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Virtual reality applications

Virtual reality applications comprise software and systems that harness immersive technologies—such as head-mounted displays, spatial audio, and motion sensors—to generate interactive, three-dimensional environments simulating real or imagined scenarios for user engagement. These applications enable participants to manipulate virtual objects and navigate synthetic spaces with natural body movements, fostering experiences that extend beyond traditional screens to multisensory immersion. Originating from mid-20th-century military flight simulators, VR applications have proliferated across domains including entertainment, professional training, therapeutic interventions, and architectural visualization, driven by hardware improvements like affordable consumer headsets since the 2010s.^[1]^[2] Prominent applications in healthcare include surgical simulations and rehabilitation programs, where VR has empirically enhanced procedural proficiency and patient recovery rates; for instance, studies show it reduces surgical errors in training by providing risk-free repetition of complex maneuvers. In education and vocational training, VR facilitates experiential learning in fields like aviation and nursing, outperforming conventional methods in knowledge retention and skill transfer, as evidenced by systematic reviews of immersive modules. Entertainment, particularly gaming, represents the largest commercial sector, with titles leveraging VR for heightened presence and interactivity, though widespread adoption remains limited by physiological side effects such as cybersickness affecting up to 80% of users in prolonged sessions.^[3]^[4]^[5] Despite achievements like accelerated astronaut preparation via orbital habitat simulations and therapeutic efficacy in treating phobias through exposure protocols, VR applications face scrutiny over ethical concerns including data privacy in social platforms, potential for psychological dependency, and unequal access exacerbating digital divides. Empirical data underscores VR's causal efficacy in behavioral modification—rooted in its ability to hijack sensory-motor loops akin to real perception—but highlights implementation barriers like high development costs and inconsistent long-term outcomes in non-specialized uses. Ongoing advancements in haptics and AI integration promise broader utility, yet causal analyses reveal that hype cycles have occasionally overstated transformative impacts relative to infrastructural constraints.^[6]^[7]^[8]

Design and Engineering Applications

Architecture and Urban Planning

Virtual reality (VR) facilitates immersive walkthroughs of architectural designs, allowing architects and clients to evaluate spatial relationships and aesthetics in a simulated environment that surpasses traditional 2D renderings or physical models.^[9] Empirical studies demonstrate that VR enhances end-user design reviews by improving spatial perception and feedback accuracy compared to conventional methods, with participants reporting higher satisfaction and fewer revisions in immersive sessions.^[9] Integration with Building Information Modeling (BIM) systems enables real-time updates and collaborative editing in VR, reducing errors in construction documentation; a 2022 systematic review identified over 50 studies confirming VR's role in streamlining BIM workflows for large-scale projects.^[10] In urban planning, VR supports simulation of city-scale developments, including traffic flow, pedestrian dynamics, and environmental impacts, enabling planners to test scenarios without physical prototypes.^[11] A 2024 analysis of 360-degree VR applications in urban green infrastructure management found that immersive experiences increased planners' comprehension of site complexities, such as vegetation connectivity and flood risks, by 25-40% over static maps, based on pre- and post-exposure assessments.^[11] VR also aids public engagement by allowing non-experts to virtually navigate proposed developments; for instance, a 2025 study on VR-digital twin integration for walkability assessments showed improved citizen input quality, with simulated walks revealing usability issues overlooked in 2D plans.^[12] Challenges include hardware costs and motion sickness, though advancements in lightweight headsets have mitigated these, with adoption rising 30% in architecture firms from 2020 to 2023 per industry surveys.^[13] VR's empirical advantages stem from its ability to replicate human-scale perception, fostering data-driven decisions over subjective interpretations.^[14]

Industrial and Product Design

Virtual reality (VR) enables industrial and product designers to create immersive 3D environments for prototyping, visualization, and evaluation, allowing manipulation of virtual models at scale without physical fabrication. This approach supports early-stage concept development, assembly simulation, and usability testing, with applications spanning virtual sketching, CAD integration, and co-design processes. A review of 86 studies identified virtual prototyping as the most common use, appearing in 32 cases, followed by product evaluation in 23 instances.^[15]^[15] By facilitating rapid iterations and issue detection in simulated settings, VR reduces development time and costs compared to traditional methods reliant on physical prototypes. For example, designers can test ergonomics, aesthetics, and functionality interactively, minimizing material waste and rework; surveys indicate 49% of engineering adopters cite cost savings from early error catching via VR. In practice, Boeing employs VR for designing tools, products, and production lines, enabling engineers to validate assemblies virtually before implementation. Similarly, automotive applications include vehicle styling reviews, where immersive feedback enhances decision-making over 2D screens.^[15]^[16]^[17]^[15] VR also promotes remote collaboration in design reviews, integrating haptic feedback in 22 documented cases to simulate tactile interactions, thereby improving accuracy in maintainability and user-centered assessments. Empirical adoption surged in the 2010s, with 40 publications, reflecting hardware advancements like head-mounted displays and hand controllers used in 16 studies. While challenges such as setup time persist, these tools demonstrably boost efficiency, as evidenced by reduced iteration cycles in sectors like consumer goods and machinery.^[15]^[15]^[15]

