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Strike

Strike is a Bitcoin-focused mobile application and payments platform founded in 2020 by Jack Mallers that enables users to buy, sell, and transfer Bitcoin globally using the Lightning Network for near-instant, low-cost transactions.^[1]^[2] Developed under Zap Solutions, its parent entity also led by Mallers, Strike emphasizes accessibility by allowing fiat on-ramps, bill payments, and borrowing against Bitcoin holdings without traditional banking intermediaries.^[3]^[4] The platform has expanded to over 100 countries, prioritizing regions with high inflation or remittance needs, such as El Salvador, where Mallers advocated for national Bitcoin adoption as legal tender in 2021.^[5]^[6] Notable achievements include integrating Lightning Network scalability to handle high-volume transfers, launching in Europe and the UK in 2024, and supporting business tools for Bitcoin treasury management.^[7]^[8] In 2025, Mallers announced a Tether-backed venture, Twenty One Capital, aiming to build a multi-billion Bitcoin treasury via SPAC merger, further positioning Strike's ecosystem in institutional adoption.^[1]^[9] Strike has faced scrutiny over user account restrictions citing scam risks and unverified security breach allegations in 2023, which the company denied with no evidence of compromise found.^[10]^[11] Operational limitations, such as restricted Bitcoin trading in select markets like Argentina, have drawn user complaints despite the app's focus on fiat-Bitcoin conversions.^[12] These issues highlight custodial risks inherent in crypto platforms, though Strike's model avoids many traditional exchange vulnerabilities by leveraging non-custodial Lightning channels where possible.^[13]

Labor strikes

Definition and forms

A labor strike is an organized, collective refusal by employees to perform work or a deliberate slowdown, aimed at compelling an employer to meet specific demands such as improved wages, benefits, or working conditions.^[14]^[15] This action leverages the employer's dependence on group labor productivity, creating economic pressure through withheld output, though individual employees quitting lacks comparable disruptive power due to easier replacement.^[16] While rooted in voluntary worker association, strikes frequently involve union-enforced participation, including fines or expulsion for non-compliance, distinguishing them from uncoordinated absences.^[17] Strikes differ fundamentally from lockouts, where employers proactively shut down operations or bar workers to counter union demands, shifting initiative to management.^[18] Common forms include economic strikes, focused on negotiating better compensation or terms without alleging legal violations; unfair labor practice strikes, protesting employer breaches of labor laws like wrongful discharges; recognition strikes, seeking formal union acknowledgment; sympathy strikes, supporting unrelated disputes; and wildcat strikes, initiated without union authorization often amid contract frustrations.^[15]^[16] Political strikes target broader policy changes beyond workplace issues, though rarer in jurisdictions restricting them. These tactics often feature picketing to publicize grievances and deter replacements, potentially escalating to confrontations if not managed.^[19] Empirical analyses indicate strikes achieve full objectives in roughly half of cases, with the remainder resulting in compromises or concessions, underscoring their high-risk nature amid employer countermeasures like hiring temporaries.^[20] Success hinges on factors such as strike duration, worker unity, and economic context, but collective dynamics amplify leverage over isolated actions while exposing participants to income loss and job risks.^[21]

Historical origins and evolution

The earliest recorded labor strike in the United States took place in 1768, when journeymen tailors in New York City refused to work in protest against a wage cut imposed by employers. This action, rooted in craft guild traditions where skilled workers collectively withheld labor to negotiate terms, marked an initial assertion of worker leverage in colonial America, though such efforts were sporadic and often suppressed under common law doctrines viewing combinations as conspiracies. Similar pre-industrial strikes emerged in Europe among artisan groups, driven by apprentices and journeymen resisting master craftsmen who undercut piece rates amid mercantilist economies.^[22] Industrialization in the 19th century amplified strike activity as factory systems displaced guild controls, concentrating workers in urban mills and railroads where mechanization intensified exploitation through longer hours and wage suppression. The Great Railroad Strike of 1877, sparked by wage reductions on the Baltimore & Ohio line, escalated into nationwide violence involving federal troops and over 100 deaths, highlighting the tactic's potential for disruption but also its vulnerability to state intervention.^[23] By the 1880s, demands for an eight-hour workday fueled mass actions, exemplified by the Haymarket affair in Chicago on May 4, 1886, where a peaceful rally supporting striking workers at McCormick Reaper Works turned deadly after police advanced and a bomb exploded, killing several officers and civilians; the ensuing trials executed four labor radicals, underscoring how violent confrontations often discredited movements and prompted repressive measures.^[24] These episodes reflected causal dynamics where rapid capital accumulation eroded bargaining power, pushing workers toward strikes as a raw counterforce absent institutional protections. The early 20th century saw continued volatility, with over 23,000 strikes between 1881 and 1900 amid employer resistance including private militias, but legal shifts began institutionalizing the practice.^[25] The National Labor Relations Act of 1935, known as the Wagner Act, guaranteed workers' rights to organize and bargain collectively, enforced by the National Labor Relations Board, which curtailed employer interference and channeled disputes from sporadic violence to structured negotiations, contributing to union growth and a peak in strike frequency during the 1930s-1970s as workers leveraged wartime labor shortages and New Deal policies.^[26] However, post-1970s, major work stoppages plummeted—from 381 involving 2.8 million workers in 1970 to 39 involving 39,000 in 2000—driven by globalization offshoring manufacturing jobs, right-to-work laws in expanding states diluting union dues and density, and employer strategies like automation that diminished strikers' irreplaceability.^[27]^[28] This evolution toward regulation and decline illustrates how initial strike efficacy spurred adaptive countermeasures, reducing their incidence as economies integrated supranational supply chains and technology substituted human labor.^[29]

Legal frameworks and regulations

In the United States, the National Labor Relations Act (NLRA) of 1935 establishes federal protections for employees engaging in strikes as a form of concerted activity to improve working conditions, provided the action does not violate specific prohibitions. However, the Act, as amended by the Taft-Hartley Act of 1947, bans secondary boycotts, where unions pressure neutral third parties to cease business with an employer involved in a labor dispute, deeming such tactics unlawful coercion. Additionally, in 28 states with right-to-work laws—authorized under Taft-Hartley—these statutes prohibit union security agreements requiring non-union employees to pay dues or fees, thereby limiting unions' financial leverage during strikes while preserving individual workers' choice not to support union activities.^[30] Internationally, the International Labour Organization (ILO) derives the right to strike from Convention No. 87 on freedom of association, interpreting it to permit lawful collective action but allowing member states to impose restrictions or bans in essential services where interruptions could endanger life, health, or public safety, such as police, fire, or hospital operations.^[31] These principles balance worker rights against societal needs, though enforcement varies by ratification and national law, with no absolute prohibition on proportional limitations like minimum service requirements during strikes. In the United Kingdom, the Trade Union Act 2016 mandates a ballot for industrial action with at least 50% turnout of eligible members, and for strikes in important public services (including health, education, fire, transport, and border security), an additional 40% overall yes vote threshold to ensure broad support and mitigate disruption.^[32] Failure to meet these or other procedural requirements renders strikes unlawful, exposing unions to civil claims. Enforcement mechanisms include court-issued injunctions to halt illegal strikes, as authorized under U.S. federal law where actions violate the NLRA or pose national emergencies under Taft-Hartley provisions, allowing the president to seek temporary 80-day cooling-off periods.^[33] Such judicial interventions prioritize preventing irreparable economic harm, though empirical analyses indicate they often favor operational continuity over unchecked union leverage, countering claims of systemic bias toward labor by enforcing contractual no-strike clauses and prohibiting tactics that distort voluntary exchange in labor markets.^[34]

