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Pico

Pico (p) is a in the () denoting a factor of one trillionth, or 10-12. The prefix enables the expression of extremely small quantities in scientific and technical contexts, such as the picometer (pm) for measuring atomic-scale distances on the order of 10-12 meters, the (ps) for ultrashort time intervals in processes like chemical reactions, and the picofarad (pF) for minuscule capacitances in electronic circuits. Adopted by the 11th General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM) in to standardize submultiples alongside prefixes like , pico derives etymologically from the term pico, signifying a "tiny bit" or small quantity akin to a bird's . Its introduction facilitated precise notation in fields ranging from physics and chemistry to , where empirical measurements demand scales far below the base units of meters, seconds, or grams.

Scientific prefix

Definition and usage

The prefix pico- (symbol p) represents a multiplication factor of 10-12 (one trillionth or 0.000000000001) when forming multiples and submultiples of units. This standardization ensures consistent expression of very small quantities across scientific disciplines, aligning with the metric system's -based structure for empirical precision. Adopted at the 11th General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM) in 1960, pico- was introduced alongside peta- (1015) to extend the prefix range for emerging needs in high-energy physics and , where measurements below the nanometer (10-9) scale became routine following advancements in instrumentation during the mid-20th century. The term originates from the piccolo, meaning "small," selected for its brevity and phonetic contrast with larger prefixes to minimize auditory confusion in oral reporting of data. This evolution prioritized causal scalability in metric notation over units, enabling direct decimal handling of subatomic phenomena without unit conversion errors. Common applications include the picosecond (ps; 10-12 s), used to quantify ultrafast processes such as molecular vibrations in femtochemistry or pulse durations in mode-locked lasers, where durations of 100–500 ps correspond to observable reaction dynamics. The picofarad (pF; 10-12 F) denotes minuscule capacitances in integrated circuits, typical values like 1–10 pF appearing in high-frequency filters to prevent signal distortion. In chemistry and materials science, the picometer (pm; 10-12 m) measures atomic-scale lengths, such as carbon-carbon bond lengths of approximately 154 pm in hydrocarbons, derived from X-ray crystallography data. These units facilitate verifiable predictions in quantum mechanics and electromagnetism by anchoring abstract models to experimentally reproducible scales.

Places

Lunar features

Mons Pico is an isolated lunar mountain massif situated in the northern portion of , at coordinates 45.8°N 8.9°W. The feature spans approximately 24 km across and elevates 2.4 km above the adjacent basaltic plains. Adopted by the in 1935, the name derives from the Spanish word for "peak," reflecting its prominence as observed by early telescopic astronomers like Johann Schröter. Geologically, Mons Pico emerges from the lava-flooded floor of the Imbrium basin, a multi-ring formed by a collision during the approximately 3.85 to 3.92 billion years ago. The mountain consists of highland anorthositic material, likely excavated or upthrusted during the basin-forming event, contrasting with the surrounding dark, iron-rich basalts from subsequent volcanic flooding between 3.5 and 3.8 billion years ago. High-resolution images from the confirm its rugged, blocky slopes and lack of significant secondary cratering, indicating exposure to micrometeorite gardening over billions of years without major resurfacing. Associated satellite features include several small craters designated Pico B (12 km , located 46.5°N 15.3°W), Pico C (5 km), and others up to Pico K, which encircle the and provide insights into local impact flux and ejecta distribution. Nearby, Mons Pico β (also known as Pico Beta) forms a companion peak approximately 6 km tall, together forming a striking pair visible in telescopic views from during favorable librations. These structures contribute to studies of lunar formation, potentially involving volcanic intrusion or rebound from the Imbrium , with analyses revealing plagioclase-rich compositions typical of the lunar crust. Mons Pico's elongated, knife-edge silhouette casts elongated shadows at low sun angles, historically used by observers to gauge telescopic resolution and atmospheric turbulence. Data from Apollo and modern orbiters underscore its role in calibrating lunar topographic models, with elevations measured via laser altimetry confirming heights up to 2,600 m in select summits.

