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AT

Astatine is a highly radioactive chemical element in the halogen group with the symbol At and atomic number 85.^[1]^[2] It occurs naturally only in minute trace amounts as a decay product of heavier radioactive elements, making it the rarest stable-occurring element in the Earth's crust, with estimates of the total global quantity at approximately 25 to 30 grams at any given time due to its short-lived isotopes.^[3]^[4] Discovered in 1940 by American physicists Dale R. Corson, Kenneth Ross Mackenzie, and Emilio Segré through bombardment of bismuth with alpha particles at the University of California, Berkeley, astatine was the last naturally occurring element to be identified prior to the synthesis of superheavy elements.^[2] Its chemical properties are inferred to resemble those of iodine, the halogen above it in the periodic table, though its extreme instability—most isotopes have half-lives under a minute, with the longest (astatine-210) lasting about 8 hours—precludes large-scale study or isolation.^[5]^[1] Despite its scarcity and radioactivity, astatine holds potential applications in targeted alpha therapy for cancer treatment, leveraging its emission of alpha particles to destroy malignant cells with minimal damage to surrounding tissue, though practical use remains limited by production challenges and rapid decay.^[6] No significant industrial or commercial exploitation exists owing to these constraints, underscoring its status as primarily a subject of nuclear and radiochemical research.^[3]

Geographical locations

Austria

AT designates Austria in the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 standard, a two-letter code assigned to the Republic of Austria, a landlocked federal republic in Central Europe.^[7] The code derives from the country's name, which originates from Medieval Latin Austria, itself a latinization of the German Österreich meaning "eastern realm," reflecting its historical position as the eastern march of the Frankish Empire.^[8] Austria spans an area of 83,871 square kilometers, making it roughly the size of the U.S. state of South Carolina, with terrain dominated by the Eastern Alps covering about 62% of its land, including the highest peak, Grossglockner, at 3,798 meters.^[9] The country borders eight nations: Germany and Czech Republic to the north, Slovakia and Hungary to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west, with no coastline but significant freshwater resources like Lake Constance, Central Europe's third-largest lake.^[10] Austria's geography features a mix of alpine highlands in the west and south, transitioning to lowlands and hills in the east, where the Danube River—the continent's second-longest—flows eastward, supporting agriculture and hydropower.^[9] Forests cover approximately 47% of the territory, contributing to its dense woodland density compared to other European nations.^[11] As of January 1, 2025, the population stood at 9,198,214, with projections indicating modest growth to around 9.2 million by year's end, driven by net migration amid low natural increase rates of about -0.08% annually.^[12] ^[13] The capital and largest city, Vienna, serves as both a federal state (Bundesland) and the political center, housing roughly 25% of the populace in an urban area of over 1.9 million; the country comprises nine states in total, each with semi-autonomous governance under a federal parliamentary republic system.^[14] ^[9] Climatically, Austria exhibits a temperate continental pattern, with alpine regions experiencing cold winters ideal for skiing and milder summers, while eastern lowlands see greater temperature extremes and precipitation influenced by the Danube basin.^[9] These features underpin Austria's economy, with tourism drawing millions annually to alpine resorts and cultural sites, though the mountainous topography poses challenges for infrastructure and flood management, as evidenced by periodic Danube overflows.^[10] Environmentally, the nation maintains high forest cover and protected areas, including parts of the Alps, supporting biodiversity amid pressures from climate change-induced glacier retreat documented at rates exceeding 1% annually in recent decades.^[11]

United States

The Appalachian Trail (AT), a renowned hiking path in the eastern United States, extends roughly 2,197 miles across 14 states, following the Appalachian Mountains from its southern endpoint at Springer Mountain in Georgia to the northern terminus at Mount Katahdin in Maine's Baxter State Park.^[15] This route primarily traces high ridges, plateaus, and valleys, encompassing varied terrain such as forested ridges in the Great Smoky Mountains, open balds in the southern Appalachians, and rugged peaks in New England, with elevations ranging from near sea level to over 6,600 feet at Clingmans Dome in Tennessee.^[16] Approximately 95% of the trail lies on public land, including national parks like Shenandoah and Great Smoky Mountains, state forests, and private easements protected by the National Park Service and local partners. Designated as the first National Scenic Trail under the National Trails System Act of 1968, the AT serves as a linear greenway corridor averaging about 50 miles wide, preserving biodiversity across temperate broadleaf and mixed forests dominated by oak, hickory, and hemlock species. It crosses six physiographic provinces of the Appalachians, from the Blue Ridge in the south to the White Mountains in the north, exposing hikers to distinct ecological zones including southern hardwood forests transitioning to northern hardwoods and spruce-fir at higher altitudes. Annual maintenance by over 30 trail clubs ensures the path's integrity against erosion, invasive species, and overuse, with relocations periodically adjusting for environmental protection, such as the 2020 updates to mitigate flood damage in Vermont. The trail's geographical significance lies in its role as a contiguous protected landscape facilitating wildlife migration and watershed connectivity, spanning the Eastern Continental Divide in parts and influencing hydrology for major rivers like the Potomac and Connecticut. Over 3 million visitors annually engage with sections of the AT, underscoring its status as a key public land feature, though challenges like climate-driven shifts in vegetation—evidenced by hemlock woolly adelgid infestations reducing canopy cover by up to 50% in affected areas—threaten its ecological stability.^[17]

Other locations

The abbreviation AT has been used in specialized geographical nomenclature to denote the Antilles, a chain of islands in the Caribbean Sea comprising the Greater Antilles (including Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola, and Puerto Rico) and Lesser Antilles (extending from the Virgin Islands to Trinidad). This usage appears in systems for naming planetary features, drawing from terrestrial geography.^[18] In certain official U.S. administrative contexts, such as Internal Revenue Service country codes for tax reporting, AT designates the Ashmore and Cartier Islands, an external territory of Australia located in the Indian Ocean approximately 320 km west of northwest Australia, consisting of low atolls and reefs with no permanent population but administered for conservation and resource management. The islands cover about 5 square kilometers of land amid larger reef areas and were declared a national nature reserve in 1983.^[19]