Economic effects based on empirical data

Empirical analyses of labor strikes reveal short-term production losses measured in idled worker-days, which directly diminish output and contribute to localized GDP contractions. In 2024, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics documented 31 major work stoppages beginning that year, idling 271,500 workers and accumulating 3,364,100 days of idleness, with service-providing sectors accounting for 232,500 of those workers.^[35] These disruptions halted operations in industries like transportation and manufacturing, leading to supply chain delays and estimated daily economic costs in affected sectors exceeding hundreds of millions in lost revenue, as seen in prior analogous events.^[36] Worker-level outcomes from strikes show era-specific variations in wage effects, with post-1980s actions yielding negligible or negative returns. Event-study regressions on pre-1982 strikes indicate immediate wage spikes of 7-8% for participants upon resolution, reflecting greater union leverage during periods of high strike frequency.^[37] In contrast, analysis of Panel Study of Income Dynamics data for strikes after 1981 finds no statistically significant wage premium in the strike year or subsequently, with participants' earnings trajectories flat relative to non-strikers.^[38] Strikers post-resolution also exhibit heightened unemployment durations, often 20-50% longer than comparable non-strikers, due to employer reluctance to rehire amid perceptions of militancy.^[36] Broader macroeconomic impacts underscore strikes' role in redistributing rather than generating value, with gains to unionized workers offset by costs to non-participants. No peer-reviewed studies link aggregate strike volume to accelerated long-term GDP growth; instead, stoppages correlate with temporary output gaps equivalent to 0.1-0.5% of quarterly GDP in high-intensity periods, without compensatory expansion afterward.^[36] These effects disproportionately burden non-union workers and small businesses through indirect channels, including elevated input prices from shortages—evident in 10-15% markups during prolonged disputes—and foregone wages for peripheral employees.^[36] Consumers absorb these via higher final goods prices, as firms pass on fixed costs, yielding zero-sum transfers rather than net economic enlargement.^[37]

Tactical methods and associated risks

Picketing entails workers assembling outside workplaces to publicize grievances and discourage entry by non-strikers, often aiming to garner public sympathy while exerting economic pressure through visibility.^[39] This method carries risks of confrontation with replacement workers, historically escalating to violence; empirical analyses document fatalities in at least 244 U.S. picket-line incidents from 1870 to 1970, with violence correlating to unionization struggles and employer resistance.^[40] ^[41] Such escalations frequently involve property damage, as strikers block access or clash physically, undermining the tactic's leverage by eroding broader support and inviting countermeasures like injunctions.^[42] Work slowdowns, where employees reduce output without halting operations entirely, serve as subtler pressure tools to signal dissatisfaction and inflate employer costs incrementally.^[43] These carry lower immediate violence risks than full stoppages but expose participants to disciplinary actions, including termination, as they mimic partial strikes often deemed unprotected. Financially, slowdowns prolong disputes without strike pay, contributing to cumulative income losses; studies of U.S. strikes indicate mean durations of 20 to 38 days, translating to forgone wages averaging thousands per worker depending on industry hourly rates.^[20] ^[44] Long-term, participants face wage penalties, with post-1981 strikers experiencing diminished earnings trajectories amid declining union power.^[38] Sit-ins involve workers occupying facilities to halt production directly, amplifying disruption but heightening risks of forcible removal and associated injuries.^[45] Historical patterns show these tactics provoke employer interventions, including private security or police, leading to physical harm; U.S. labor disputes from 1877 to 1947 reveal elevated violence in such containment efforts, as occupations challenge property rights and invite immediate retaliation.^[46] Property sabotage risks rise here, with causal links to desperation as strikers defend positions, though empirical data underscores net economic harm to participants via extended unemployment spells averaging weeks to months.^[42] Sympathy strikes, where unrelated workers withhold labor to bolster primary disputants, extend leverage across sectors but compound coordination failures and exposure to reprisals.^[47] These amplify aggregate pressure yet elevate collective risks, as fragmented solidarity can lead to uneven participation and heightened vulnerability to divide-and-conquer strategies by employers. Financial strains intensify, with non-primary strikers forgoing pay without direct gains, mirroring broader strike averages of 20-plus days and associated losses exceeding 10-20% of annual income in prolonged cases.^[20] ^[44] No-strike clauses, embedded in approximately 94% of U.S. collective bargaining agreements, contractually bar work stoppages during term to stabilize relations and avert disruptions.^[48] Their enforcement mitigates tactical risks by channeling disputes to arbitration, though effectiveness wanes in practice due to interpretive disputes and wildcat actions, preserving some strike threat as implicit bargaining power.^[49] Economically, such provisions reduce incidence of coercive tactics that resemble extortion, fostering voluntary negotiations over adversarial escalations prone to violence or indefinite losses.^[50]

Notable historical and recent examples

The Pullman Strike of 1894, initiated by workers at the Pullman Palace Car Company in Chicago over wage cuts and high rents in company housing, escalated into a nationwide railroad boycott led by the American Railway Union, halting rail traffic across the Midwest. Federal intervention, including troops dispatched by President Grover Cleveland to enforce a court injunction, ultimately crushed the strike, resulting in approximately 30 deaths from clashes between strikers and authorities.^[51] The 2019 United Auto Workers strike against General Motors lasted 40 days and secured concessions including wage increases and improved benefits, though it resulted in lost vehicle production valued at over $3.8 billion for GM alone.^[52] In 2023, the SAG-AFTRA strike by approximately 160,000 film and television actors endured 118 days, from July 14 to November 9, concluding with a ratified contract providing minimum wage hikes of 7% in the first year and residuals adjustments, amid disputes over streaming revenue and AI protections.^[53]^[54] The 2024 Audi strike in Puebla, Mexico, began January 24 when about 5,000 union workers walked out demanding a 20% wage increase against the company's 6.5% offer; it resolved after 24 days with workers accepting a 7% salary hike plus 3.2% in benefits.^[55]^[56] Brazil's federal environmental agency (IBAMA) workers struck for eight months starting December 2023 over pay and conditions, delaying oil permits and exacerbating wildfire responses during record fires; an August 12 agreement ended the action but left underlying grievances unresolved, with no immediate pay resolution.^[57]^[58] As of October 2025, Boeing defense workers in the Midwest, represented by the IAM union, have been striking since early August, rejecting multiple offers including a modified five-year contract on October 26 by narrow margins, citing insufficient wage and pension improvements amid production of military aircraft.^[59]^[60] Empirical trends show a rise in U.S. work stoppages to 359 in 2024 involving nearly 294,000 workers, yet in eras of declining union density, strikes exhibit shorter durations—two-thirds resolving within seven days—and reduced efficacy, as employers leverage permanent replacements and weakened bargaining leverage, yielding inferior post-strike wage outcomes for participants.^[61]^[37]^[62]

Criticisms from economic and individual rights perspectives

Strikes impose significant economic costs on broader communities beyond the immediate parties involved, including declines in gross domestic product, lost income for non-participating workers, and disruptions to small businesses reliant on affected supply chains.^[36] For instance, prolonged work stoppages reduce overall economic output by halting production and services, with ripple effects such as supply shortages leading to higher prices and job losses in ancillary sectors.^[36] Empirical analyses indicate that these externalities often outweigh localized wage gains, as strikes divert resources from productive activity without proportionally enhancing long-term productivity.^[36] From the participants' viewpoint, strikes frequently result in net financial losses, as foregone wages during the stoppage exceed subsequent settlements. A study of three 2010 strikes found that prolonged actions beyond breakeven thresholds—where daily wage losses surpass anticipated gains—amplified workers' present-value deficits, with many failing to recover full income over time.^[63] Post-1980s data further reveal small but persistent wage penalties for strikers, particularly in eras of weaker union leverage, underscoring how strike costs are not fully offset by bargaining outcomes.^[37] This pattern arises because employers adjust by reallocating labor or automating, eroding the leverage strikes ostensibly provide.^[64] Critics argue that strikes infringe individual rights by coercing non-strikers into compliance, compelling participation through social pressure, picket-line intimidation, or threats of job loss, which contravenes principles of voluntary association.^[65] Such tactics, including restraint or coercion by union agents, violate protections against interference in employees' free choice to work or withhold labor.^[65] Right-to-work laws mitigate this by prohibiting compulsory union fees, fostering environments with fewer strikes and less internal compulsion, without evidence of reduced overall worker compensation.^[66] Violence remains a recurrent feature of strikes, manifesting in property destruction, assaults on replacement workers, and blockades that escalate disputes beyond negotiation.^[67] Historical patterns show organized campaigns targeting non-participants, amplifying risks to personal safety and property rights in ways incompatible with rule-of-law norms.^[68] Market-oriented alternatives like binding arbitration resolve disputes without production halts, proving effective in averting strikes while yielding equitable outcomes based on evidence rather than attrition.^[69] Profit-sharing mechanisms align worker incentives with firm performance, distributing gains proportionally to contributions and reducing adversarial dynamics that precipitate stoppages.^[70] Unions, by contrast, often favor insiders through dues-funded activities that extract from all represented workers, perpetuating inequality by prioritizing collective leverage over individual productivity enhancements.^[30] These approaches prioritize causal efficiency—resolving conflicts via information and incentives—over coercive interruptions that distort voluntary exchange.