Portuguese locations

Pico Island, part of Portugal's Azores archipelago in the North Atlantic, constitutes the largest island in the Central Group with an area of 447 km². The island's elongated form spans 46 km in length and up to 16 km in width, featuring a rugged terrain shaped by volcanic processes. Its population stood at 14,148 residents as of the most recent available data, concentrated in coastal settlements amid the interior's lava-dominated landscapes. Dominating the island is , a and Portugal's highest peak at 2,351 meters above . The volcano's summit and flanks exhibit Holocene-era formations, with historical activity including fissure-fed eruptions in 1718 near Santa Luzia, producing cones and lava flows, and in 1720 at Silveira, rated as a moderate strombolian-vulcanian event. These events underscore the island's ongoing geological dynamism, with basaltic magmatism driven by influences rather than simplistic plate-boundary models alone. The island's UNESCO World Heritage designation, awarded in 2004 for the "Landscape of the Vineyard Culture," encompasses 987 hectares of volcanic fields adapted for through currais—low stone walls enclosing grapevines on impermeable lava substrates. This system, developed since the , exploits basalt's mineral richness and water retention to sustain agriculture in otherwise nutrient-poor soils, yielding fortified wines resilient to maritime climates. Empirical observations reveal how such interventions enhance local , with lava fields hosting specialized lichens, ferns, and arthropods that thrive in microhabitats formed by human-modified rock barriers, countering narratives of pristine wilderness by evidencing causal human-ecological co-evolution. Economically, Pico relies on wine production, which leverages the island's unique for distinct varietal expressions; targeting pelagic species in surrounding waters; and drawn to volcanic hikes, , and heritage sites. These sectors reflect adaptive exploitation of the island's causal endowments—volcanic fertility and oceanic proximity—sustaining livelihoods without reliance on mainland subsidies, as per regional statistical aggregates.

American locations

Pico Mountain is a ski resort situated in , operational since November 25, 1937, when founders and installed a 1,200-foot rope tow powered by a Hudson Motor Car engine. The resort features 58 trails served by seven lifts, with a vertical drop of 1,967 feet (599 meters), catering primarily to intermediate skiers through its terrain distribution. Ownership transitioned in recent years to a group led by local investors Phill Gross and Michael Ferri, emphasizing sustained skiing operations following prior management under Powdr Corporation. Pico Boulevard stretches approximately 12 miles through western , , serving as a key east-west arterial road in the Mid-City West area and linking neighborhoods including the Pico-Robertson district, known for its dense concentration of Jewish institutions, kosher businesses, and synagogues that form a community focal point. Recent private-sector developments along the boulevard include the seven-story mixed-use project at 5566 West , which broke ground in 2025 to deliver 40 residential units, 1,350 square feet of commercial space, and a 25-car garage atop existing low-rise structures, reflecting market-responsive infill growth amid ongoing approvals. Pico Rivera is a in southeastern Los Angeles County, California, incorporated on January 29, 1958, through the amalgamation of the former unincorporated communities of Pico and Rivera, which traces its roots to early 20th-century agricultural and ranching lands converted to suburban and light industrial uses post-World War II. The city's population stood at approximately 60,800 in 2023, with a of $86,956 and leading economic sectors in , , and wholesale trade supporting over 1,600 businesses. Recent urban expansions include a 2025 specific plan for a 305-acre transit-oriented district near future rail hubs, allocating capacity for up to 2,336 residential units and nearly six million square feet of non-residential space across seven , aligned with the city's 2035 general plan for commercial and transportation-oriented development. Concurrent revisions aim to streamline land-use regulations for consistency with growth projections, including updated compatibility matrices for residential and industrial densities without specified traffic impact assessments in public records.