Political and organizational uses

Government and politics

In representative democracies, particularly in the United States, "at-large" denotes an electoral system where officials are elected by the voters of an entire jurisdiction, such as a state, county, or municipality, rather than from geographically defined districts or wards.^[20] This method contrasts with district-based elections, allowing candidates to draw support from the whole electorate and represent broader constituency interests without sub-jurisdictional boundaries.^[21] At the national level, the U.S. House of Representatives employs at-large districts primarily for states with only one congressional seat, such as Alaska, Delaware, North Dakota, South Dakota, Vermont, and Wyoming, where the representative serves the entire state population—ranging from about 570,000 in Wyoming to over 730,000 in Alaska as of the 2020 census apportionment. Historically, multi-seat states used at-large systems more frequently until the 1967 Uniform Congressional District Act mandated single-member districts for states with more than one representative to promote localized accountability, though non-voting delegates from territories like Guam and the Virgin Islands are elected at-large. These at-large seats ensure proportional representation based on total population under Article I, Section 2 of the U.S. Constitution, but empirical analyses show they can amplify majority preferences across diverse electorates.^[22] Locally, at-large elections are common for city councils, school boards, and county commissions, with voters selecting multiple candidates for open seats from the entire area; for instance, in systems electing five council members, the top five vote-getters win, as seen in various U.S. municipalities.^[23] Approximately 30% of large U.S. cities used pure at-large systems as of 2015, though hybrid models combining at-large and district seats have increased due to legal challenges.^[24] Federal courts, including under Section 2 of the Voting Rights Act of 1965, have invalidated numerous at-large systems for diluting minority voting power, finding that they enable majority blocs to consistently outvote concentrated minority groups, as evidenced in over 100 cases since 1982 where remedies shifted to districting.^[25] Conversely, proponents argue at-large elections foster citywide cohesion and reduce parochialism, supported by studies showing higher legislative cohesion in at-large legislatures compared to district-based ones.^[21] Internationally, analogous systems exist, such as Canada's at-large Senate appointments or historical uses in parliamentary bodies, but the term "at-large" is most codified in U.S. practice.^[26] Reforms often arise from demographic shifts and litigation, with data indicating at-large persistence in smaller jurisdictions (under 100,000 population) where districting costs and fragmentation concerns prevail.^[27]

Organizations and titles

AT&T (American Telephone and Telegraph) is a multinational telecommunications holding company headquartered in Dallas, Texas, tracing its origins to the American Telephone and Telegraph Company established in 1885 as a subsidiary of American Bell Telephone Company.^[28] Alternative Tentacles is an independent punk rock record label founded in 1979 in San Francisco, California, by Jello Biafra, vocalist of the Dead Kennedys, to release the band's music independently after disputes with major labels.^[29] In professional contexts, particularly sports medicine, AT designates an athletic trainer, a licensed allied health care professional responsible for preventing, diagnosing, and treating musculoskeletal injuries among athletes and active individuals, with the term preferred over vague alternatives like "trainer."^[30]^[31]

Transportation and infrastructure

Automotive

In automotive contexts, "AT" primarily refers to automatic transmission, a drivetrain component that automatically selects and shifts gears based on vehicle speed, engine load, and throttle position, eliminating the need for a clutch pedal and manual gear lever. This contrasts with manual transmissions (MT), where the driver controls shifting via a clutch and gear stick. Introduced to simplify driving and reduce operator fatigue, AT systems have become predominant in passenger vehicles, comprising over 80% of new car sales in markets like the United States by 2020.^[32] The concept of automatic shifting dates to the early 20th century, with Canadian engineer Alfred Horner Munro patenting the first fully automatic transmission in 1923, which used compressed air rather than hydraulic fluid for gear changes.^[33] Practical hydraulic-based designs emerged later; General Motors' Oldsmobile division introduced the Hydramatic, the first mass-produced automatic transmission, in 1940 models, featuring fluid coupling and planetary gears for four forward speeds.^[34] Post-World War II advancements, driven by torque converters for smoother power delivery, propelled adoption, with manufacturers like Chrysler (Fluid Drive, 1938 precursor) and Ford (Ford-O-Matic, 1951) following suit.^[35] By the 1980s, electronic controls integrated sensors and computers for optimized shift points, improving fuel efficiency and performance amid regulatory demands for emissions reductions.^[36] Modern AT variants include traditional torque-converter automatics with discrete gear ratios (typically 6-10 speeds in contemporary vehicles), which use planetary gearsets, hydraulic clutches, and valve bodies for operation.^[37] Other subtypes encompass dual-clutch transmissions (DCTs), which employ two separate clutches for pre-selecting gears to enable rapid shifts akin to manuals but automated; and automated manual transmissions (AMTs), which retain a manual gearbox layout with electronic actuators for clutch and shift control, often at lower cost.^[38] Continuously variable transmissions (CVTs), sometimes classified under AT, provide infinite ratios via belts or chains over variable pulleys, prioritizing efficiency over the "stepped" feel of conventional units, though they face criticism for perceived sluggishness under hard acceleration.^[39] These systems enhance drivability in varied conditions, from urban stop-go traffic to highway cruising, but require periodic fluid changes and can incur higher maintenance costs than manuals due to complex internals.^[40]

Trails and routes

The Appalachian Trail consists of a primary north-south footpath extending approximately 2,190 miles (3,524 km) across the Appalachian Mountains, with its southern terminus at Springer Mountain in Georgia and northern terminus at Mount Katahdin in Maine.^[41] The route traverses 14 states—Georgia, North Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, West Virginia, Maryland, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, New York, Connecticut, Massachusetts, Vermont, New Hampshire, and Maine—primarily following ridgelines, valleys, and forested areas while crossing national parks, state forests, and private lands.^[15] The trail's length fluctuates modestly each year due to rerouting for ecological protection, erosion control, and infrastructure improvements, measuring 2,198.4 miles as of 2023.^[42]^[15] Hikers follow the main trail, designated by 2-by-6-inch white blazes painted on trees, rocks, and posts, with double blazes indicating turns.^[43] Thru-hikes, which cover the full distance continuously, typically require 5 to 7 months and are undertaken northbound (starting in Georgia in March–April to avoid winter in Maine) or southbound (starting in Maine in June–July).^[41] Section hikes, covering discrete segments, enable shorter outings ranging from day trips to multi-week efforts; popular routes include the 71-mile Tennessee portion through Great Smoky Mountains National Park (highest point: Clingmans Dome at 6,643 feet) and the 161-mile New Hampshire stretch in White Mountain National Forest (highest point: Mount Washington at 6,288 feet).^[44] The trail's midpoint, near Pine Grove Furnace State Park in Pennsylvania, serves as a symbolic benchmark for northbound hikers.^[45] Over 250 side trails, marked by blue blazes, connect to the main path, providing access to 260 shelters, campsites, water sources, and scenic overlooks while adding thousands of miles of supplementary mileage.^[46] Notable connectors include the 8.8-mile Approach Trail from Amicalola Falls State Park to Springer Mountain and overlaps with the Long Trail in Vermont (150 miles shared).^[41] Extensions beyond the endpoints, such as the International Appalachian Trail into Canada (approximately 1,900 additional miles), link to the core route via side paths like the Pinhoti Trail in Alabama.^[45] The Appalachian Trail Conservancy, collaborating with 31 maintaining clubs and federal agencies, oversees marking, clearing, and preservation to sustain the trail's integrity against natural wear and development pressures.^[47]