Military and tactical strikes

Conceptual foundations in strategy

Military strikes constitute targeted operations aimed at degrading specific enemy capabilities, such as leadership, infrastructure, or combat assets, through concentrated application of force to achieve strategic or operational objectives with minimal escalation. Unlike broad assaults or invasions, which seek territorial control or decisive battles, strikes prioritize precision and limited scope to neutralize threats efficiently, often via airstrikes, missile launches, or special operations raids that exploit surprise to disrupt adversary decision-making cycles.^[71]^[72] Central to their strategic foundation are principles of proportionality and preemption, derived from customary international law and just war theory. Proportionality mandates that anticipated military advantage—measured in terms of neutralized threats or deterred aggression—must exceed expected incidental harm to civilians or non-combatants, ensuring force application aligns with necessity rather than excess.^[73]^[74] Preemption justifies anticipatory action against imminent attacks when evidence indicates an adversary's intent and capability to strike first, provided the response remains proportionate and avoids unnecessary broadening of conflict. These tenets emphasize force efficiency: achieving decisive effects through minimal resources, thereby preserving the attacker's operational tempo and reducing risks of protracted engagement.^[75]^[76] The rationale for strikes lies in deterrence and neutralization without full-scale commitment, distinguishing them from invasions by their reversible, non-occupational nature that avoids entangling ground occupations or regime change. Conceptually rooted in first-principles of causal disruption—severing enemy command-and-control or logistics chains to induce paralysis—their evolution spans ancient raids, where nomadic forces executed hit-and-run tactics to weaken foes asymmetrically, to contemporary precision-enabled variants that amplify these effects through standoff delivery.^[77]^[78] This progression underscores a persistent strategic calculus: leveraging asymmetry and temporality to impose costs on adversaries while conserving one's own forces for sustained advantage.^[79]

Historical applications in warfare

In ancient Near Eastern warfare, the Hittites pioneered organized chariot strikes as a core tactical element during the Late Bronze Age, circa 1400–1200 BCE. These lightweight, three-man chariots—driven by a charioteer, navigated by a warrior, and supported by a shield-bearer—functioned primarily as shock weapons to charge enemy lines, trample infantry, and execute hit-and-run disruptions against formations.^[80]^[81] The Hittites' numerical superiority in chariots, often numbering in the thousands per engagement, enabled rapid strikes that exploited mobility advantages over slower foot soldiers, as evidenced in their campaigns against rival powers like the Egyptians.^[82] A pivotal example occurred at the Battle of Kadesh in 1274 BCE, where Hittite forces under King Muwatalli II launched a massive chariot assault against Pharaoh Ramesses II's Egyptian army near the Orontes River. Deploying an estimated 2,500–3,500 chariots in a flanking maneuver, the Hittites initially routed Egyptian divisions through direct charges that shattered cohesion and inflicted heavy casualties, though the battle ultimately stalemated and led to the world's first recorded peace treaty.^[83] This engagement demonstrated how chariot strikes could decisively shape battlefield outcomes by combining speed, archery volleys, and melee impact to target command structures and supply lines.^[84] During World War II, aerial strikes emerged as a transformative application, exemplified by the Doolittle Raid on April 18, 1942. Sixteen U.S. Army Air Forces B-25 bombers, launched from the carrier USS Hornet, struck Tokyo and nearby Japanese cities, marking the first offensive action against the Japanese homeland. Material damage remained minimal—destroying select industrial sites and causing approximately 50 deaths and 400 injuries—but the raid compelled Japan to reallocate four army fighter groups for home defense in 1942–1943, straining resources needed for South Pacific offensives.^[85]^[86] In the Cold War era, Operation Linebacker (May 10–October 23, 1972) illustrated strategic bombing's role in pressuring adversaries during the Vietnam War. U.S. forces conducted over 40,000 sorties, dropping 155,000 tons of ordnance on North Vietnamese rail yards, bridges, petroleum storage, and military bases to interdict supplies amid the Easter Offensive. The strikes severed key logistics routes, halted enemy advances in South Vietnam, and eroded North Vietnamese resolve, facilitating concessions in the Paris Peace Accords signed on January 27, 1973.^[87]^[88] Empirical assessments of historical campaigns reveal that isolated strikes yield limited decisive effects, but integration with ground operations amplifies outcomes by achieving air superiority, delaying enemy maneuvers, and accelerating surrenders or negotiations. Analyses of conflicts from World War II onward show such combined approaches reduce war duration and costs through interdiction that demoralizes forces and disrupts sustainment, with air superiority correlating to higher probabilities of battlefield and overall victory.^[89]^[90]^[91]

Technological and operational aspects

Modern military strikes increasingly rely on unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) such as the MQ-9 Reaper, which enable persistent surveillance and precision engagement without risking pilot lives. The Reaper features an endurance exceeding 27 hours, operational altitudes up to 50,000 feet, and a payload capacity of 3,850 pounds, allowing it to carry multiple AGM-114 Hellfire missiles for targeted kinetic effects.^[92]^[93] These systems integrate synthetic aperture radar, electro-optical/infrared sensors, and signals intelligence for real-time target acquisition, facilitating strikes against time-sensitive objectives.^[93] Precision-guided munitions (PGMs), including laser- and GPS-guided variants, form the core of strike execution, achieving circular error probables (CEPs) as low as 10 feet compared to over 3,300 feet for unguided ordnance in World War II-era bombing.^[94] This accuracy stems from inertial navigation, satellite datalinks, and terminal guidance, which mitigate environmental factors like weather and enable hits on moving or obscured targets, thereby reducing area devastation and unintended structural damage.^[95] Deployed from platforms like the Reaper, PGMs such as the Hellfire incorporate multi-mode seekers to confirm target discrimination pre-impact.^[96] Operationally, strikes incorporate layered intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR) from UAVs, satellites, and ground assets to validate targets and patterns of life, minimizing misidentification risks.^[97]^[93] Rules of engagement (ROE) mandate assessments of military necessity, proportionality, and civilian presence, often requiring near-simultaneous confirmation via multiple sensors before authorization in strike cells.^[98] These protocols, enforced through centralized command structures, balance operational tempo with legal constraints, though empirical reviews highlight persistent errors from ISR fusion gaps, such as signature-based targeting yielding false positives.^[99] Post-9/11 counterterrorism campaigns demonstrate these technologies' scale: U.S. drone strikes in Pakistan, Yemen, and Somalia from 2004 onward eliminated an estimated 2,500–4,000 militants, per independent trackers aggregating strike reports, with PGMs credited for confining blast radii and lowering collateral relative to manned alternatives.^[100] However, data from non-governmental analyses indicate civilian casualty rates of 5–25% in select theaters, attributed to intelligence over-reliance on proxies or incomplete pattern analysis, underscoring limitations in autonomous target recognition amid dynamic environments.^[101]^[102]