Other global locations

Pico do Fogo, the central cone of on Fogo Island in , stands at 2,829 meters above , making it the archipelago's highest peak and an active characterized by recurrent effusive eruptions driven by mantle-derived ascent. The volcano's features a prominent summit crater approximately 150 meters deep and 500 meters wide, with historical activity including near-continuous eruptions since settlement around 1500 AD. Its 2014–2015 eruption, beginning , 2014, involved fissure vents at the cone's base emitting lava flows that advanced at rates up to 20 meters per hour, destroying over 75% of structures in villages like Portela and Bangaeira within the . Seismic monitoring and observations documented plume heights exceeding 9 km initially, underscoring the volcano's potential for rapid hazard development in a densely populated summit depression. In Europe's , Pico de las Nieves rises to 1,949 meters on , , serving as the island's highest and a key orographic feature shaped by ancient volcanic processes now largely dormant. The peak offers expansive vistas across the island's central , accessible via roads and trails that highlight its role in local and biodiversity, with surrounding laurel forests preserved as Biosphere Reserve components. Geological surveys indicate formation through shield-building followed by erosional sculpting, with no recorded eruptions in modern history.

People

Historical figures

Giovanni Pico della Mirandola (1463–1494) was an philosopher and scholar from the noble family of counts of and Concordia. Born on February 24, 1463, in near , he pursued extensive studies in , theology, and languages, including Latin, Greek, Hebrew, and Arabic, under influences such as Marsilio Ficino's . At age 23, in December 1486, Pico announced plans to defend 900 theses on religion, , , and magic in a public disputation in , drawing from diverse traditions including Christian, , and Kabbalistic sources to argue for a syncretic understanding of truth. This ambitious project aimed to reconcile apparent contradictions through rational inquiry, critiquing rigid scholastic dogmatism in favor of humanistic potential for intellectual ascent. The introductory speech to these theses, known as the Oration on the Dignity of Man (composed in 1486 but unpublished until after his death), posited human as enabling between divine and bestial states, emphasizing empirical observation and causal reasoning over unexamined faith. Pico's syncretism integrated as a mystical key to and Christian metaphysics, influencing later esoteric traditions while prioritizing verifiable philosophical coherence. However, issued a bull in 1487 condemning 13 theses as heretical or erroneous, prohibiting the disputation and ordering copies destroyed, though Pico appealed and later reconciled with the Church. Pico's legacy extended through associations with Ficino and critiques of medieval , fostering humanism's focus on individual agency and cross-cultural synthesis, though his rejected dogmatic in favor of hierarchical truths grounded in reason. He died suddenly on November 17, 1494, in at age 31, alongside scholar Angelo Poliziano; exhumations in 2008 revealed elevated levels in remains, supporting contemporary suspicions of poisoning, possibly linked to political intrigue involving Piero de' Medici, despite inconclusive historical autopsies.

Modern individuals

Pico Iyer (born Siddharth Pico Raghavan Iyer, February 11, 1957) is a British-born essayist, , and travel writer of descent, raised in and based in since 1987. He has authored fifteen books translated into twenty-three languages, focusing on global cultural shifts, personal exile, and contemplative themes influenced by his engagement with . Iyer's early career included contributing to publications such as Time magazine, where he reported on international affairs, before transitioning to full-time authorship in 1982. His breakthrough work, Video Night in Kathmandu: And Other Reports from the Not-So-Far East (1988), documents the uneven penetration of Western consumer culture into , highlighting tensions between traditional societies and imported media influences like films and , which he portrays as eroding local customs without reciprocal exchange. Subsequent books, including The Lady and the Monk (1991) on his experiences in and The Art of Stillness (2014), explore themes of voluntary simplicity and monastic retreat amid modern restlessness, drawing from his semi-nomadic life split between a monastic cell in and global travels. Critics have noted Iyer's stylistic blend of irony and , though some reviews question whether his outsider romanticizes Eastern over empirical of socioeconomic drivers. Iyer's oeuvre critiques globalization's homogenizing effects, as in essays for The New York Times and National Geographic, where he observes how technology accelerates cultural dilution—evident in his 2023 reflections on AI's potential to further commodify human experience—while advocating mindfulness as a counterbalance rooted in his Theosophist upbringing and Buddhist practice. Despite acclaim from outlets like Outside magazine, which dubbed him the world's greatest living travel writer, his works occasionally face scrutiny for prioritizing lyrical introspection over rigorous data on global migration or economic causality.