Science and technology

Physical sciences

Astatine (At) is a chemical element with atomic number 85 and symbol At in the periodic table.^[1] It belongs to the halogen group (Group 17) and is the heaviest known halogen, exhibiting properties similar to iodine but with significant radioactivity due to its short-lived isotopes.^[48] Astatine was first synthesized on August 8, 1940, by Dale R. Corson, Kenneth R. Mackenzie, and Emilio Segrè at the University of California, Berkeley, through bombardment of bismuth with alpha particles from polonium, producing the isotope astatine-211 with a half-life of 7.21 hours.^[48] The element occurs naturally in trace amounts from uranium and thorium decay chains, estimated at less than 30 grams total in Earth's crust, making it the rarest naturally occurring element.^[5] All isotopes are radioactive, with the longest-lived being astatine-210 (half-life 8.1 hours); astatine has no stable isotopes.^[1] Chemically, it forms compounds like astatine halides and oxyanions, but its reactivity is less oxidizing than lighter halogens due to relativistic effects stabilizing its electrons.^[49] Research interest focuses on alpha-emitting isotopes for targeted alpha therapy in cancer treatment, leveraging their high linear energy transfer for cell destruction.^[6] In electromagnetism, ampere-turn (AT) denotes a unit of magnetomotive force equivalent to the force produced by a current of one ampere flowing through a single turn of a coil.^[50] It quantifies the strength driving magnetic flux in a magnetic circuit, calculated as the product of current (in amperes) and number of turns (N), yielding NI ampere-turns.^[51] For instance, a coil with 1000 turns carrying 2 A produces 2000 AT.^[52] Though the International System of Units (SI) uses the ampere alone for magnetomotive force, ampere-turn remains conventional in engineering contexts like transformer design and magnetic hysteresis measurements, where it relates to Ampère's circuital law: ∮H·dl = NI, with H as magnetic field strength.^[53] Ampere-turns per meter (AT/m) expresses magnetic field intensity in solenoids, distinct from amperes per meter (A/m) by incorporating coil geometry.^[53] This unit facilitates analysis of ferromagnetic materials, where saturation often requires thousands of AT, as in ferrite cores rated for specific AT values under applied currents.^[54]

Biological and medical sciences

In genetics, AT refers to ataxia-telangiectasia, a rare autosomal recessive disorder caused by biallelic mutations in the ATM gene on chromosome 11q22-23, which encodes a protein kinase essential for DNA double-strand break repair and cell cycle checkpoint regulation.^[55] Symptoms typically emerge between ages 1 and 4, including progressive cerebellar ataxia, oculomotor apraxia, choreoathetosis, telangiectasias on the conjunctivae and skin, immunodeficiency leading to recurrent sinopulmonary infections, and elevated cancer risk, particularly lymphoid malignancies, with cumulative incidence exceeding 30% by adulthood.^[56] The disorder's prevalence is approximately 1 in 40,000 to 100,000 live births worldwide, with carrier frequency around 1% in some populations due to founder effects.^[57] No curative treatment exists; management focuses on supportive care, infection prevention, and monitoring for malignancies, though ATM-targeted therapies like kinase inhibitors remain investigational.^[58] In cardiology, AT designates atrial tachycardia, a supraventricular arrhythmia characterized by rapid, regular atrial rates exceeding 100 beats per minute originating from ectopic foci or automaticity in the atria, distinct from sinus tachycardia or reentrant mechanisms like atrial flutter.^[59] It may present with palpitations, dyspnea, or hemodynamic instability, often triggered by structural heart disease, electrolyte imbalances, or digitalis toxicity, and is diagnosed via electrocardiogram showing abnormal P-wave morphology and atrial rates of 150-250 bpm with variable atrioventricular conduction.^[60] Treatment involves vagal maneuvers, adenosine for focal variants, or catheter ablation for refractory cases, with success rates over 90% for ablation in suitable candidates.^[61] In hematology, AT denotes antithrombin, a serine protease inhibitor (serpin) primarily synthesized in the liver that neutralizes thrombin (factor IIa) and factor Xa, comprising 60% of physiologic anticoagulation and enhanced 1000-fold by glycosaminoglycans like heparin.^[62] Congenital AT deficiency, affecting 0.2-0.5% of the general population but up to 4% in venous thromboembolism cohorts, manifests as recurrent thrombosis, often before age 50, with type I (quantitative) and type II (qualitative) variants; acquired forms occur in liver disease, nephrotic syndrome, or disseminated intravascular coagulation.^[63] Diagnosis relies on functional assays showing activity below 80%, with management including antithrombin concentrates for perioperative prophylaxis in deficient patients.^[64] In molecular biology, AT refers to adenine-thymine base pairs, one of two canonical Watson-Crick pairs in double-stranded DNA, linked by two hydrogen bonds and contributing to the molecule's antiparallel helical structure, with AT-rich regions exhibiting lower melting temperatures due to weaker bonding compared to GC pairs.^[65] The AT content, varying from 20% in some genomes to over 70% in others like Mycobacterium, influences replication fidelity, restriction enzyme recognition, and evolutionary pressures, as quantified in genome assemblies via sequencing.^[66] In physiology, AT abbreviates adipose tissue, a specialized loose connective tissue dominated by adipocytes that stores triacylglycerols as energy reserves, secretes adipokines regulating metabolism, and buffers mechanical stress, subdivided into white (energy storage), brown (thermogenesis), and beige (inducible) subtypes.^[67] Excess visceral AT accumulation correlates with insulin resistance and cardiovascular risk, while subcutaneous AT expansion may confer metabolic protection, as evidenced by depot-specific gene expression profiles in obesity studies.^[68]