Recent developments and case studies

In the early 21st century, military strikes evolved significantly with the proliferation of remotely piloted aircraft and precision munitions, driven by counterterrorism imperatives. Following the 2001 U.S. invasion of Afghanistan, drone strikes became a cornerstone of operations against al-Qaeda and affiliated groups, with the U.S. conducting over 500 strikes in Pakistan between 2004 and 2018, resulting in 2,243 to 3,971 reported deaths, including civilians estimated at 158 to 965 by the Bureau of Investigative Journalism. These operations extended to Afghanistan, where from 2015 to 2020, U.S. forces executed approximately 1,000 drone strikes, targeting Taliban and ISIS-Khorasan militants, as documented in Airwars monitoring data. This shift emphasized standoff capabilities to minimize troop exposure while pursuing high-value targets, though it raised concerns over collateral damage, with a 2016 Stanford and NYU report estimating civilian casualty rates up to 17% in some Pakistani strikes. By 2025, such tactics persisted in hybrid threats blending terrorism and transnational crime. On October 3, 2025, U.S. Africa Command forces carried out an airstrike in central Somalia targeting ISIS-Somalia leadership, killing at least five operatives, including a regional planner, in a remote valley near Elder, as confirmed by U.S. military statements. This operation reflected adaptations to ISIS's decentralized cells, utilizing intelligence from Somali partners and real-time surveillance to disrupt plots against regional stability. Concurrently, in October 2025, U.S. Navy and interdiction teams struck multiple drug-laden vessels operated by cartel networks in the Caribbean and eastern Pacific, sinking three semi-submersibles and neutralizing over 43 suspects in firefights and subsequent boardings, per Joint Interagency Task Force South reports. A notable case study emerged from U.S. escalations targeting narco-trafficking near Venezuela, where in mid-2025, the deployment of the USS Nimitz carrier strike group to the region supported precision strikes on coastal smuggling routes linked to Maduro-aligned factions. These actions, initiated after intelligence indicated Venezuelan military complicity in cocaine shipments to Mexico-based cartels, involved Tomahawk missile launches against radar installations and fast-attack craft, disrupting an estimated 15 metric tons of narcotics in transit, according to U.S. Southern Command briefings. The operations highlighted integration of carrier-based UAVs for overwatch, adapting traditional strike doctrines to asymmetric maritime threats amid geopolitical tensions, with no reported U.S. casualties but confirmed destruction of 12 vessels.

Legal, ethical, and strategic controversies

Military strikes, including targeted operations against non-state actors, are often justified under Article 51 of the UN Charter, which recognizes the inherent right of individual or collective self-defense in response to an armed attack until the Security Council takes measures to maintain international peace.^[103] However, controversies arise over the application to anticipatory actions or threats from groups like drug cartels, where critics argue such strikes exceed territorial sovereignty, as seen in 2025 U.S. operations against alleged traffickers in the eastern Pacific and Caribbean, which some lawmakers deemed unlawful overreach without clear evidence of imminent threats to U.S. territory.^[104] Proponents counter that designating cartels as unlawful combatants frames the conflict as self-defense against transnational threats enabling violence, including fentanyl flows killing over 70,000 Americans annually.^[105] Ethically, the principle of proportionality under international humanitarian law mandates that anticipated military advantage outweigh expected incidental civilian harm, yet debates persist on its calibration for precision strikes.^[106] Empirical analyses of U.S. drone campaigns in Pakistan and Afghanistan indicate strikes correlate with reduced terrorist attack incidence and lethality, disrupting command structures and deterring operations, suggesting net threat mitigation despite localized backlash.^[107] Opposing views, often from human rights advocates, claim civilian casualties—estimated at 2-6% of targets in some programs—fuel radicalization and recruitment, though causal links remain contested absent controls for baseline violence levels. These tensions highlight a core ethical divide: sovereignty imperatives to neutralize existential threats versus humanitarian concerns amplified in biased institutional critiques that underweight deterrence gains. Strategically, targeted strikes risk escalation through proxy retaliation, as observed in Middle Eastern dynamics where Iranian-aligned groups respond to U.S. or Israeli actions with asymmetric attacks, potentially spiraling into broader conflicts.^[108] Yet, non-military alternatives like diplomacy have empirically faltered in drug interdiction, with initiatives such as Plan Colombia failing to curb production despite billions invested, yielding persistent cartel resilience and supply surges.^[109] This underscores strikes' role in restoring deterrence where multilateral talks collapse under asymmetric incentives, prioritizing state security over indefinite restraint amid verifiable inefficacy of softer approaches.^[110]

Physical and confrontational strikes

In hand-to-hand combat and self-defense

In hand-to-hand combat and self-defense, strikes constitute deliberate applications of kinetic force via punches, kicks, or elbow strikes to disrupt an aggressor's balance, inflict pain, or incapacitate through impact to vulnerable areas such as the head, torso, or limbs. Punches, including straight jabs and hooks, transfer energy through the kinetic chain—beginning with ground reaction forces from the legs and hips, propagating via trunk rotation to the fist—maximizing effective mass at contact, where dominant-hand strikes exhibit approximately 10% greater velocity and 30% higher effective mass compared to non-dominant equivalents.^[111] Kicks, such as front or roundhouse variants, similarly rely on lower-body propulsion and hip rotation to deliver force, with peak impact velocities influenced by leg strength, flexibility, and technique proficiency.^[112] The underlying physics emphasizes kinetic energy (½mv²) dissipation upon collision, where higher fist or foot velocity and mass concentration yield greater momentum transfer, though suboptimal form dissipates energy as heat or vibration rather than targeted damage.^[113] Empirical data from assault victim analyses indicate strikes as prevalent mechanisms of injury, with punching implicated in 72% of cases and kicking in 42%, often resulting in facial fractures, concussions, or soft-tissue trauma that can incapacitate without weapons.^[114] In self-defense contexts, such techniques enable rapid threat neutralization—disabling an unarmed attacker via targeted strikes to the throat or solar plexus—provided the force remains proportional to the perceived danger, as excessive escalation risks legal repercussions. Stand-your-ground statutes in jurisdictions like Florida (enacted 2005) eliminate retreat duties where lawfully present, permitting strikes as initial non-lethal responses to imminent harm, but courts assess reasonableness based on contemporaneous threat levels rather than outcomes.^[115] Proportionality doctrine mandates that defensive strikes match the aggressor's force; for instance, unarmed punches against a similarly equipped foe qualify as justified, whereas disproportionate blows post-neutralization constitute assault.^[115] Causally, strikes prove effective for immediate deterrence in close-quarters encounters due to their speed and accessibility sans tools, yet untrained execution heightens risks: improper kinetic chain alignment leads to self-injury (e.g., hand fractures from unchecked punches) or failure to halt advances, as real-world violence dynamics favor grapples over isolated strikes per observational studies of confrontations.^[116] Medical forensics link single punches to fatalities via subdural hematomas in 80 Australian cases from 2012–2018, underscoring that while strikes can end threats decisively, physiological variables like victim resilience demand calibrated application to avoid unintended lethality.^[117] Training mitigates these hazards by enhancing force output—trained practitioners generate impacts up to several times untrained baselines—yet empirical self-defense efficacy remains context-dependent, with no universal strike guaranteeing success absent situational awareness.^[112]

In sports and games

In baseball, a strike is a legal pitch called by the umpire that the batter swings at and misses, fails to swing at while it passes through the strike zone, or results in a foul ball when the batter has fewer than two strikes.^[118]^[119] The strike zone constitutes the area over home plate from the midpoint between the batter's shoulders and the top of the uniform pants, down to the hollow beneath the kneecap.^[118] Three strikes result in a batter being out, unless the third strike is not caught cleanly by the catcher in certain situations allowing a potential advance to first base.^[120] To enhance accuracy in strike zone enforcement, Major League Baseball has trialed an Automated Ball-Strike (ABS) challenge system, which uses Hawk-Eye technology for reviews; following tests in minor leagues and spring training games in 2025, it will be implemented league-wide in 2026, with each team receiving two challenges per game.^[121]^[122] In ten-pin bowling, a strike occurs when a bowler knocks down all ten pins with the first ball of a frame, denoted by an "X" on the scoresheet and awarding ten points plus the pins downed in the next two balls.^[123] This contrasts with a spare, which clears all pins in two balls, and maximizes scoring potential, as consecutive strikes (doubles or turkeys) compound bonuses across frames.^[124] The United States Bowling Congress (USBC) standardizes these rules for certified competitions, emphasizing equipment specifications and scoring consistency.^[125] In regulated combat sports such as boxing, strikes refer to legal punches delivered with a closed fist from below the shoulder to permissible target areas like the head or body, excluding prohibited actions like hitting below the belt or to the back of the head.^[126]^[127] These differ from unregulated physical confrontations by adhering to unified rules enforced by referees, with fouls for illegal strikes leading to point deductions or disqualifications; a knockdown from a legal strike prompts a ten-count if the opponent cannot rise.^[126] Such mechanics prioritize controlled aggression within bouts typically structured in three-minute rounds.^[126]

