary Research Grants (SPG) Program provides individual investigator and collaborative research grants for observational, theoretical, ...<|separator|>
[63]
Steam Powered Giraffe
Join the robots Rabbit, Zer0, and The Spine alongside backing musicians and Walter Workers Lacey Johnson, David Butterfield, Chelsea, and Camille for an ...Music · Info · Lore · Booking/Contact Us
[64]
1896 | Steam Powered Giraffe
Free deliverySteam Powered Giraffe is a musical project from San Diego, California. It was formed in 2008 by twin siblings David Michael Bennett and Isabella “Bunny” Bennett ...
[65]
Music - Steam Powered Giraffe
Steam Powered Giraffe has released albums like '1896', 'Quintessential', 'Music From SteamWorld Heist', 'The Vice Quadrant', and 'Live at Walter Robotics Expo ...
[66]
Steam Powered Giraffe - Honeybee - YouTube
Feb 8, 2012 · Purchase CDs, digital concerts, merch, and find links to iTunes/Amazon Music: https://www.spgiraffestore.com/ © 2012 Steam Powered Giraffe ...
[67]
S.P.G - song and lyrics by The Exploited - Spotify
Listen to S.P.G on Spotify. Song · The Exploited · 2007. ... © 2004 Link Music. ℗ 2004 Link Music. Lyrics provided by Musixmatch. Company.
[68]
https://www.discogs.com/label/79689-SPG-Music-Ltd
[69]
The Young Ones (British television series) - Britannica
Later episodes featured a talking hamster named Special Patrol Group (a reference to a division of London's police department, with the voice provided by ...
[70]
"The Young Ones" Flood (TV Episode 1982) - IMDb
Rating 8.1/10 (544) Rik Mayall provided the voice of Special Patrol Group, Vyvyan's pet hamster. Goofs. The coke can on top of the fridge both disappears and reappears during ...
[71]
Problem Chess: Art and Magic on the Chessboard - dokumen.pub
... position. In such cases the term shortest proof game (SPG) is used. To Solve Proof Games Have a look at the position in the next diagram. It says that this ...
[72]
What proportion of chess positions that one can set up on the board ...
Jul 30, 2013 · has some info and links, particularly to a program called Natch, which purports to find the shortest proof game for an arbitrary position (I ...Missing: media | Show results with:media
[73]
What's the difference between PG and SPG? - Philstar.com
Feb 16, 2012 · The MTRCB (Movies and Television Review and Classification Board) has just implemented a new rating called SPG (Striktong Patnubay at Gabay or Strong Parental ...
[74]
SPG rating for TV newscasts - Inquirer Opinion
May 21, 2018 · Often gory, these crime stories would merit a “Strict Parental Guidance or SPG” rating if the classification rules of the Movie and Television ...
[75]
SPG Rating Guidelines by MTRCB - Jur.ph
The Guidelines for the Strong Parental Guidance (SPG) Classification Rating in the Philippines aim to protect children from harmful content on television.
[76]
Cheryl Lu-Lien Tan's Sarong Party Girls, reviewed.
Jul 20, 2016 · The sarong party girl originated in colonial Singapore when British soldiers brought local women to their officers' parties. Sarong, that ...
[77]
Sarong Party - Singapore Bicentennial - Facebook
Feb 20, 2019 · The term SPG (Sarong Party Girl) first originated in 1940s to 1950s when Singapore was still under British rule; local ladies invited to social ...
[78]
Are Bangkok Bros the New SPG? - Rice Media
Incidentally, a preference for dating foreigners is also the hallmark of another much maligned, and often misunderstood, phenomenon – the Sarong Party Girl (SPG) ...Missing: origin | Show results with:origin
[79]
Reviews - Cheryl Lu-Lien Tan
Jul 20, 2016 · The sarong party girl originated in colonial Singapore when British soldiers brought local women to their officers' parties. Sarong, that ...
[80]
Promotion girls: better looking, better pay - Sat, August 20, 2011
Aug 20, 2011 · Companies hire these sales promotion girls (SPG) to promote their businesses and products, even when the service or merchandise has nothing to ...
[81]
The Perils of Being an SPG in Jakarta - New Naratif
Apr 16, 2018 · Yet most companies employing sales promotion girls (often known as SPGs) insist they must be scantily clad—many advertisements for SPG ...
[82]
Salt Pepper and Garlic (SPG) Seasoning - DadCooksDinner
5 minApr 1, 2025 · ½ cup (65g) ground black pepper · ¼ cup (65g) fine sea salt (or 3 tablespoons/65g table salt) · 4 teaspoons (15g) granulated garlic powder ...INGREDIENTS · How to make Salt Pepper... · Salt Pepper and Garlic (SPG...
[83]
SPG Beef Rub - Salt, Pepper, Granulated Garlic - Vindulge
Rating 4.4 (25) · 5 minJun 12, 2020 · A simple yet flavorful beef rub that works from steaks to brisket. Use kosher salt, coarse black pepper, and granulated garlic (versus garlic powder or salt).<|control11|><|separator|>
[84]
Splenoportography--a valuable diagnostic technic, revisited - PubMed
Splenoportography is a relatively simple procedure which provides excellent visualization of the portal venous system. Other methods may require special ...Missing: SPG | Show results with:SPG
[85]
Splenoportography: an assessment of its value and risk - PMC - NIH
Splenoportography: an assessment of its value and risk. · Full text · Images in this article · Selected References · ACTIONS · PERMALINK · RESOURCES · Cite · Add to ...Missing: SPG | Show results with:SPG
[86]
Sphenopalatine Ganglion (SPG) Block: What It Is, and How It's Used ...
(The full name sounds like “SFEN-oh-palatine GANG-leon,” but most people use the acronym SPG.) Connected to the trigeminal nerve and the brain stem, the SPG is ...
[87]
Wearable speckle plethysmography (SPG) for characterizing ... - NIH
Jul 30, 2018 · In this work we introduce a modified form of laser speckle imaging (LSI) referred to as affixed transmission speckle analysis (ATSA) that ...Missing: acronym | Show results with:acronym
[88]
SPG - Science & Medicine - Acronym Finder
SPG, Scientific Planning Group ; SPG, Synchronizing Pulse Generator ; SPG, Sinusoidal Pressure Generator ; SPG, Start Pulse Generator (cinema projectors).Missing: applications | Show results with:applications
[89]
The SPG method | Histochemistry and Cell Biology
A methodological approach to rapid and sensitive monoamine histofluorescence using a modified glyoxylic acid technique: The SPG method. Published: June 1976.
[90]
Histochemical fluorescence of tissue and brain monoamines - PubMed
The procedure uses a phosphate-sucrose buffer solution combined with 1% glyoxylic acid. Tissues are reacted for 3 s at room temperature. Catecholaminergic cell ...
[91]
Speckleplethysmographic (SPG) Estimation of Heart Rate Variability ...
Oct 1, 2019 · Speckleplethysmography (SPG), an optical signal that measures changes in blood flow using laser speckle imaging, provides an improved signal-to- ...Missing: acronym | Show results with:acronym<|separator|>
[92]
SPG - What does SPG stand for? The Free Dictionary
SPG, Special Protection Group (India) ; SPG, South Pacific Gyre (marine microbiology) ; SPG, Special Patrol Group ; SPG, Submersible Pressure Gauge.Missing: meaning | Show results with:meaning