Fictional characters

In video games

Pico debuted as a playable character in the 1999 Flash game , created by and released on , depicting the red-haired youth as an anti-hero student combating a goth-led through point-and-click navigation and shooting mechanics. Players control Pico in a side-scrolling format, dual-wielding pistols to eliminate enemies while interacting with the environment for progression, including moral decisions such as attempting dialogue with the final boss before resorting to lethal force, which alters the outcome. The game, developed amid post-Columbine High School massacre discussions on April 20, 1999, satirized media-driven fears of youth violence and suburban disaffection, accumulating over 10 million views in the Pico series on . Subsequent Newgrounds titles expanded Pico's role in run-and-gun style gameplay, such as Pico vs. Uberkids (2000), where he battles genetically enhanced children in a vertical format emphasizing rapid enemy dispatch and power-ups, and Pico's Unloaded (2005), a boss-rush game testing precision aiming and against escalating threats. These entries prioritized player agency in chaotic, high-stakes scenarios over narrative depth, reflecting indie gaming's emphasis on unfiltered action mechanics absent in mainstream titles constrained by content ratings. highlighted the series' cathartic appeal for depicting fictional violence as narrative release, though critics post-release linked it to real-world events like , prompting defenses of its intent as adolescent exaggeration rather than endorsement. Pico's prominence surged in 2020 with his integration into Friday Night Funkin', a rhythm game hosted on Newgrounds, where he serves as the antagonist in Week 3's rap battles against protagonist Boyfriend, released December 11, featuring tracks like "Pico" that test timing on arrow inputs amid escalating musical intensity. Fan-created mods for Friday Night Funkin' since 2021 have proliferated Pico's lore through custom songs, animations, and alternate storylines, amassing millions of plays and underscoring indie developers' freedom to explore mature themes without corporate sanitization, in contrast to polished AAA productions. This revival cemented Pico's status as a symbol of Newgrounds' raw, creator-driven ethos, with ongoing mods maintaining engagement via community-driven expansions.

In anime and other media

Boku no Pico is a Japanese original video animation (OVA) series produced by Natural High, released starting September 7, 2006, consisting of three main episodes and a special, featuring explicit sexual content between adult and adolescent male characters, including the titular Pico, an effeminate boy depicted in scenarios involving his grandfather's café and encounters with older males. The series is classified as , a subgenre of focusing on sexualized young boys, and gained notoriety for its graphic depictions, which include oral and anal acts portrayed among characters appearing underage. Distribution occurred primarily through unofficial fansubs internationally, reflecting its niche appeal within subcultures rather than mainstream markets. Reception has been predominantly negative, with widespread criticism centering on the series' pedophilic undertones and normalization of through , leading to its as a and cautionary example in online discussions. Low user ratings, such as 2.4/10 on from over 1,000 votes, underscore viewer revulsion, though a small subset of audiences in communities have praised its production quality and thematic exploration of taboo desires. Debates it ignited include censorship, with arguments that such content caters to unmet subcultural demands for fictional outlets, potentially reducing real-world harms via —a lacking empirical validation but rooted in demand-driven media economics—balanced against ethical concerns over desensitization and moral hazards in depicting exploitative dynamics. No official sales figures are publicly detailed, but its persistence via indicates sustained underground interest despite bans in select jurisdictions or platforms prohibiting underage-themed . Beyond , the name "Pico" appears sporadically in minor anime-adjacent media, such as cameo references or unrelated character names in and webcomics, but lacks prominent roles in non-hentai series or films, with no verifiable major adaptations or crossovers documented outside niche works.