Technical and scientific strikes

In physics and natural phenomena

Lightning strikes represent abrupt electrical discharges in the atmosphere, ionizing air to form a conductive plasma channel that rapidly equalizes charge separation within thunderstorms or between clouds and the ground. Globally, these events occur at a rate of approximately 50 flashes per second, totaling about 1.5 billion annually, with variations from 35 per second in Northern Hemisphere winter to higher rates during peak seasons.^[128] The energy released in a typical cloud-to-ground strike can exceed 1 billion joules, heating the air to temperatures around 30,000 K and producing shock waves audible as thunder.^[129] In tectonics, strike-slip faults manifest as sudden lateral displacements along crustal fractures due to shearing stresses at plate boundaries, where rock masses slide horizontally past one another parallel to the fault plane. This motion generates earthquakes through frictional stick-slip behavior, as seen in transform boundaries. The San Andreas Fault in California exemplifies a right-lateral strike-slip system, where the Pacific Plate moves northwest relative to the North American Plate at approximately 3–5 cm per year, culminating in seismic events like the 1906 San Francisco earthquake of magnitude 7.9.^[130] Such faults produce primarily horizontal ground shaking, distinct from vertical displacements in dip-slip faults. Hunger strikes trigger physiological responses akin to enforced starvation, distinct from organized labor actions, involving the body's adaptive metabolic shutdown to conserve energy amid nutrient deprivation. After 1–3 days, glycogen stores deplete, shifting to ketosis where fats are broken down for fuel, followed by protein catabolism leading to muscle wasting and weakened organ function. Prolonged refusal (beyond 40–60 days, varying by individual factors like body mass and hydration) risks irreversible effects such as neuropathy, cognitive impairment, and cardiac arrhythmias, with studies indicating central nervous system impacts— including increased impulsivity and aggressivity—more pronounced than peripheral neuromuscular changes.^[131] ^[132] Empirical observations from medical evaluations of strikers confirm these sequelae arise from electrolyte imbalances and micronutrient deficiencies, potentially fatal without intervention.^[133]

In engineering and mechanics

In mechanical clocks, the striking mechanism employs a separate gear train from the timekeeping components, where a wound mainspring or descending weights release stored energy to drive hammers that impact bells, gongs, or rods at predetermined intervals to audibly denote hours and quarters.^[134] This rack-and-snail system counts strikes via a rotating snail cam that lifts and releases a rack to regulate the number of hammer blows, preventing over-striking through precise lever and pin interactions.^[135] Common in grandfather and mantel clocks, these mechanisms date to 14th-century innovations but rely on empirical tuning for resonance, with failure often due to wear in pivots or weakened springs reducing impact force.^[136] Strike-anywhere matches ignite through friction-generated heat when scraped against a rough surface, independent of a specialized striker, via a tip composition of potassium chlorate oxidizer, sulfur fuel, and ground glass abrasive that reaches ignition temperatures above 500°C in milliseconds.^[137] Unlike safety matches requiring red phosphorus on the box, this design allows activation on any frictional substrate but increases spontaneous combustion risk if overheated, as the chlorate decomposes exothermically under shear stress.^[138] Patented in the 19th century, these matches prioritize portability in engineering applications like field tools, though modern formulations mitigate phosphorus sesquisulfide hazards for stability.^[138] In mechanical engineering, impact strike testing evaluates material toughness by subjecting notched specimens to sudden high-velocity blows, such as in the Charpy test where a pendulum hammer strikes at 5-6 m/s, measuring absorbed energy from fracture to quantify resistance to brittle failure under dynamic loads.^[139] Values below 27 J at room temperature often indicate vulnerability in steels for structural use, with testing standards like ASTM E23 specifying specimen geometry to isolate notch effects from shear or cleavage modes.^[140] This method simulates real-world shocks, informing alloy design where ductility transitions to brittleness at low temperatures, as seen in ductile-to-brittle failure curves.^[141] Aircraft engineering addresses bird strikes as high-speed impacts (up to 300 m/s relative velocity) causing engine ingestion failures, with statistical data showing 70% of such events below 5,000 ft altitude during climb-out, where bird mass and number correlate with compressor blade deformation or fan imbalance.^[142] Composite leading edges fail via delamination or fiber breakage under Hashin criteria, modeled with strain rates exceeding 10^3 s^-1, prompting designs like reinforced nacelles tested to FAA mandates for 4-lb bird tolerance at V1 speeds.^[143] Mitigation relies on empirical certification data, reducing uncontained failure probability to under 10^-9 per flight hour through ballistic modeling of soft-body penetration.^[144]

Legal and punitive uses

Three-strikes laws in criminal justice

Three-strikes laws impose mandatory minimum sentences on habitual offenders, escalating penalties for repeat felonies under the "three strikes and you're out" framework, where a third conviction typically results in 25 years to life imprisonment. California's statute, signed into law by Governor Pete Wilson on March 7, 1994, via Assembly Bill 971 and voter-approved Proposition 184, doubles the term for a second serious or violent felony and mandates 25-to-life for any third felony, regardless of severity.^[145] ^[146] This measure responded to high-profile cases, such as the 1993 murder of Polly Klaas, amid rising crime rates in the early 1990s.^[146] Following Washington's 1993 initiative, California's law prompted adoption in over 25 other states by the mid-1990s, including Arizona, Connecticut, Florida, Georgia, and Nevada, with variations in qualifying offenses and sentence enhancements.^[147] ^[148] The federal government enacted a similar provision in 1994 under the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act, targeting armed career criminals.^[148] These statutes aimed to incapacitate chronic offenders, who empirical data indicate commit a disproportionate share of felonies; analyses of offender histories show that a small cohort of repeaters accounts for up to 50% of crimes in some categories.^[149] Evaluations reveal that three-strikes laws correlate with accelerated declines in property crimes like robbery and burglary in implementing states, attributable to longer incarcerations removing high-recidivism individuals from circulation.^[150] Incapacitation provides a direct causal reduction in recidivism, as imprisoned offenders cannot reoffend, with studies estimating prevented crimes per additional year served at 1-2 for serious felons based on prior offense rates.^[149] ^[151] However, impacts on homicide are inconsistent, with some peer-reviewed work finding no net decrease or shifts toward more lethal offenses due to altered criminal incentives from uniform harsh penalties.^[151] Critics argue the laws foster over-incarceration for non-violent third strikes, inflating prison populations by 10-20% in early adopting states without proportional deterrence gains, as marginal offenders respond weakly to distant threats.^[149] Proponents counter that selective targeting of violent recidivists yields net public safety benefits, outweighing costs when accounting for victimized prevented by isolation of prolific criminals, though academic assessments often underemphasize this incapacitative logic amid broader skepticism of punitive policies.^[150]^[151]