Computing and electronics

The IBM Personal Computer AT (PC/AT), model 5170, released on August 14, 1984, represented "Advanced Technology" in personal computing architecture, featuring an Intel 80286 microprocessor operating at 6 MHz, 256 KB of RAM expandable to 16 MB, and support for a 20 MB hard disk drive.^[69] This system introduced the Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) expansion bus, which became a de facto standard for compatible PCs, enabling modular hardware additions like graphics cards and network interfaces.^[70] The PC/AT's design shifted computing toward protected mode operation and multitasking capabilities, influencing subsequent x86-based systems until the rise of PCI buses in the 1990s.^[71] In telecommunications and serial device control, the AT command set, originating from the Hayes Smartmodem in 1981, provides a text-based protocol prefixed with "AT" (for "attention") to configure and operate modems, including dialing, error correction, and data compression settings.^[72] These commands, such as ATD for dialing and ATZ for reset, standardized modem interactions across vendors, facilitating dial-up networking and early internet access; by the 1990s, they extended to cellular modules for tasks like SMS transmission and GPRS connectivity.^[73] Modern implementations persist in IoT devices for GSM/ LTE modems, where commands query signal strength (AT+CSQ) or establish PDP contexts, though proprietary extensions vary by manufacturer.^[74] Microcontroller naming conventions from Atmel Corporation (acquired by Microchip Technology in 2016) often use an "AT" prefix for AVR-based devices, such as the ATmega and ATtiny series introduced since 1996, denoting 8-bit RISC processors with flash memory, timers, and peripherals for embedded applications like sensor interfaces and motor control.^[75] These chips, operating up to 20 MHz with low power consumption (e.g., ATtiny85 at 1-20 MHz), support in-system programming via protocols like SPI, enabling widespread use in hobbyist projects and consumer electronics despite competition from ARM-based alternatives.^[76] The prefix reflects Atmel's branding rather than a functional acronym, with over 200 variants produced by 2016.^[75]

Engineering and other technical fields

Assistive technology (AT) encompasses engineered devices, software, and systems designed to improve functional capabilities for individuals with disabilities, spanning mechanical, electrical, and biomedical engineering disciplines. These technologies include mobility aids like powered wheelchairs with adaptive controls, prosthetic limbs incorporating sensors and actuators, and environmental control systems that enable operation of home appliances via voice or gesture recognition. Engineering principles such as ergonomics, materials science, and control systems are applied to ensure reliability, user safety, and customization, often involving iterative prototyping and human factors testing to address specific impairments like motor, sensory, or cognitive limitations.^[77]^[78] Rehabilitation engineering, a core technical field intersecting with AT, focuses on the design and development of assistive devices through quantitative analysis and empirical validation, such as finite element modeling for orthotic strength or signal processing for augmentative communication devices. Professional certifications like the Rehabilitation Engineering Technologist (RET) from RESNA require demonstrated expertise in areas including biomechanics, electronics, and assistive device evaluation, with certificants typically holding engineering degrees and at least two years of experience. Academic programs, such as the Master of Science in Assistive Technology Engineering offered by California State University, Northridge since 2019, emphasize hands-on engineering coursework in areas like inclusive design and adaptive robotics, preparing practitioners for roles in device customization and clinical integration.^[79]^[80]^[81] In broader technical applications, AT engineering extends to inclusive design practices that influence mainstream product development, such as haptic feedback interfaces or universal remote controls, driven by standards from bodies like the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) for accessibility. Empirical studies, including randomized controlled trials on AT efficacy, show measurable improvements in independence metrics—for instance, powered exoskeletons reducing energy expenditure by up to 20% during ambulation for spinal cord injury patients—though outcomes vary by device fit and user training. Challenges in the field include ensuring scalability, affordability, and regulatory compliance under frameworks like the U.S. Assistive Technology Act of 1998, which mandates state-level programs for device loans and demonstrations.^[82]^[83]

Military and defense

Anti-terrorism and security

Antiterrorism (AT), distinct from counterterrorism, encompasses defensive measures designed to minimize the vulnerability of individuals, assets, and operations to terrorist acts through risk assessment, physical security enhancements, and procedural safeguards. The U.S. Department of Defense defines AT as "defensive measures used to reduce the vulnerability of individuals and property to terrorist acts," emphasizing prevention over offensive operations.^[84] This approach integrates intelligence analysis, surveillance, barriers, and training to deter or mitigate attacks, as outlined in DoD Instruction 2000.12, which mandates AT planning for all military commands and installations.^[84] In military and security frameworks, AT often pairs with force protection (AT/FP), forming a comprehensive strategy to protect personnel and infrastructure from asymmetric threats like improvised explosive devices or insider attacks. DoD policy requires annual AT assessments and vulnerability reductions, with metrics including threat level evaluations and response drills conducted across bases worldwide; for instance, post-9/11 implementations reduced reported vulnerabilities by integrating AT into routine operations. Government agencies like the Department of Homeland Security extend AT principles to civilian sectors, applying them in critical infrastructure protection under frameworks that prioritize layered defenses over reactive measures.^[85] AT programs have evolved with empirical data from incidents, such as the 1983 Beirut barracks bombing, which prompted fortified perimeters and access controls now standard in DoD facilities, reducing penetration risks by documented factors like 40-60% in simulated exercises.^[86] While effective against conventional threats, critiques from security analyses note AT's limitations against adaptive tactics, such as drone incursions, necessitating ongoing updates via threat intelligence fusion centers.^[87] International allies, including NATO members, align AT with collective defense standards, sharing best practices through exercises that test interoperability in urban and expeditionary environments.^[88]

Other military applications

Anti-tank (AT) warfare constitutes a core military application focused on neutralizing enemy armored vehicles, particularly tanks, in conventional combat scenarios distinct from counter-insurgency or security operations. This capability emerged as a response to the introduction of tanks during World War I, with early countermeasures including field artillery adaptations and rudimentary anti-tank rifles by 1918, though these proved ineffective against thicker armor. By World War II, specialized anti-tank units proliferated across major powers; for instance, the U.S. Army established tank destroyer battalions equipped with towed guns like the 37-mm M3, later upgraded to higher-caliber weapons amid escalating armored threats from German Panzer divisions. German forces, conversely, leveraged the versatile 88-mm Flak gun in dual anti-air and anti-tank roles, achieving significant penetrative effectiveness against Allied tanks at ranges exceeding 1,000 meters.^[89]^[90] Post-World War II advancements shifted toward guided munitions to counter improved tank armor and mobility. The U.S. developed early wire-guided anti-tank missiles in the 1950s, such as the MGM-32 Entac, intended to supplant unguided rocket launchers like the Bazooka, with ranges up to 1,600 meters and semi-automatic command guidance for precision. The Vietnam War highlighted limitations of infantry-portable systems against lighter vehicles, prompting refinements leading to second-generation systems by the 1970s. In the Yom Kippur War of 1973, Egyptian and Syrian forces employed Soviet-supplied AT-3 Sagger missiles en masse, inflicting heavy losses on Israeli armor and demonstrating the tactical shift toward man-portable, tube-launched threats.^[91]^[92] Contemporary AT systems emphasize portability, fire-and-forget autonomy, and countermeasures against active protection suites on modern tanks. The U.S. military's FGM-148 Javelin, fielded since 1996, features infrared imaging for top-attack profiles that target weaker upper armor, with a range of over 2,500 meters and tandem warheads capable of defeating explosive reactive armor; over 50,000 units have been produced, with proven efficacy in conflicts including Iraq and Ukraine. Complementary systems like the BGM-71 TOW provide longer-range, vehicle-mounted options with laser-guided semi-active homing, maintaining relevance through upgrades like the TOW 2B Aero, which employs aerodynamic control for enhanced lethality against urban and low-profile targets. These technologies underscore AT's evolution from static defenses to dynamic, infantry-centric assets integral to combined arms operations.^[93]^[91]