Engineering and Robotics Simulation

Virtual reality (VR) enables engineers to conduct immersive simulations of complex mechanical systems, allowing interaction with virtual prototypes to assess structural integrity, fluid dynamics, and thermal behaviors without constructing physical models. This approach reduces development costs and timelines by facilitating iterative testing in a controlled digital environment. For instance, integrated finite element analysis (FEA) with VR systems visualizes stress distributions and deformations in real-time, as demonstrated in simulations of nonstructural components under seismic loads, where users can manipulate viewpoints and parameters interactively.^[18] Similarly, discrete event simulations of manufacturing cells integrate VR models to evaluate production flows, enabling engineers to identify bottlenecks through embodied navigation.^[19] In aerospace and civil engineering, VR supports the visualization of NASA data interpretations and urban infrastructure behaviors, providing scalable environments for hypothesis testing that would be hazardous or infeasible in reality.^[20] A 2018 National Science Foundation-funded project at Penn State developed VR manufacturing simulations immersing students in interactive factory settings, enhancing comprehension of assembly processes over traditional 2D interfaces.^[21] These applications leverage VR's stereoscopic rendering and head-tracked perspectives to improve spatial awareness, with studies showing up to 30% faster error detection in simulated prototypes compared to desktop CAD reviews.^[22] For robotics simulation, VR facilitates the modeling of kinematic chains, sensor fusion, and environmental interactions, allowing developers to validate algorithms in photorealistic or abstracted worlds before hardware deployment. Path planning, a core challenge, benefits from VR frameworks where operators interactively refine trajectories for mobile robots on uneven terrain, incorporating obstacle avoidance and multi-agent coordination.^[23] Tools like CoppeliaSim (formerly V-REP) integrate VR for differential-drive robot navigation, simulating real-time obstacle circumvention and path optimization, which has accelerated prototyping in autonomous systems by minimizing physical trial iterations.^[24] Human-robot collaboration simulations in VR emphasize safety protocols, such as collision detection during shared workspaces, with immersive setups training operators to anticipate dynamic behaviors.^[25] A 2022 methodology for drone-based robotic construction used VR to simulate material deposition paths, achieving 25% improvements in trajectory efficiency through virtual rehearsals.^[26] Peer-reviewed analyses confirm VR's efficacy in robotics education, where platforms like X-RAPT enable collaborative programming of industrial arms, yielding skill acquisition rates comparable to physical labs but with reduced risk and resource demands.^[27] Overall, these simulations prioritize causal validation of control laws, with transferability to real-world performance evidenced by meta-analyses in surgical robotics analogs, where VR-trained models exhibit 15-20% lower error margins in execution.^[28]

Healthcare Applications

Professional Training and Simulation

Virtual reality (VR) simulations enable healthcare professionals to practice procedures in controlled, risk-free environments, replicating real-world scenarios with high fidelity. These systems integrate haptic feedback, 3D anatomical models, and interactive elements to train skills such as surgical techniques, emergency response, and patient assessment. Studies indicate VR training improves clinical competencies, with meta-analyses reporting significant gains in procedural performance and knowledge retention compared to traditional methods.^[29]^[30] In surgical training, VR platforms allow repeated practice of complex operations, such as laparoscopic or orthopedic procedures, without patient involvement. A 2025 meta-analysis of orthopedic VR training found substantial enhancements in theoretical knowledge and practical skills, with effect sizes indicating superior outcomes over conventional lectures or cadaveric models. Similarly, systematic reviews of VR for robot-assisted surgery demonstrate reduced error rates and faster skill acquisition, particularly in resource-limited settings where access to live cases is constrained.^[30]^[31] For instance, VR simulators for laparoscopic training have shown equivalent or better learning curves than box trainers, though haptic integration remains a variable factor in efficacy.^[32] Beyond surgery, VR supports training in non-technical skills like clinical reasoning and personal protective equipment (PPE) protocols. A 2024 randomized trial comparing VR, face-to-face, and video methods for PPE donning and doffing reported VR participants achieved higher accuracy and retention, attributing gains to immersive repetition. In emergency medicine, VR simulations for disaster response and trauma management yield improved performance in live exercises, with cost analyses showing VR as a scalable alternative to high-expense physical drills.^[33]^[34] Overall, while VR excels in accessibility and repeatability, its effectiveness depends on simulator fidelity and integration with debriefing, as evidenced by scoping reviews highlighting implementation barriers like hardware costs and validation needs.^[35]