Persons named Strike

Notable real individuals

Two Strike (c. 1831–1915), also known as Numpkahapa, was a Brulé Lakota chief born in the White River Valley of present-day Nebraska, who led resistance against U.S. military expansion during the Great Sioux War and earlier conflicts, including participation in the Battle of Summit Springs on July 11, 1869.^[152] His leadership exemplified Lakota efforts to defend traditional lands amid forced relocations to reservations.^[153] Hilda Strike (September 1, 1910 – March 9, 1989) was a Canadian track and field athlete from Montreal, Quebec, who excelled in multiple sports including softball and basketball before specializing in sprinting; at the 1932 Los Angeles Olympics, she secured a silver medal in the women's 4 × 100 metres relay on August 7, 1932, alongside teammates Mildred Dolson, Lillian Palmer, and Mary Frizzell.^[154]^[155] She also placed fifth in the 100 metres event, marking Canada’s first Olympic track medals for women.^[156] Alice Strike (August 31, 1896 – December 22, 2004) served as a nurse with the Canadian Expeditionary Force during World War I, enlisting in 1917 and working in military hospitals; she became the last surviving female Canadian veteran of the war and the oldest living Canadian veteran at her death in Halifax, Nova Scotia, at age 108.^[157] Her longevity highlighted the enduring legacy of early 20th-century female military contributions.^[158] Sam Strike (born January 18, 1994) is an English actor from Southend-on-Sea, Essex, recognized for portraying Johnny Elmer in the Netflix series Mindhunter (2017–2019) and young Boris Gorbachev in the HBO miniseries Chernobyl (2019).^[159] He gained earlier prominence with a lead role in the BBC soap opera EastEnders (2013–2014) and has since appeared in films like The Dark Tower adaptation.

Arts, entertainment, and media

Films and television

Strike (1925), directed by Sergei Eisenstein, dramatizes a 1903 factory workers' strike in Tsarist Russia, triggered by a false theft accusation and ending in brutal suppression by troops and police.^[160]^[161] Bread and Roses (2000), directed by Ken Loach, follows a young Mexican immigrant janitor joining a union organizing drive and strike among Los Angeles building cleaners demanding better wages and conditions.^[162] American Factory (2019), directed by Steven Bognar and Julia Reichert, documents Chinese-owned Fuyao Glass plant workers in Ohio attempting to unionize, leading to tensions and a National Labor Relations Board election amid cultural clashes.^[163] On television, Damnation (2018), created by Tony Tost, portrays fictional 1930s Iowa labor strife, including striking workers clashing with company-hired enforcers during the Great Depression. Strike: Inside the Unions (2023 BBC miniseries), directed by various, offers footage of rank-and-file participants in the United Kingdom's 2022–2023 strike wave across rail, health, and education sectors.^[164]

Literature and music

Germinal (1885), a novel by French author Émile Zola, centers on a protracted coal miners' strike in the fictional town of Montsou, drawing from 19th-century labor conflicts in northern France that involved over 40,000 workers and resulted in violent clashes, including deaths from starvation and confrontations with troops.^[165] The work highlights economic desperation, union organizing, and class antagonism, with the strike lasting months and ending in defeat for the workers due to employer intransigence and state intervention.^[166] John Steinbeck's In Dubious Battle (1936) fictionalizes a 1930s California migrant fruit pickers' strike, portraying organizers' tactics, grower violence, and internal communist-union tensions amid economic depression; the narrative reflects real events like the 1933 cotton strike involving thousands of workers facing evictions and scab labor.^[167] In American drama, Clifford Odets's Waiting for Lefty (1935) dramatizes a New York City taxi drivers' union meeting debating a strike, inspired by the 1934 cab drivers' walkout that shut down fleets and secured wage gains after 40 days; the play's episodic structure intercuts personal vignettes with strike deliberations, emphasizing betrayal by union leaders.^[168] John Galsworthy's Strife (1909) examines a six-month tin plate workers' strike at a Welsh factory, based on contemporary British industrial disputes, where management intransigence leads to worker hardships, deaths, and eventual compromise.^[169] Labor strikes feature in folk and protest music, often chronicling real events to rally solidarity. Florence Reece's "Which Side Are You On?" (1931), composed during the Harlan County, Kentucky, coal miners' strike against United Mine Workers opposition and company gun thugs, became an anthem adapted by artists like Pete Seeger; it references armed guards evicting families and killing strikers amid a conflict displacing thousands.^[170] Ralph Chaplin's "Solidarity Forever" (1915), penned for the Industrial Workers of the World amid a wave of U.S. strikes including Lawrence textile workers' 1912 walkout, invokes industrial unionism with lyrics urging collective action against capitalist exploitation.^[171] The 1994 Major League Baseball players' strike, which began on August 12, 1994, and canceled the World Series for the first time since 1904, received extensive coverage in sports media, including ESPN's "Minor League Baseball on ESPN" miniseries that shifted focus to minor leagues amid the labor dispute over revenue sharing and salary caps.^[172] A 2025 Netflix documentary on the Montreal Expos details how the strike halted their 74-40 divisional lead, contributing to franchise relocation by exacerbating financial strains on smaller-market teams.^[173] Oral histories in outlets like ESPN have revisited the event's long-term effects, such as eroded fan trust and altered competitive balances, with players and executives reflecting on negotiations that extended into 1995.^[174] Instructional media on strike mechanics in sports like bowling emphasize technique for knocking down all pins on the first ball. "Bowling Strikes" by Dawson Taylor, published in 1997, outlines fundamentals including grip, stance, and release with over 85 photos and fault-correction exercises tailored for beginners, left-handers, and seniors.^[175] Similarly, "Make That Strike: A Breakthrough in Bowling Technique" by Abraham Susskind, from 1967, introduces the "squeeze" principle to add spin and accuracy for consistent strikes, drawing on mechanical analysis of ball-path dynamics.^[176] These works prioritize empirical adjustments over anecdotal tips, using diagrams to demonstrate causal links between arm action and pin deflection.^[177]