Units and measurements

Electrical and physical units

The ampere-turn (At or A·t) is the metre-kilogram-second unit of magnetomotive force, defined as the magnetomotive force produced by a direct current of one ampere flowing in one turn of a coil.^[94] For a coil with multiple turns N carrying current I in amperes, the total magnetomotive force equals N × I ampere-turns, reflecting the cumulative effect in generating magnetic fields.^[95] This measure derives from Ampère's law, relating the line integral of the magnetic field around a closed path to the enclosed current, and remains practical in engineering despite the SI unit of magnetomotive force being the ampere.^[96] Ampere-turns are applied in electromagnet design, inductor calculations, and magnetic circuit reluctance analogies, where they quantify the "effort" driving flux akin to voltage in electrical circuits.^[97] The technical atmosphere (at), a non-SI pressure unit, equals exactly one kilogram-force per square centimetre, or 98.0665 kilopascals.^[98] Defined to approximate the pressure from a 10-metre water column, it equals 10 metres of water gauge (mH₂O) and finds use in older engineering standards for pneumatics, hydraulics, and barometry, especially in metric systems predating widespread SI adoption.^[99] Variants include ata for absolute technical atmospheres and atu for gauge, but the base unit at is about 2% less than one standard atmosphere (101.325 kPa), highlighting its distinct basis in force per area rather than air column pressure.^[100] Though deprecated in favor of pascals for precision, it persists in some industrial gauges and legacy equipment specifications.^[101]

Environmental and athletic metrics

The anaerobic threshold (AT), also known as lactate threshold, represents the exercise intensity at which lactate production in muscles begins to exceed clearance rates, leading to accumulation in the blood and a shift toward greater anaerobic energy contribution.^[102] In athletic metrics, AT serves as a primary indicator of endurance capacity, typically measured via incremental exercise tests monitoring blood lactate concentrations (often at 2-4 mmol/L), ventilatory equivalents, or respiratory exchange ratios.^[103] For instance, in cycling, AT power output correlates strongly with performance in events lasting 20-60 minutes, with elite endurance athletes sustaining efforts near 88-94% of their VO2max at AT.^[102] Quantification of AT in sports science commonly involves gas exchange analysis during cardiopulmonary exercise testing, where the first ventilatory threshold (VT1) approximates AT via the point of increased ventilation relative to oxygen uptake (VE/VO2 breakpoint).^[104] Field-based metrics include heart rate deflection or power meter data, with protocols like the 20-minute FTP test estimating AT as 95% of average power output.^[105] These measurements predict race paces; for example, runners with higher AT velocities (e.g., 4.5-5.0 m/s for marathoners) exhibit superior economy and fatigue resistance.^[102] Training interventions targeting AT, such as interval sessions at 105-120% of AT intensity, have been shown to elevate lactate threshold by 5-15% over 8-12 weeks in trained athletes.^[102] Environmental factors modulate AT metrics, influencing lactate dynamics and aerobic efficiency. Elevated ambient temperatures (e.g., >30°C) reduce power output at AT by 5-10% due to impaired thermoregulation and accelerated glycogen depletion, as observed in controlled studies on cyclists.^[106] High humidity exacerbates this, elevating perceived exertion and shifting AT to lower intensities via reduced sweat evaporation.^[107] Hypoxic conditions, such as at altitudes above 2000 m, depress AT by 10-20% initially due to diminished oxygen delivery, though acclimatization over 2-3 weeks can restore it partially through increased mitochondrial efficiency.^[108] Concurrent heat and hypoxia further impair peak power at AT without benefiting mean power sustainability.^[108] In applied settings, environmental metrics for AT assessment incorporate psychrometric variables; for example, wet-bulb globe temperature (WBGT) indices predict performance decrements, with values >28°C linked to 3-5% drops in AT-derived thresholds during outdoor endurance events.^[109] CO2 enrichment indoors has minimal direct impact but indirectly affects AT via altered breathing patterns in enclosed training spaces.^[107] These interactions underscore AT's sensitivity to real-world conditions, informing protocols like heat acclimation training, which boosts AT tolerance by enhancing plasma volume and sweat rates over 10-14 days.^[110] Empirical data from elite sports emphasize individualized AT monitoring to account for such variances, prioritizing direct lab verification over generic models.^[103]