Patient Therapy and Rehabilitation

Virtual reality (VR) has been applied in patient rehabilitation to facilitate motor recovery, balance training, and gait improvement, particularly in conditions like stroke and Parkinson's disease. A 2023 meta-analysis of VR-based interventions for Parkinson's patients demonstrated significant enhancements in balance function compared to conventional therapy, with standardized mean differences indicating moderate effects.^[36] Similarly, for stroke survivors, adjunctive VR rehabilitation yields improvements in upper limb motor function, as evidenced by a 2024 systematic review and meta-analysis showing better outcomes across functional measures like the Fugl-Meyer Assessment.^[37] These benefits stem from VR's ability to provide immersive, repetitive task-oriented training that increases patient engagement and neuroplasticity through multisensory feedback.^[38] In psychological therapy, VR exposure therapy (VRET) targets posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) by simulating trauma-related environments to enable controlled desensitization. Clinical trials indicate VRET reduces PTSD symptoms comparably to traditional exposure therapy, with effect sizes supporting its efficacy in non-responders to prior treatments.^[39] A 2022 randomized study found VR-graded exposure therapy produced larger reductions in PTSD severity (Hedges' g = 1.100) versus controls.^[40] However, some reviews report no significant differences in symptom reduction or anxiety alleviation compared to active controls, highlighting variability due to study designs and small sample sizes.^[41] For pain management during rehabilitation, VR distracts patients and modulates nociceptive processing, reducing perceived pain intensity in acute and chronic settings. An umbrella review of systematic reviews confirmed VR's efficacy in alleviating pain for burn patients undergoing physical therapy and in procedural contexts, with benefits observed in moderate-to-severe pain cases.^[42] In postoperative scenarios, VR interventions over 4-6 sessions led to immediate and sustained pain reductions, potentially decreasing reliance on analgesics.^[43] Effect sizes range from small to medium, influenced by immersion levels and patient age.^[44] Despite these applications, VR rehabilitation faces limitations including technical malfunctions, high costs, and challenges in blinding participants, which may introduce placebo effects or bias outcomes.^[45] Many studies suffer from small cohorts and methodological heterogeneity, limiting generalizability, while clinician concerns over side effects like cybersickness and suitability for elderly or impaired patients persist.^[46] Peer-reviewed evidence, though promising, requires larger randomized controlled trials to confirm long-term causal impacts beyond short-term gains.^[47]

Surgical Assistance and Procedures

Virtual reality (VR) facilitates surgical assistance by enabling immersive, patient-specific 3D reconstructions from medical imaging data such as CT and MRI scans, allowing surgeons to visualize complex anatomies and rehearse procedures preoperatively.^[48] This approach supports precise planning in disciplines including cardiothoracic surgery, neurosurgery, and general surgery, where traditional 2D imaging limits spatial comprehension.^[48] Intraoperative assistance integrates VR-derived models with navigation systems to guide real-time decisions, though full VR immersion during procedures remains constrained by the need for direct visual access to the surgical field.^[49] In preoperative planning, VR head-mounted displays enable manipulation of segmented anatomical models, improving identification of pathologies and surgical pathways compared to conventional monitors.^[48] A systematic review of 52 studies from 2021 to 2023 found VR prompted plan modifications in 40% to 60% of cases across neurosurgery and cardiothoracic procedures, with 95% alignment between VR simulations and actual intraoperative findings in one evaluation.^[48] For instance, in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis correction, VR planning reduced operative time and blood loss while enhancing surgeon satisfaction relative to 2D controls.^[50] Similarly, Stanford Medicine employs VR to merge angiography and scan data into interactive models for aneurysm clipping, aiding avoidance of critical structures like the motor cortex.^[51] Intraoperative VR assistance often involves exporting preoperative models to navigation platforms for overlay on live imaging, as in craniofacial trauma reconstruction.^[49] Using software like ImmersiveTouch, surgeons segment fractures in VR within minutes, then apply the plan via systems such as Stryker Nav3i, achieving mean repositioning accuracies of 1.3 mm to 2.5 mm in cadaveric zygomaticomaxillary complex fracture models.^[49] This workflow supports same-day planning for emergent cases, bypassing physical 3D-printed guides and enabling intraoperative CT verification for adjustments.^[49] Evidence indicates such integration shortens procedure durations, with one neurosurgical series reporting an 80-minute reduction.^[48] Empirical outcomes underscore VR's value in enhancing precision and efficiency, though adoption varies due to hardware costs and validation needs.^[48] Prospective studies report superior spatial localization and decision-making over non-VR methods, with no significant complications attributed to VR guidance.^[48] Future advancements may combine VR with augmented reality for hybrid intraoperative views, but current applications prioritize planning to minimize risks in high-stakes procedures.^[49]