Medicine

Evidence-based frameworks

The , an for (or /Problem), , (or Control), and Outcome, provides a structured method for formulating questions in . Introduced in 1995 by Richardson et al. as a to create "well-built" questions that address knowledge gaps encountered in care, it emphasizes specificity to facilitate targeted searches and study designs. This approach arose amid the rise of in the early 1990s, aiming to replace unstructured queries with components that isolate variables for rigorous evaluation, particularly in randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and systematic reviews. In application, PICO frames questions to prioritize testable hypotheses, such as: In adults with acute (P), does aspirin (I) compared to (C) reduce 30-day mortality (O)? This structure ensures questions specify the target group, proposed or , alternative benchmark, and measurable , thereby enhancing search and reducing retrieval of irrelevant studies by up to 50% in meta-analyses. Its integration into protocols like those of the Cochrane Collaboration since the late 1990s has standardized systematic reviews, where PICO elements guide inclusion criteria and data synthesis, promoting reproducibility—evidenced by higher inter-rater agreement in question formulation among reviewers ( scores >0.7 in validation studies). Such methodological rigor counters biases in correlative observational data by focusing on comparative , aligning with principles through controlled variables rather than anecdotal or narrative-driven assessments prevalent in less structured medical inquiries. Extensions like PICOS incorporate as a fifth element, specifying eligible trial types (e.g., RCTs only) to filter high-quality evidence in systematic reviews and meta-analyses, as recommended in guidelines such as PRISMA since 2009. This adaptation addresses limitations in original PICO for prognostic or diagnostic queries, where design constraints mitigate and selection biases, yielding more robust effect estimates—for instance, restricting to double-blinded RCTs has been shown to halve heterogeneity (I² <30%) in cardiovascular outcome syntheses. By mandating explicit comparators and outcomes, PICOS variants reinforce causal realism over mere associations, critiquing mainstream guidelines that occasionally rely on under-specified data prone to unadjusted confounders.

Computing and electronics

Software applications

The Pico text editor, originally developed by the University of Washington as part of the Pine email client released in 1992, functions as a lightweight, non-modal command-line editor using Ctrl-key combinations for operations like search, cut, and paste. Designed for simplicity and integration with email workflows, it emulates basic functionality without the complexity of modal editors like Vim, prioritizing quick text manipulation in resource-constrained environments such as Unix terminals. Although not fully open-source due to licensing tied to Pine's distribution, its influence persists through forks like GNU Nano, initiated in 1999 as a free alternative that expands on Pico's interface while addressing proprietary limitations. Pico CMS, a flat-file launched around 2012, operates without a database by Markdown files directly from the filesystem, enabling rapid static site generation suitable for small-scale websites emphasizing performance over dynamic features. Its architecture leverages for routing and Twig templating, reducing overhead compared to database-driven systems like , with content stored in for via . Development ceased years ago, with the last stable release (version 2.1.4) in August 2020, though its design principles—minimal dependencies and file-based editing—continue to appeal for low-maintenance deployments where empirical benchmarks show sub-millisecond load times on basic hardware. Pico CSS, introduced as an open-source around , provides a classless approach to styling elements, rendering them responsive and accessible by default without requiring custom classes for core layouts. Weighing under 10KB minified, it favors native tags over utility-first bloat in frameworks like Tailwind, promoting efficiency through CSS variables for theming and built-in support for dark mode via media queries. Usage data from indicates over 10,000 stars by 2025, reflecting adoption for prototypes and documentation sites where semantic purity reduces maintenance compared to heavier alternatives, though customization demands overrides for complex grids.