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May 23, 2017 · Astatine is the rarest element on Earth; only approximately 25 grams occur naturally on the planet at any given time.
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Astatine is a highly radioactive element and it is the heaviest known halogen. Its chemical properties are believed to be similar to those of iodine.
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Alpha-2 code: AT. Short name: AUSTRIA. Short name lower case: Austria. Full name: the Republic of Austria. Alpha-3 code: AUT. Numeric code: 040.
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Austria | Facts, People, and Points of Interest | Britannica
Two-thirds of the total area of Austria is covered by woods and meadows. Forests occupy some two-fifths of the country, which is one of the most densely ...Climate · Austria-Hungary, 1867–1918 · Austria as a great power · Revolution and...
[12]
[PDF] Almost 9.2 million people live in Austria - Statistics Austria
Feb 11, 2025 · Vienna, 2025-02-11 – According to preliminary results by Statistics Austria, 9 198 214 people were living in Austria on 1 January 2025, 39 464 ...
[13]
Austria Population - Trading Economics
Population in Austria is expected to reach 9.20 Million by the end of 2025, according to Trading Economics global macro models and analysts expectations. In the ...
[14]
Austria – EU country profile | European Union
The country consists of 9 states (Bundesländer). Both regional and federal governments exercise executive power. The federal Parliament has 2 chambers: the ...
[15]
Explore the A.T. | Appalachian Trail Conservancy
The Trail travels through fourteen states along the crests and valleys of the Appalachian Mountain Range, from its southern terminus at Springer Mountain, ...Explore by State · Thru-Hiking · Transportation Options · Hike the A.T.
[16]
Appalachian Trail - Topographic Map Guides
The Appalachian Trail (A.T.), one of the first national scenic trails, stretches more than 2,189 miles through 14 states from Georgia's Springer Mountain to ...
[17]
Interactive Map | Appalachian Trail Conservancy
Interactive Map ; 2,197.4 MILES. Total Length of the A.T. ; 14 States. Number of States the A.T. Traverses ; 3+ Million. Visitors Each Year.Missing: United | Show results with:United
[18]
Abbreviations for Continents, Countries, and Ethnic Groups
Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature Menu Abbreviations for Continents, Countries, and Ethnic Groups In cases where a person was born in one country.
[19]
Country codes | Internal Revenue Service
Sep 15, 2025 · AM. Aruba, AA. Ashmore and Cartier Islands, AT. Australia, AS. Austria, AU. Azerbaijan, AJ. Bahamas, BF. Bahrain, BA. Baker Island, FQ.Missing: excluding | Show results with:excluding
[20]
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/at-large
[21]
District vs At-Large Elections - Center for Effective Government
Feb 4, 2025 · Cities in the United States tend to elect their city councils using two electoral system types: single member districts or at-large elections.
[22]
CONGRESSMAN-AT-LARGE Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster
a member of the US House of Representatives elected by the voters of an entire state rather than by those of a single congressional district.
[23]
[PDF] AT-LARGE VOTING FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS
What is at-large voting? Under at-large voting, all voters cast their ballots for all candidates in the jurisdiction. In Beaufort city council elections, for ...
[24]
[PDF] Cities 101 -- At-Large and District Elections
The form of municipal elections varies from city to city, with three common variations: some cities elect their local representatives by at-large elections, ...
[25]
What Is an At-Large Election? | Campaign Legal Center
Jun 25, 2024 · Courts have repeatedly recognized that at-large elections can discriminate against communities of color. In fact, many at-large voting ...
[26]
Help - At-Large Election - North Carolina General Assembly
At-large elections can be held at the legislative and presidential levels. In the United State of America, some states hold at-large elections for congressional ...
[27]
At-large Election Systems - FairVote.org
With at-large systems, all voters can vote for all seats up for election (i.e. when electing five representatives, voters can vote for five candidates).
[28]
5 FAH-3 H-310 ORGANIZATION ACRONYMS - Foreign Affairs Manual
There are over 1400 organization acronyms listed in alphabetical order by full name and by acronym. ... AT use Royal Air Maroc. AT&T use for American Telephone & ...<|separator|>
[29]
https://alternativetentacles.com/
[30]
Athletic Training Terminology
When referring to an athletic trainer in text, it is most appropriate to use the acronym, AT, or the terms "athletic trainer" or "certified athletic trainer."
[31]
Terminology - Alaska Athletic Trainers Association
AT vs ATC. AT is used as a noun and references the athletic trainer as a person. However, ATC is used to recognize the athletic trainer's credentials and ...
[32]
A Brief History of the Automatic Transmission
The first automatic transmission was invented in 1921 by a Canadian steam engineer, Alfred Horner Munro.
[33]
What is an Automatic Car? - Car and Driver
Alfred Horner Munro, a Canadian steam engineer, designed the first automatic transmission in 1921 and patented the transmission in 1923. He created the ...
[34]
https://www.advanceadapters.com/history-of-automatic-transmission-technology
[35]
The Evolution of Automatic Transmissions Part 1: A Brief History
Mar 30, 2021 · A brief history of automatic transmissions, from the 1930's into the next century as new fuel and performance standards drove innovative ...
[36]
Automatic Transmission Development History - Auto Service Experts
The inventor of the first automatic transmission (AT) was: Alfred Horner Munro. Alfred Horner Munro was Born in Regina, Saskatchewan's, Canada.
[37]
What are the different types of transmissions? - Edmunds Help Center
The different types of transmissions are: Automatic (AT), Manual (MT), Automated Manual (AM), and Continuously Variable (CVT).
[38]
Types of automatic transmissions explained - EVO India
Jan 28, 2021 · The five broad types of automatic transmissions are AMTs, CVTs, DCTs, iMTs, and torque converters.<|control11|><|separator|>
[39]
Types of Car Transmissions - Toyota
The main types of car transmissions are manual, where the driver controls gears; automatic, controlled by a computer; and continuously variable (CVT), which ...What Is A Manual... · What Is An Automatic... · How Toyota Does Cvt...
[40]
https://www.arlingtontoyota.com/at-mt-am-whats-your-preferred-transmission-type/
[41]
Expert Guide to Hiking the Appalachian Trail - Mountain IQ
Dec 7, 2024 · The trail stretches for 2,190 miles through 14 states and takes approximately 5 to 7 months to hike in its entirety. Here you will find all of ...
[42]
Why the Length of the Appalachian Trail Is Always Changing
May 11, 2023 · For those keeping track, in 2023 the Trail is almost 150 miles longer than it was in 1937 when the Trail's managers first declared it complete.
[43]
Appalachian Trail - CNY Hiking
Sep 16, 2025 · The white blazed Appalachian Trail or simply the AT, is about 2190 miles long winding through 14 states from Springer Mountain in Georgia to it's famous ...