Education and Training Applications

K-12 and Higher Education

Virtual reality (VR) has been applied in K-12 education primarily for immersive simulations in subjects like science, history, and STEM, aiming to enhance student engagement and conceptual understanding through experiential learning. A 2022 meta-analysis of controlled studies found that VR interventions in elementary school settings yielded higher learning scores compared to traditional methods, with a medium-large effect size on gains, particularly in immersive formats that simulate environments like historical events or natural phenomena.^[52] For instance, VR platforms enabling virtual field trips to historical sites or ecosystems have demonstrated increased retention of factual knowledge and positive attitudes toward learning, as evidenced in a 2025 study on history education where participants showed significant improvements in historical comprehension.^[53] However, challenges include access barriers and potential novelty effects diminishing long-term benefits, with some reviews noting inconsistent evidence beyond initial engagement boosts in under-resourced schools.^[54] In STEM-focused K-12 applications, VR supports hands-on simulations of experiments, such as chemical reactions or biological processes, which are otherwise constrained by safety or cost in physical labs. Empirical data from a 2024 review indicated VR/AR tools positively impact individual learning processes and teaching efficacy in K-12 STEM, fostering skills like problem-solving through embodied interactions.^[55] A randomized trial integrating VR into science lab simulations reported no significant additional gains from immersion over desktop versions but highlighted improved presence and motivation in younger learners.^[56] Overall, a 2025 meta-analysis confirmed VR instruction's effectiveness for cognitive outcomes in K-12, with effect sizes varying by immersion level and subject, though benefits were more pronounced in short-term interventions.^[57] In higher education, VR facilitates advanced simulations for disciplines requiring spatial or procedural mastery, such as anatomy, engineering, and medicine, often outperforming traditional lectures in knowledge acquisition. A 2023 systematic review and meta-analysis in nursing education showed VR significantly improved theoretical knowledge and practical skills, with standardized mean differences indicating moderate to large effects.^[4] For anatomy, case studies from 2024-2025, including VR dissections, reported enhanced spatial understanding and retention among medical students, comparable or superior to cadaver-based labs when integrated with physical resources.^[58]^[59] In engineering, VR-assisted training for design and robotics has trended upward, with a 2023 scoping review of 51 studies revealing consistent improvements in conceptual modeling and teamwork via multi-user environments, though long-term transfer to real-world tasks requires further validation.^[60] Meta-analyses across higher education contexts affirm VR's positive influence on engagement and outcomes, with a 2025 analysis reporting large effects (Hedges' g = 0.85) on cognitive and behavioral engagement, especially in immersive, procedural subjects like art and engineering.^[61] A 2025 meta-analysis on AR/VR interventions found significant enhancements in learning outcomes, moderated by factors like session duration and prior knowledge, but noted variability due to implementation quality.^[62] Despite these gains, critiques highlight over-reliance on self-reported data in some studies and the need for cost-benefit analyses, as hardware demands can limit scalability in resource-constrained institutions.^[63]