Hardware devices

The Pico is a low-cost board released on January 21, 2021, by the , priced at $4 and featuring the custom chip with dual Cortex-M0+ cores clocked at up to 133 MHz, 264 KB of , and support for 2 MB of external flash memory. It includes a USB 1.1 interface for programming and , 26 GPIO pins with three analog inputs, and programmable I/O (PIO) state machines enabling custom peripheral without additional . By June 2022, nearly two million units had been sold, contributing to broader adoption in prototypes, embedded systems, and educational projects due to its cost-effectiveness and open-source design files. Pico projectors refer to compact, pocket-sized projection devices utilizing (DLP) or (LCD) technologies, with pioneering DLP-based models through its Pico chipset introduced in the late . The first DLP Pico development kit launched in 2009, enabling integration into mobile devices like early handheld projectors from Optoma and , which project images up to 50 inches from units smaller than a . These devices typically achieve levels of 10-100 lumens with resolutions from WVGA to , prioritizing portability over high-lumen output, though real-world performance is limited in ambient light compared to larger projectors. Pico Technology produces high-performance s under the PicoScope brand, including the 9400 series sampling s with s up to 5 GHz and equivalent-time sampling rates of 1 TS/s for analyzing fast signals in RF and applications. The 9400A series, enhanced in models like the 9404A-25 launched in , extends capabilities to 25 GHz with times under 14 ps, 12-bit ADCs at 500 MS/s, and features for eye diagram and analysis, suitable for high-speed data . These USB-connected instruments emphasize in environments, with low floors and deep memory for capturing transient events. Pico VR headsets, developed by 's PICO division, include the PICO 4 Ultra released in in August 2024 and subsequently in , featuring dual 2160x2160 pancake lenses for 4K-equivalent per-eye , a 104° , and inside-out tracking via dual 32 MP cameras for passthrough. Powered by a XR2 Gen 2 processor, it supports low-latency rendering under 20 ms for gaming and enterprise uses, though ownership by —a firm subject to national data laws—has raised verifiable risks, including reports of features like screenshot capture potentially sending data to servers in . Independent benchmarks confirm efficient power draw around 15-20W during intensive sessions, enhancing life over predecessors but highlighting trade-offs in standalone processing versus tethered PC .

Other uses

Companies and brands

Pico Technology, established on July 1, 1991, in , , , by Alan Tong and Mike Green, specializes in PC-based s and data loggers for test and measurement applications. The company has sustained continuous growth over three decades, pioneering digital triggering and maintaining recognition as a leader in affordable, high-precision PC instrumentation amid a global oscilloscope market projected to expand from USD 3.74 billion in 2025 to USD 5.49 billion by 2030. Pico, a provider, delivers low- trading infrastructure and solutions to connect global financial markets, emphasizing transparent, high-performance ecosystems for venue access and data services. Recent advancements include ultra-low venue achieving over 80% reduction in round-trip times across key exchanges, supporting latency-sensitive strategies. Pico Interactive, a manufacturer originally focused on consumer and enterprise devices like the series, was acquired by in August 2021 for an estimated USD 600-775 million, positioning it as a competitor to Meta's Quest lineup primarily in . Post-acquisition, the brand achieved sales of 46,000 units in within a single online promotion in October 2022 and introduced SDK updates supporting extensions for broader developer compatibility. However, declining global VR demand prompted a major 2023 overhaul, including job cuts and strategic refocus, amid unverified rumors of brand shutdown that denied while reaffirming long-term commitment; these challenges stem from hype cooling rather than inherent product flaws. concerns have arisen due to 's ownership, given regulatory over TikTok's data practices, though no verified breaches specific to Pico have been documented.

Miscellaneous

The Daihatsu Pico is an ultra-compact electric concept vehicle unveiled by at the 2011 Motor Show, positioned as an intermediate between light automobiles and motorized bicycles with a 1+1 seating configuration for urban short commutes, offering a range of approximately 50 kilometers and a two-hour recharge time. The Pico Fitness Center, situated at the base of Pico Mountain in , operates as a year-round facility independent of seasonal activities, featuring a 75-foot indoor lap pool, aerobic and equipment, and classes, and open daily access for members and day-pass users to support general routines. In culinary contexts, "" refers to a fresh salsa of diced tomatoes, onions, cilantro, and chilies, with the name deriving from "pico" meaning "," possibly alluding to the small bite-sized pieces or a traditional serving method pinched by fingers like a bird's beak, though etymological origins remain folkloric without definitive historical attestation.

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