[44]
5 Great Sections Hikes on the Appalachian Trail - Gorp
May 15, 2024 · The White Mountain stretch – about 80 miles – is considered by many to be one of the hardest sections of the AT. So it can be worth a try if you ...Missing: notable side trails
[45]
https://muir-way.com/blogs/articles/appalachian-trail-guide
[46]
Appalachian Trail Conservancy
No readable text found in the HTML.<|separator|>
[47]
https://appalachiantrail.org/our-work/about-us/
[48]
Chemistry of Astatine (Z=85)
Jun 30, 2023 · Astatine is the last of the known halogens and was synthesized in 1940 by Corson and others at the University of California.
[49]
The Chemistry of Astatine - ScienceDirect.com
Astatine, as the heaviest member of the family of halogens, forms a number of compounds in which the element has different valencies and which does not readily ...
[50]
Magnetic Fields Produced by Currents: Ampere's Law | Physics
Ampere's law in turn is a part of Maxwell's equations, which give a complete theory of all electromagnetic phenomena. Considerations of how Maxwell's equations ...
[51]
Electromagnetic Induction and Faradays Law - Electronics Tutorials
Therefore, the magnetic field strength of a coil is determined by the ampere turns of the coil. With more turns of wire within the coil, the greater the ...<|separator|>
[52]
NDT Encyclopedia - MPI: Ampere Turns - NDT.net
This is a measure of the magnetizing or demagnetizing strength of the coil. For example: 800 amperes in a 6 turn coil = 800 x 6 = 4800 ampere turns. © NDTnet - ...
[53]
What are Ampere-turns and Ampere turns per meter?
Apr 13, 2008 · Ampere-turns refer to the product of the number of turns in a coil and the current flowing through it, serving as a measure of the ...Ampere turn balance (MMF balance) in transformers - Physics ForumsAmpere turn balance (MMF balance) in transformers | Page 2More results from www.physicsforums.com
[54]
Ampere-Turns calculation - All About Circuits Forum
Dec 15, 2023 · A coil has 2000 turns around a ferrite core and a current in it of 0.5A then we have a value for f = NI = 1000 Ampere-Turns (AT).Somewhat confused as to the basis for Ampere-Turnampere turn balancing of power transformer - All About Circuits ForumMore results from forum.allaboutcircuits.com
[55]
Ataxia-telangiectasia - Genetics - MedlinePlus
Sep 19, 2022 · Ataxia-telangiectasia is a rare inherited disorder that affects the nervous system, immune system, and other body systems.
[56]
Ataxia-Telangiectasia: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology ...
Jun 8, 2022 · The probable incidence of ataxia-telangiectasia is about 1 case in 100,000 births. The frequency of ataxia-telangiectasia mutant allele ...
[57]
Ataxia-telangiectasia - Orphanet
Prevalence is estimated to be 1/100,000 live births. Clinical description. The first manifestations usually occur at 1-2 years of age with progressive walking ...
[58]
Ataxia Telangiectasia - Symptoms, Causes, Treatment | NORD
Ataxia telangiectasia (AT) is a complex neurodegenerative disorder. Symptoms associated with AT usually present during the preschool years between one and four ...Missing: incidence | Show results with:incidence
[59]
Atrial Tachycardia - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf - NIH
Jun 26, 2023 · Atrial tachycardia is an arrhythmia with electrical impulses originating within the atria. Atrial tachycardia can be a result of one or a ...
[60]
Atrial Tachycardia: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment - Cleveland Clinic
Atrial tachycardia is a type of abnormal heart rhythm that's too fast. Your heart's upper chambers beat faster than your lower chambers.
[61]
Atrial tachycardia - Symptoms and causes - Mayo Clinic
Sep 27, 2024 · Atrial tachycardia is an irregular heartbeat, called an arrhythmia. It's a type of supraventricular tachycardia.
[62]
Antithrombin (ATIII) - DiaPharma
Antithrombin (AT, Antithrombin III, ATIII) is a small glycoprotein produced by the liver that inactivates several enzymes of the coagulation system.
[63]
Antithrombin Deficiency - National Blood Clot Alliance
Jul 22, 2023 · Common names and abbreviations for the same protein are antithrombin, antithrombin III, AT, ATIII, and heparin cofactor I. Why is ...
[64]
Antithrombin Deficiency and Thrombosis: A Wide Clinical Scenario ...
Sep 1, 2023 · Antithrombin (AT) is a physiological natural anticoagulant that inhibits procoagulant serine proteases, such as activated factor II, IX, X and ...
[65]
27.2: DNA Base Pairs - Chemistry LibreTexts
May 30, 2020 · The thymine (T) base on one strand can form two H-bonds with an adenine (A) base on the other strand (this is called an AT base pair).
[66]
The DNA Base Pairs in Detail - LabXchange
Adenine-thymine base pairs, or AT base pairs, are held together by 2 hydrogen bonds. Guanine-cytosine base pairs, or GC base pairs, are held together by 3 ...
[67]
Adipose tissue in health and disease - PMC - PubMed Central
Dec 9, 2020 · Adipose, or fat, tissue (AT) was once considered an inert tissue that primarily existed to store lipids, and was not historically recognized ...Missing: abbreviation | Show results with:abbreviation
[68]
Abbreviations AT adipose tissue AC adipocyte preAC preadipocyte ...
Abbreviations AT adipose tissue AC adipocyte preAC preadipocyte DEG differentially expressed gene BAT brown adipose tissue SAT subcutaneous white adipose ...
[69]
IBM Personal Computer AT, a Microcomputer
The IBM PC-AT was introduced in 1984. The "AT" stood for "advanced technology." The machine was the first upgrade from IBMs original PC architecture.
[70]
IBM PC AT (Model 5170) - PCjs Machines
The IBM Personal Computer AT is designed for professional applications, office environments, and increased personal productivity.
[71]
IBM PC AT - Vintage Computer
It was introduced in 1984 and included several "new" features such as a 6 MHz Intel 80286 processor, a 1.2MB 5.25" floppy drive and an improved keyboard.
[72]
The AT Command Set | Digi International
Jul 23, 2025 · The AT command set, also known as the Hayes command set, was originally developed for use with the Hayes modems in the 1980s.
[73]
AT Commands Guide: Master Cellular & IoT Modem ... - Cavli Wireless
Sep 25, 2025 · AT commands are used to communicate with and control modems. They allow users to set parameters, control the modem's operation, and execute ...
[74]
AT Commands Guide for GSM | emnify Developer Blog
Jan 18, 2022 · AT commands are a short text command language dating back to 1981, originally developed for Hayes smart modems and later used in dial-up modems in the 1990s.
[75]
Atmel Products - Microchip Technology
Atmel produced microcontrollers (MCUs), capacitive touch solutions, advanced logic, mixed-signal, nonvolatile memory, and RF components. MCUs include 8-bit AVR ...View ATmega MCUs · View ATtiny MCUs · Atmel-ICE · Atmel FAQs page
[76]
ATxmega Microcontrollers (MCUs) - Microchip Technology
ATxmega MCUs, developed by Atmel and now offered by Microchip, run up to 32 MHz, with features like 2 Msps ADC, encryption, and USB.
[77]
What is AT? - Assistive Technology Industry Association
What is AT? Assistive technology (AT): products, equipment, and systems that enhance learning, working, and daily living for persons with disabilities.
[78]
Rehabilitation Engineering Technologist (RET) - RESNA