Vocational and Skill-Based Training

Virtual reality (VR) simulations facilitate vocational training by replicating real-world tasks in controlled, risk-free environments, allowing trainees to practice skills such as welding, machining, and vehicle repair without consuming physical materials or endangering personnel.^[64] This approach addresses limitations of traditional methods, including high costs for equipment and consumables, by enabling unlimited repetitions and immediate feedback through haptic devices and virtual metrics.^[65] A 2024 meta-analysis of 28 studies found VR training superior to conventional methods for developing technical and practical skills, with effect sizes indicating faster learning rates and error reductions of up to 30% in psychomotor tasks.^[66] ^[67] In welding instruction, VR platforms simulate arc processes, joint preparations, and positional techniques, correlating virtual performance to real-world proficiency. A 2022 systematic review of 15 studies reported that VR-augmented training enhanced psychomotor accuracy in overhead and vertical welds by 25-40%, outperforming full physical practice in complex scenarios due to precise motion tracking and error visualization.^[68] Participants using VR welders achieved muscle memory development at a 10:1 virtual-to-real ratio, minimizing material waste while building foundational skills before live sessions.^[69] A 2024 experiment with novice welders integrated VR into curricula, yielding 15% higher pass rates on certification welds compared to non-VR groups.^[70] Automotive vocational programs leverage VR for diagnostics, disassembly, and repair simulations, training entry-level technicians on engine components and electrical systems. Vehicles for Change's VFC-VR initiative, launched in 2023, uses Meta Quest headsets to prepare formerly incarcerated individuals for tire and lube roles, reporting 90% job placement within months due to immersive familiarity with tools and procedures.^[71] Universal Technical Institute's Ford FACT program, updated in 2025, incorporates VR modules for brake and suspension work, reducing training time by 20% through scenario-based repetition without vehicle downtime.^[72] These applications extend to broader manufacturing skills, where VR fosters spatial awareness and assembly precision, though evidence notes variability from simulator fidelity and trainee prior experience.^[73] Despite consistent gains in skill retention—evidenced by longitudinal tests showing 18-month proficiency holds—some reviews highlight methodological biases in smaller trials, such as self-reported outcomes over objective metrics, underscoring the need for standardized validation across trades.^[29] Overall, VR's causal advantages stem from embodied cognition principles, where multisensory immersion accelerates procedural memory formation over observational learning alone.^[74]

Military and Defense Training

Virtual reality (VR) systems enable military personnel to conduct high-fidelity simulations of combat, tactical maneuvers, and hazardous operations without the risks or logistical burdens of live exercises. The U.S. Army, for instance, integrates VR into its Synthetic Training Environment (STE), which supports dismounted infantry training by replicating urban warfare and mission rehearsals in immersive settings, reducing costs by up to 50% compared to traditional field training while maintaining or exceeding performance outcomes.^[75] Peer-reviewed analyses confirm VR's efficacy in enhancing skill acquisition, with a systematic review of interactive virtual environments demonstrating superior knowledge retention and transfer to real-world tasks over non-immersive methods.^[76] In aviation and vehicle training, VR simulators allow pilots and operators to practice maneuvers in dynamic threat environments; a capstone study for the U.S. Army Aviation Center of Excellence evaluated VR platforms for helicopter operations, finding they accelerated proficiency by providing repeatable exposure to rare events like engine failures, with trainees achieving 20-30% faster mission completion times post-simulation.^[77] For decision-making under stress, VR scenarios incorporate physiological stressors—such as auditory alarms or spatial disorientation—to elicit measurable cortisol and heart rate elevations mirroring combat conditions, validating their use for building resilience as evidenced in controlled trials with military cohorts.^[78] DARPA has advanced VR for specialized defense training, including the ENGAGE program, which leverages large-scale user data to refine adaptive simulations for complex tasks like squad-level coordination, yielding error reductions of 15-25% in empirical tests against baseline instruction.^[79] Additionally, hyper-realistic VR modules developed under DARPA initiatives simulate ballistic trauma and tactical medicine, enabling medics to rehearse procedures on virtual casualties with haptic feedback for wound packing and hemorrhage control, supported by frameworks assessing transfer validity to live tissue models.^[80] These applications prioritize empirical validation, with meta-analyses of VR military simulations reporting effect sizes (Cohen's d > 0.8) for improved tactical judgment over conventional e-learning.^[81] Despite benefits, VR training fidelity depends on hardware integration, such as haptics for tactile realism in weapons handling, which recent Army implementations have enhanced to bridge the gap between virtual and physical cues, though longitudinal studies emphasize the need for hybrid approaches combining VR with live-fire validation to ensure causal links to battlefield performance.^[75]^[82]