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MQ-9A has an endurance of over 27 hours, speeds of 240 KTAS, can operate up to 50000 feet, and has a 3850 pound (1746 kilogram) payload capacity that ...
[93]
MQ-9 Reaper > Air Force > Fact Sheet Display - AF.mil
It is larger and more powerful than the MQ-1 Predator, and is designed to execute time-sensitive targets with persistence and precision, and destroy or disable ...
[94]
Precision strikes keeping enemy on target > Air Force > Article Display
Feb 25, 2016 · Since World War II, the accuracy of bombing attacks has improved from around 3,300 feet away from a target to only 10 feet in current ...
[95]
Precision-Guided Munitions : Advancements and Impact
Sep 16, 2024 · Improved effectiveness against high-value targets; Ability to strike targets with greater accuracy; These munitions are extensively used in ...
[96]
https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/whats-so-great-about-mq-9-reaper-drone-hk-102625
[97]
Chapter 10: UAS Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance (ISR)
“The clear majority of UAVs are used purely for intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR) missions.
[98]
U.S. Strike Cells: Dispelling the Myths - Lieber Institute - West Point
Jun 15, 2022 · Despite various myths, the strike cell is a highly sophisticated operations center managed by highly skilled operators.
[99]
[PDF] Rethinking the Drone War - CNA.org.
Title: Rethinking the drone war : national security, legitimacy, and civilian casualties in U.S. counterterrorism operations / Larry Lewis, Diane. Vavrichek.
[100]
Accuracy of the U.S. Drone Campaign: The Views of a Pakistani ...
... militant and civilian casualties. Recently, however, the Pakistani ... following year 423 militants, including 133 foreigners, were killed in 103 strikes.
[101]
US airstrikes killed at least 22,000 civilians since 9/11, analysis finds
Sep 7, 2021 · Encompassing attacks on Islamic State in Syria, the conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan, as well as strikes against militant and terror groups ...Missing: post- | Show results with:post-
[102]
[PDF] The Civilian Impact of Drone Strikes
Center for Civilians in Conflict supplemented this research with staff expertise on military operations and previous analyses of civilian harm caused by drone ...
[103]
Article 51 — Charter of the United Nations — Repertory of Practice ...
Article 51 allows self-defense against armed attacks until the Security Council acts, with measures reported to the Security Council.Chapter VII: Article 39 · Article 50 · Chapter VIII
[104]
Senators Gear Up for War Powers Resolution Vote on Unlawful ...
Oct 8, 2025 · The strikes in the Caribbean are illegal, blatant overreach of ... military force against any FTO-designated Latin American drug cartel.
[105]
US is in 'armed conflict' with drug cartels, Trump says - AP News
Oct 2, 2025 · President Donald Trump has declared drug cartels to be unlawful combatants and says the United States is now in an “armed conflict."
[106]
proportionality test - The Practical Guide to Humanitarian Law
This proportionality test requires that commanders have a clear appraisal before the attack of the expected military advantage and of the related foreseeable ...
[107]
The Impact of US Drone Strikes on Terrorism in Pakistan and ...
We find that drone strikes are associated with decreases in the incidence and lethality of terrorist attacks, as well as decreases in particularly intimidating ...
[108]
Drone Strike Risks Dangerous U.S.-Iran Escalation
Jan 29, 2024 · An attack from Iran-aligned forces that killed US service members near Jordan's border with Syria risks direct US-Iran conflict in a region already embroiled ...
[109]
Not-So-Grand Strategy: America's Failed War on Drugs in Colombia
Jan 9, 2020 · Plan Colombia has failed to quell the country's drug production. Moreover, the counternarcotics effort has been largely ineffective.
[110]
US designates Colombia country 'failing to cooperate in drug war'
Sep 16, 2025 · The United States has officially named Colombia as a country which has "demonstrably failed" to uphold its obligations to control drug ...
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THE EFFECT OF HAND DOMINANCE ON MARTIAL ARTS STRIKES
Nov 1, 2011 · On average, dominant hand strikes were approximately 10% faster and exhibited 30% greater effective mass than non-dominant hand strikes.Missing: empirical | Show results with:empirical
[112]
Impact Force and Velocities for Kicking Strikes in Combat Sports - NIH
Kicking velocity and impact force are determined by several factors, including technical proficiency, lower body strength and flexibility, effective mass, and ...
[113]
Punch Force - The Science Behind The Punch - Boxing Science
During a punch, force is generated from the floor and transferred from foot to fist, at rapid rates via the kinetic chain.⁣ ⁣ To deliver hard, fast punches ...
[114]
Pattern, severity and aetiology of injuries in victims of assault - NIH
Injury most often resulted from punching (72% of assaults) or kicking (42% of assaults). Only 6% of victims reported injury with knives but 11% were injured by ...
[115]
Self-Defense Law: Overview - FindLaw
Aug 15, 2023 · Proportional Response. Self-defense law requires the response to match the threat level in question. In other words, a person can only use as ...
[116]
[PDF] Fighting Techniques For Self Defense - Tangent Blog
Empirical data on the effectiveness of various fighting techniques for self defense is limited due to the unpredictability of real-world assaults. However, ...<|separator|>
[117]
Changing trends and characteristics of one punch deaths in ...
There were 80 one punch fatalities in Australia between 2012 and 2018, totalling 169 since 2000. There was a slight decline in the number of deaths annually.
[118]
Strike Zone | Glossary - MLB.com
The official strike zone is the area over home plate from the midpoint between a batter's shoulders and the top of the uniform pants.
[119]
What is a strike? - Baseball Rules Academy
A strike is a ball that passes through any part of the strike zone in flight. A foul ball is also counted as a strike when a hitter has less than two strikes.
[120]
Rule 7 - Section 2 - STRIKES, BALLS AND HITS
7-2-1 A strike is charged to the batter when: a pitch enters any part of the strike zone in flight and is not struck at; a pitch is struck at and missed (even ...
[121]
ABS Challenge System coming to MLB full time in '26
Sep 23, 2025 · Upon further review, the ABS Challenge System has been confirmed for the 2026 MLB season. The Joint Competition Committee voted Tuesday ...
[122]
MLB to test automated ball-strike challenge system during spring ...
Feb 18, 2025 · The Automated Ball-Strike System (ABS), presented by T-Mobile -- as it's officially called -- will be in place for roughly 60% of Spring Training games.
[123]
Bowling Lingo - BOWL.com
Strike - Knocking down all 10 pins with the first ball. strike1-450px. That's ... USBC Bowling Store Logo USBC Bowling Store · My ...
[124]
Striking 101 - BOWL.com
To strike, hit the "strike pocket" (1-2 pins for left-handers, 1-3 for right-handers), and adjust your feet in the direction of the miss. Start at the 15 board.
[125]
[PDF] Rulebook-23-24.pdf - BOWL.com
Only award scores bowled using the standard American Tenpin scoring system as described in Rule 2a and meeting. USBC equipment specifications qualify for USBC ...<|separator|>
[126]
Unified Boxing Rules - Association of Boxing Commissions
1. Each round shall consist of a three (3) minute duration, with a one (1) minute rest period between rounds. · 2. The referee is the sole arbiter of a bout and ...
[127]
Boxing 101: Olympic terminology and glossary
Mar 26, 2024 · Blow: A landed punch. Blocking: Using the hands, shoulders or arms to prevent an opponent's punch from landing cleanly on the head or torso.<|separator|>
[128]
Sensing Lightning from the Space Station - NASA Earth Observatory
Mar 22, 2014 · Across the atmosphere of Earth, lightning flashes about 50 times per second. That's 4.3 million times a day and roughly 1.5 billion times a ...
[129]
Lightning | NASA Earthdata
Sep 30, 2025 · Studies now support that the global per-second flash rate ranges from 35 flashes per second during the Northern hemisphere winter to 55 flashes ...
[130]
What causes earthquakes? - British Geological Survey
Strike-slip faults occur at transform boundaries: for example, a system of strike-slip faults makes up the transform boundary of the San Andreas fault. BGS ...
[131]
The implications of starvation induced psychological changes ... - NIH
More problematic are increases in impulsivity and aggressivity, changes which, while not impairing competence, enhance the likelihood that patients will starve ...
[132]
Neurological complications of prolonged hunger strike - PubMed
Our most significant finding was that the effect of hunger was more prominent on the central nervous system than on the neuromuscular system.
[133]
Neuromuscular consequences of prolonged hunger strike
Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine the electrophysiological consequences of neuromuscular and central nervous system involvement in a ...
[134]
How does a mechanical clock work?
Feb 11, 2022 · Similarly, the mainspring releases the energy through the gears or wheels on the strike side of a clock by means of a series of levers and pins.<|separator|>