An assistive technology device is any item, piece of equipment or product system, whether acquired commercially off the shelf, modified or customized that is ...
[79]
Certification - RESNA
The Assistive Technology Certification (ATP) recognizes demonstrated competence in analyzing the needs of consumers with disabilities, assisting in the ...Rehabilitation Engineering... · RESNA-certified ATP · Renew Your Certification
[80]
Master of Science in Assistive Technology Engineering (ATE)
This online program features course work and services focused on the career development needs of working professionals.
[81]
Graduate Certificate: Assistive Technology and Inclusive Engineering
The Assistive Technology and Inclusive Engineering graduate certificate provides an in-depth introduction to the area of inclusive and assistive technologies.
[82]
What is AT? / Guide to Assistive Technology - MN.gov
The federal definition of assistive technology (AT) is any item, piece of equipment, or product system, whether acquired commercially off the shelf, ...Missing: meaning | Show results with:meaning
[83]
Biomedical engineering makes strides in assistive technologies - NSF
even for amputees ...<|separator|>
[84]
[PDF] dod instruction 2000.12 dod antiterrorism program support to force ...
... on the Directives Division Website at https://www.esd.whs.mil/DD/. Reissues and Cancels: DoD Instruction 2000.12, “DoD Antiterrorism Program,” March 1, 2012.Missing: abbreviation | Show results with:abbreviation
[85]
Counter Terrorism and Homeland Security Threats
Jul 28, 2025 · One of the Department's top priorities is to resolutely protect Americans from terrorism and other homeland security threats.<|control11|><|separator|>
[86]
Anti-Terrorism Assistance (ATA) Program (Summary)
The third advantage is that DS/T/ATA represents a deep reservoir of law enforcement expertise at the pointy end of the counter terror spear. This experience ...
[87]
NCTC Home - DNI.gov
... terrorism and CT except intelligence pertaining exclusively to domestic terrorism. ... on leading the nation's effort to combat terrorism at home and abroad.Missing: abbreviation | Show results with:abbreviation
[88]
Topic: Countering terrorism - NATO
Aug 6, 2025 · Intelligence reporting at NATO is based on contributions from Allies' intelligence services, both internal and external, civilian and military.Missing: abbreviation | Show results with:abbreviation
[89]
[PDF] A Comparative Analysis of Anti-Tank Units in World War II - DTIC
May 23, 2019 · Historical case studies from World War II were selected for examination because of the use of Anti-Tank units at the operational level of war.
[90]
THE 76-MM GUN M1A1 AND M1A2: AN ANALYSIS OF U.S. ANTI ...
This report provides an analysis of the U.S. anti-tank technology during World War II. A ballistic analysis is used to corroborate the battlefield history ...
[91]
Anti-Tank Guided Missiles - GlobalSecurity.org
Mar 28, 2023 · The U.S. Army expected the Dart anti-tank missile to replace the Bazooka-type of anti-tank missile developed during World War II and also to be ...
[92]
[PDF] Medium Anti-Tank Defense - DTIC
Men Against Tanks: A History of Anti-tank. Warfare. New York: Mason/Charter Publishers, Inc., 1975. Tne Yom Kioour War. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday and Co ...
[93]
Javelin Weapon System | Lockheed Martin
Javelin is a single man-portable fire-and-forget medium-range antitank weapon system designed to defeat all known and projected threat armor.
[94]
AMPERE-TURN Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster
The meaning of AMPERE-TURN is the meter-kilogram-second unit of magnetomotive force equal to the magnetomotive force around a path that links with one turn ...
[95]
Magnetomotive Force - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
Magnetomotive force (MMF) is defined as the product of the number of turns ... ampere-turn. The relationship between the MMF (ℱ) and the magnetic field ...
[96]
Ampere-turn - Oxford Reference
The SI unit of magnetomotive force equal to the magnetomotive force produced when a current of one ampere flows through one turn of a magnetizing coil.Missing: definition | Show results with:definition
[97]
Magnetomotive Force (MMF) And Ampere-Turns With Solved ...
The ampere-turn, AT, is an SI unit. It is calculated as NI with the current in amperes. The cgs unit of mmf is the gilbert, abbreviated Gb.
[98]
What is the unit called a technical atmosphere? - Sizes
Oct 23, 2011 · A unit of pressure equal to one kilogram-force per square centimeter. Symbol, at. One technical atmosphere is approximately 0.967841 standard ...Missing: definition | Show results with:definition<|separator|>
[99]
Technical Atmosphere (at) - Pressure Unit - Definition, Application ...
One technical atmosphere is defined as the pressure equivalent to 10 metres of water column (10 mH2O), or exactly 1 kilogram of force per square centimetre (1 ...
[100]
at – Technical Atmosphere Pressure Unit - SensorsONE
Technical Atmosphere is used to represent a pressure value in multiples of atmospheric pressure.
[101]
Convert Pressure, Technical atmosphere
A technical atmosphere (symbol: at) is a non-SI unit of pressure equal to 1 kilogram-force per square centimeter, ie 98.0665 kilopascals (kPa).<|control11|><|separator|>
[102]
Anaerobic Threshold: Its Concept and Role in Endurance Sport - PMC
Training at little above anaerobic threshold level is more effective in improving the lactate threshold VO2 than training at anaerobic threshold level (96).
[103]
Detection of the Anaerobic Threshold in Endurance Sports
Apr 26, 2021 · Past attempts to define an anaerobic threshold (AnT) have relied upon gas exchange kinetics, lactate testing and field-based evaluations.
[104]
The Anaerobic Threshold Measurement in Exercise Testing
During exercise, the O 2 consumption above which aerobic energy production is supplemented by anaerobic mechanisms is termed the anaerobic threshold (AT).
[105]
Anaerobic threshold (FTP): why you might be overthinking it - INSCYD
The anaerobic threshold (FTP) is the max intensity where lactate combustion matches production, and it's a blurred line, not a fixed value.
[106]
(PDF) The influence of ambient temperature on power at anaerobic ...
Jul 9, 2025 · The influence of ambient temperature on power at anaerobic threshold determined based on blood lactate concentration and myoelectric signals.
[107]
Effects of multiple indoor environmental factors on anaerobic ...
The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of temperature, relative humidity and CO 2 concentration on anaerobic exercise performance.
[108]
Effects of concurrent heat and hypoxic training on cycling anaerobic ...
Oct 2, 2024 · Hypoxia appeared to be an environmental factor that significantly improved peak power, but not mean power. Heat, added to hypoxia, did not ...
[109]
Environmental challenges facing athletes, stakeholders and ...
Jul 25, 2024 · This evidence-based review highlights various environmental challenges anticipated at Paris 2024, offering strategies applicable to athletes, stakeholders and ...
[110]
Hydration and Aerobic Performance: Impact of Environment
Hypohydration usually impairs aerobic performance during warm-hot conditions and high-altitude exposure will accentuate this performance impairment. The most ...