Aerospace, Automotive, and Mining Simulations

Virtual reality (VR) simulations enable high-fidelity training and testing in high-risk aerospace environments, allowing pilots and astronauts to practice maneuvers and procedures without physical hardware or exposure to danger. NASA's Virtual Reality Laboratory supports extravehicular activity (EVA) training by immersing crew in simulated space scenarios, including interactions with robotic arms and full vehicle configurations.^[83] In 2020, Boeing implemented VR using Varjo headsets for remote astronaut training, eliminating the need for multiple physical simulators across locations.^[84] Lockheed Martin integrates mixed reality in pilot training, combining real flight controls with virtual overlays via headset pass-through cameras to enhance situational awareness.^[85] These applications reduce costs and improve retention, as evidenced by NASA's use of VR for lunar science preparation, providing teams with interactive, scenario-based rehearsals.^[86] In automotive design and testing, VR facilitates virtual prototyping and crash simulations, accelerating development cycles while minimizing material use. BMW employs VR for collaborative design sessions and structural evaluations, including virtual crash tests that inform real-world engineering decisions.^[87] The company's simulation center, powered by Unreal Engine, features 14 driving simulators, with the high-fidelity model replicating real vehicle dynamics for ergonomic and performance testing as of 2025.^[88] Ford leverages global VR simulators to transition data into physical vehicles, optimizing designs through iterative virtual iterations since at least 2021.^[89] Peer-reviewed analyses confirm VR's role in Industry 4.0 automotive processes, enabling immersive device testing for assembly and quality control in Romania-based case studies.^[90] Mining operations utilize VR for safety training in hazardous underground and surface environments, simulating emergencies to build procedural memory without real-world risks. Rio Tinto's VR induction program reduced onboarding time by 90% as of 2025, incorporating digital twins of autonomous trucks, trains, and drills for hazard recognition.^[91]^[92] Specialized simulators, such as those for fire response, provide portable, realistic drills tailored to mine-specific layouts, improving response times.^[93] A 2024 systematic review highlights VR's efficacy in mining education and risk mitigation, with applications in self-escape and proximity detection via procedurally generated virtual mines.^[94]^[95] These tools enhance operational efficiency, as simulator-based training correlates with fewer incidents through repeated exposure to rare events.^[96]

Entertainment and Media Applications

Video Games and Gaming

Virtual reality (VR) gaming emerged as a distinct application following the development of head-mounted displays in the late 20th century, with early prototypes like Ivan Sutherland's 1968 Sword of Damocles system enabling basic interactive 3D environments.^[97] Commercial viability accelerated in the 2010s after Palmer Luckey founded Oculus VR in 2012, leading to the Kickstarter-funded Oculus Rift prototype that demonstrated feasible consumer-grade tracking and immersion.^[98] The release of the HTC Vive in April 2016 introduced room-scale VR, allowing players to physically move within a tracked play area of up to 5 by 5 meters using base stations for precise positional tracking.^[98] Standalone VR headsets, such as the Oculus Quest launched in May 2019, eliminated the need for external sensors or PCs by integrating inside-out tracking via cameras and onboard processing, broadening accessibility for gaming without tethered setups.^[99] Haptic feedback advancements, including finger-tracking controllers in devices like the Meta Quest 3 released in October 2023, enhance realism by simulating touch and resistance in games involving object manipulation.^[100] These technologies support genres from rhythm-based titles to first-person shooters, where spatial audio and 6DoF (six degrees of freedom) motion enable intuitive locomotion and interaction. The VR gaming market grew from $19.24 billion in 2024 to an estimated $24.33 billion in 2025, driven by increased headset shipments and content libraries, though it remains a niche within the broader gaming industry.^[101] Popular titles include Beat Saber, a rhythm game released in May 2018 that achieved over 10 million units sold on Quest platforms by 2024, generating more than $250 million in revenue including DLC.^[102] Half-Life: Alyx, launched in March 2020 by Valve, sold approximately 3 million units and earned $127.6 million, praised for leveraging physics-based interactions and narrative depth to showcase VR's potential for AAA experiences.^[103] These successes correlate with improved hardware affordability, yet adoption lags due to high entry costs averaging $500 for mid-range headsets. Persistent challenges include cybersickness, affecting 20-30% of new users due to sensory conflicts between visual motion and vestibular input, which can limit session lengths to 20-30 minutes for susceptible individuals.^[104] Hardware barriers such as required play space (minimum 2x1.5 meters for room-scale) and computational demands for high-fidelity graphics further hinder mainstream uptake, with only about 10-15 million active VR gamers worldwide as of 2025.^[105] Developers mitigate these through techniques like teleportation locomotion and field-of-view adjustments, but empirical studies indicate no universal fix, underscoring VR gaming's reliance on user tolerance and iterative hardware improvements.^[106]