[135]
The Repair of an Altered Strike Mechanism on a ... - Abbey Clock
The majority of rack-and-snail type clock striking mechanisms that have come by my bench for repairs have worked very well with the usual adjustments.
[136]
https://www.clockshop.com.au/blog/our-blog/all-about-chiming-clocks-how-these-movements-work/
[137]
Is it possible to light a match by scratching it on hard surfaces, like ...
Nov 3, 2013 · Most matches won't light by scratching, but "strike anywhere" matches can with enough force, though they are dangerous. Some have lit matches ...Missing: mechanism | Show results with:mechanism
[138]
What Are Safety Matches and How Do They Work?
These are NOT safety matches. Most people know them as “strike anywhere” matches because you can strike them on anything with friction, and they will ignite.
[139]
Mechanical Testing - Notched Bar or Impact Testing - TWI - TWI Global
Impact testing measures toughness, specifically notch toughness, by striking a specimen with a pendulum to measure energy absorbed, indicating if the material ...
[140]
Learn About Impact Tests | Xometry
Aug 26, 2023 · An impact test is a technique used to determine a material's ability to resist deformation when subjected to a sudden shock or impulse load.
[141]
Impact Testing Explained: Methods, Applications, & Benefits
Sep 17, 2024 · Impact testing helps identify potential weaknesses and improve material formulations and product designs by simulating real-world conditions.
[142]
Statistical Analysis of Aircraft-Bird Strikes Resulting in Engine Failure
Aug 6, 2025 · Statistically, engine failure due to bird strike is most likely to occur during the initial climb-out below 5,000 ft (Avrenli & Dempsey, 2014) .
[143]
[PDF] Numerical Analysis of Bird Strike Damage on Composite Sandwich ...
As discussed earlier, the Hashin failure criterion identifies four different failure modes of composite ply. As illustrated, the bird penetrates the wing ...
[144]
Statistical Analysis of Aircraft–Bird Strikes Resulting in Engine Failure
Jan 1, 2014 · This study identified the factors that were statistically associated with the probability of engine failure in the event of a bird strike. A ...Missing: modes | Show results with:modes
[145]
A Primer: Three Strikes: The Impact After More Than a Decade
The law was enacted as Chapter 12, Statutes of 1994 (AB 971, Jones) by the Legislature and by the electorate in Proposition 184.
[146]
Three Strikes Basics - Stanford Law School
In 1994, California voters enacted the “Three Strikes and You're Out” law in response to the tragic murders of Kimber Reynolds and Polly Klaas.
[147]
Three Strike Law in Different States - LegalMatch
Which States Have a Three Strikes Law? · Arkansas (since 1995); · Arizona (since 2005); · California (since 1994); · Colorado (since 1994); · Connecticut (since 1994); ...
[148]
Three Strikes and You're Out: A Review of State Legislation ...
Between 1993 and 1995, 24 States added three-strikes laws to already existing laws that enhanced sentencing for repeat offenders.
[149]
[PDF] Impact of Three Strikes and Truth in Sentencing on the Volume and ...
Mar 6, 2001 · Three Strikes mandates long sentences, while TIS requires 85% of sentences served. Impacts on prison incarceration and time served are examined ...
[150]
[PDF] Impacts of 'Three Strikes and You're Out' on Crime Trends in ...
Three Strikes laws are associated with faster declines in robbery, burglary, larceny, and motor vehicle theft, but slower declines in murder rates. The ' ...
[151]
[PDF] THE UNINTENDED CONSEQUENCES OF 'THREE-STRIKES ...
Three-Strikes reduced overall crime, but increased the likelihood of more violent crimes due to a flattened penalty gradient.
[152]
Sioux Chief Two Strike (Eastman's Biography)
May 28, 2024 · Two Strike (Numpkahapa/Nomkahpa, lc 1831-1915) was a Lakota Sioux chief of the Brule band, who fought against the US military consistently from Red Cloud's War ...
[153]
Two Strike 1831-1915 - Ya-Native
Two Strike, a prominent Lakota leader, was among those who had resisted the government's attempts to take their land and force them onto reservations. The ...
[154]
Hilda STRIKE-SISSON - Olympics.com
Biography. There were few sports in which Hilda Strike was not proficient, but she found the most success as a track and field athlete, even though she did not ...
[155]
Hilda Strike | The Canadian Encyclopedia
Feb 8, 2012 · Hilda Strike, (born at Montréal, 1 Sep 1910; died at Ottawa, 9 Mar 1989). Hilda Strike was an athlete in the 1932 SUMMER OLYMPICS in TRACK AND ...
[156]
Hilda Strike (Sisson) - Team Canada - Canadian Olympic Committee
Personal Details ; Sport. Athletics ; Games. Los Angeles 1932 ; Born. September 1, 1910 ; Birthplace. Montréal, Quebec ; Home Province. Québec.
[157]
Alice Mary Strike Obituary | 1896 - 2004 | Vancouver Sun & Province
Alice Mary Strike passed away on December 22, 2004 ... She was the last surviving female veteran and the oldest surviving veteran of the First World War.
[158]
Alice Strike - Prabook
Strike died, aged 108, at Camp Hill Veterans Hospital, Halifax, Nova Scotia. She was one among 46,000 people to receive the Jubilee medal in February 2003.
[159]
Sam Strike - Biography - IMDb
Sam Strike was born on January 18, 1994 in Southend-on-Sea, Essex, England, UK. He is an actor and writer, known for Mindhunter (2017), Chernobyl (2019) and ...
[160]
Strike (1925) - IMDb
Rating 7.6/10 (9,269) Strike (Russian: Strike (1925)) is a Soviet silent propaganda film edited and directed by Sergei Eisenstein. Originating as one entry out of a proposed seven- ...
[161]
Watch Strike | Netflix
The suicide of a worker unjustly accused of theft prompts the laborers working at a Moscow factory to call a strike in Czarist Russia.
[162]
15 Movies About Labor Unions And Strikes – Photo Gallery
Aug 21, 2023 · Discover 15 films capturing the essence of strikes and unions, delving into the solidarity and triumphs of workers advocating for change.
[163]
Watch These 9 Sundance Institute–Supported Documentaries That ...
Aug 28, 2025 · Directed by Steven Bognar and Julia Reichert, Sundance Institute–supported “American Factory” was named Best Documentary Feature at the 92nd ...
[164]
Strike: Inside the unions (TV Mini Series 2023) - IMDb
Pickets and people power. Unprecedented access to the people at the heart of the biggest wave of strikes in a generation - from the union leaders to the workers ...
[165]
Books about Strikes (96 books) - Goodreads
Books About Strikes · 1. North and South · 2. Lysistrata (Aurora Metro Press) · 3. In Dubious Battle · 4. Mary Barton · 5. Germinal · 6. The Grapes of Wrath · 7.
[166]
BostonPL_In Solidarity: 16 Historical Fiction Books about Workers ...
BostonPL_In Solidarity: 16 Historical Fiction Books about Workers' Rights Like this list · Gilded Mountain · The Given Day · The Cold Millions · The Women of the ...
[167]
A Novel Idea: Fiction for Labor Activists | Labor Notes
Jan 31, 2013 · John Steinbeck's In Dubious Battle, about a strike by fruit pickers in California and the difficulties of organizing, is controversial, says ...
[168]
Valuable lessons learned from 1935 play “Waiting for Lefty”
Odets sets the play up as a meeting of a taxi drivers' union in New York City, with only one item on the agenda: a strike.
[169]
Strife: John Galsworthy's 1909 play about factory strikes is just as ...
Aug 19, 2016 · Strife: John Galsworthy's 1909 play about factory strikes is just as relevant today – review ... And much of what Galsworthy – most famous for his ...
[170]
10 of the best union songs of all time | CBC News
Aug 31, 2017 · 10 of the best union songs of all time · Social Sharing · Factory: Bruce Springsteen · Florence Reece: Which Side Are You On? · Working Class Hero: ...
[171]
Union Songs - Zinn Education Project
Over 700 union songs in an easy to search and regularly updated online collection with lyrics and audio. Themes: Art & Music, Labor, Organizing. Share. FacebookMissing: strikes | Show results with:strikes
[172]
Minor League Baseball on ESPN (TV Mini Series 1994) - IMDb
Michael Jordan in Minor League Baseball on ESPN (1994) ... During the 1994 MLB players' strike, ESPN turned their baseball coverage to the minor leagues.
[173]
New Netflix Montreal Expos Documentary Exposes MLB Team's ...
Oct 16, 2025 · The team was among the best in baseball in 1994, when major league players went on strike and the World Series was cancelled. From 1995-2001 ...
[174]
'Oh my God, how can we do this?': An oral history of the 1994 MLB ...
Aug 12, 2019 · Tim Kurkjian, Jeff Passan and Mark Teixeira reflect on the ramifications of the 1994 Major League Baseball strike.
[175]
Bowling Strikes: Taylor, Dawson: 9780809239771 - Amazon.com
30-day returnsWith more than 85 close-up photos and precise step-by-step instructions, plus special advice for the left-handed and senior bowler, this book gives all ...
[176]
Make that strike;: a breakthrough in bowling technique - Amazon.com
30-day returnsASIN, B0007EEQ0Y. Publisher, Exposition Press. Publication date, January 1, 1967. Edition, First Edition. Language, ‎English. Print length, 62 pages.
[177]
Make That Strike, A Breakthrough in Bowling Technique (Hardcover)
Free delivery 30-day returnsMake That Strike, A Breakthrough in Bowling Technique by Abraham Susskind and Frank Esposito: Good Hardcover (1967) 1st Edition | R Bryan Old Books.<|separator|>