Cinema, Virtual Production, and Film

Virtual production integrates real-time computer-generated imagery with live-action filming, primarily through technologies like LED video walls and game engines such as Unreal Engine, enabling directors to visualize and adjust environments instantaneously on set. This approach originated from earlier techniques like rear-projection in films such as the 1962 James Bond movie Dr. No, where projected footage simulated backgrounds, but evolved significantly with digital tools.^[107] By the late 2000s, performance capture advanced the field, as seen in James Cameron's Avatar (2009), which used motion-capture suits and virtual cameras to create photorealistic alien worlds during principal photography.^[108] A pivotal advancement occurred in 2019 with Disney's The Mandalorian, which employed "The Volume"—a 20-foot-diameter cylindrical LED screen array surrounding actors—to project dynamic, parallax-corrected backgrounds, comprising over 50% of the season's shots and reducing reliance on green-screen post-production.^[109] ^[110] This method allowed for real-time lighting interaction between physical sets and virtual elements, improving actor immersion and cutting VFX timelines by enabling immediate feedback, though it demands high computational power and precise camera tracking to avoid artifacts.^[111] Jon Favreau, the series' director, highlighted its efficiency in SIGGRAPH 2019 discussions, applying similar real-time rendering to The Lion King (2019) for virtual scouting of African landscapes.^[112] From 2020 onward, virtual production proliferated amid pandemic restrictions, with facilities like LED volumes adopted in projects such as Avengers: Endgame (2019) for in-camera effects and subsequent films, lowering costs by minimizing location shoots and post-VFX revisions—potentially saving millions per production while enhancing creative control.^[113] By 2023-2025, integrations of VR headsets for virtual scouting and AR overlays for on-set monitoring further streamlined workflows, as evidenced in industry reports on real-time engines facilitating collaborative remote directing.^[114] However, limitations persist, including high initial setup expenses (e.g., millions for Volume-scale installations) and scalability issues for complex crowd simulations.^[115] In parallel, virtual reality enables immersive cinema experiences, where 360-degree or interactive narratives place viewers within the story, diverging from traditional linear filmmaking by incorporating user agency and spatial audio. Early VR films like those premiered at Sundance's New Frontier since 2015 emphasized experiential storytelling, with examples such as Goliath: Playing with Reality (2019) earning the Grand Jury Prize for Best VR at the 78th Venice International Film Festival for its psychological exploration via mixed reality.^[116] VR also aids pre-production, with filmmakers using headsets for storyboarding and set design, as in Unity-based virtual environments that allow precise camera path planning before physical builds.^[117] Recent immersive VR works include Lutaw (2024), a finalist for VR Film of the Year at the AIXR Awards, and Venice Immersive 2025 winners like The Clouds Are 2000 Meters Up, which blend animation and interaction to simulate emotional journeys, demonstrating VR's capacity for non-verbal, empathy-driven narratives.^[118] ^[119] Despite acclaim, VR cinema faces distribution hurdles, with platforms like Meta Quest hosting experiences but limited theatrical viability due to headset requirements and shorter runtimes (typically 10-30 minutes), alongside physiological challenges like cybersickness affecting 20-30% of users in prolonged sessions.^[120] Overall, these applications expand film's toolkit, prioritizing empirical visualization in production and perceptual realism in viewing, though adoption remains constrained by technological maturity and audience accessibility.^[121]

Music, Live Events, and Performances

Virtual reality enables musicians to compose and produce music in immersive 3D environments, simulating studio setups or collaborative spaces that enhance spatial audio experimentation. For instance, KORG Gadget VR, released in 2023, allows users to interact with virtual synthesizers and drum machines in a fully immersive digital audio workstation (DAW), providing tactile feedback through hand-tracking and supporting multi-track recording with realistic gadget interfaces.^[122] Similarly, Virtuoso, a VR music creation app compatible with Meta Quest headsets, offers gesture-based interfaces for drums, synths, and effects, enabling real-time collaboration and performance without traditional screens, as noted in reviews from 2025 highlighting its accessibility for beginners and professionals alike.^[123] These tools leverage VR's spatial computing to visualize waveforms and audio layers in three dimensions, potentially improving creative workflow efficiency, though adoption remains limited by hardware costs and motion sickness risks reported in user studies.^[124] In live events, VR facilitates remote attendance at concerts, with platforms hosting fully virtual performances that integrate 360-degree video, interactive avatars, and reactive environments. Travis Scott's "Astronomical" event in Fortnite on April 24, 2020, drew 12.3 million viewers, including VR users via Oculus integration, blending gaming with music in a metaverse-style spectacle featuring aerial acrobatics and crowd simulations.^[125] Ariana Grande's Rift Tour on August 6-8, 2021, attracted over 28 million participants across platforms, allowing VR headset users to experience multi-stage sets with positional audio and avatar dancing, demonstrating scalability for global audiences amid pandemic restrictions.^[126] More recent examples include The Weeknd's VR-enabled "After Hours Til Dawn" experience in 2022, which combined live-streamed elements with interactive VR worlds, and ongoing platforms like Soundscape VR, which synchronize virtual environments to live-streamed music from artists such as deadmau5, enabling users to "attend" festivals with reactive visuals tied to beats.^[125]^[127] These events often generate revenue through ticketed VR access, with industry analyses from 2025 estimating VR concerts could capture 10-15% of live music markets by reducing travel barriers, though challenges like latency in spatial audio persist.^[128] For performances beyond music, VR extends to theater and stage arts, creating hybrid or fully virtual productions that enhance immersion and accessibility. Research from the University of Suffolk in 2024 found that VR adaptations of live theater, such as remote-viewed plays using 360-degree captures, increase attendance for mobility-impaired audiences by 40% without diminishing emotional impact, as viewers report comparable empathy to in-person experiences.^[129] Small theater companies have produced interactive VR shows since 2020, simulating audience-performer dynamics with avatar interactions, as documented in case studies of pandemic-era adaptations.^[130] In music-infused performances, tools like Chromesthesia VR, updated in 2024, provide real-time synesthetic visualizations with 47 audio-reactive effects, allowing performers to project immersive graphics synced to live sets for enhanced stage presence.^[131] While VR expands reach—evidenced by events reaching millions virtually—critics note it lacks the unpredictable human elements of physical venues, potentially altering artistic authenticity.^[132] Overall, these applications underscore VR's role in democratizing access, though empirical data on long-term revenue viability remains sparse beyond major artist tie-ins.^[133] Social virtual reality (social VR) encompasses platforms that enable users to interact through avatars in persistent, shared three-dimensional environments, facilitating real-time communication, collaboration, and community formation via head-mounted displays or desktop access. These systems emerged prominently in the mid-2010s, building on earlier virtual world concepts but leveraging immersive VR hardware for enhanced embodiment and spatial audio. Key examples include VRChat, launched in beta in 2017, which emphasizes user-generated worlds and avatar customization; Rec Room, released in 2016, focusing on multiplayer games and events with cross-platform support; and Meta's Horizon Worlds, introduced in 2020, which integrates world-building tools for up to eight users per instance.^[134]^[135]^[136] Virtual communities in social VR form around shared interests, such as gaming, art, or niche hobbies, often exhibiting persistence through user-moderated instances and economies based on digital assets. Platforms like VRChat support thousands of concurrent users, with daily peaks approaching 100,000, fostering emergent social structures including role-playing groups and virtual events that mimic real-world gatherings. Rec Room's diverse demographics, with approximately 61% male and 32% female users, enable broader accessibility via non-VR modes, promoting activities like paintball matches or concerts that build camaraderie. These communities provide avenues for remote socialization, particularly beneficial during isolation periods, as evidenced by associations between VR interactions and increased feelings of relatedness and enjoyment.^[137]^[138]^[139] Despite these affordances, social VR faces significant challenges, including prevalent harassment and toxicity, which research identifies as barriers to equitable participation, particularly affecting female users through discriminatory content and unwanted proximity in virtual spaces. Ethical concerns arise from inadequate moderation tools, anonymity enabling abusive behaviors, and potential psychological impacts like dissociation from prolonged immersion. Studies highlight that while social presence in VR can enhance spontaneous communication, it also amplifies real-world social dynamics, including exclusionary group formations, necessitating robust design interventions for safer environments.^[140]^[141]^[142]

Business and Commercial Applications

Digital Marketing and Advertising

Virtual reality (VR) enables marketers to craft immersive brand experiences that simulate product interactions, such as virtual try-ons or exploratory environments, surpassing traditional digital ads in user engagement.^[143] These applications leverage VR headsets or mobile-compatible formats to transport consumers into branded worlds, fostering deeper emotional connections through sensory immersion rather than passive viewing.^[144] Empirical studies indicate VR advertising excels in emotional appeals, outperforming augmented reality (AR) formats when evoking affective responses, as participants in controlled experiments reported higher persuasion and intent to purchase.^[145] Adoption of VR in digital marketing has accelerated with hardware accessibility, evidenced by the global VR market reaching $15.8 billion in 2023 and projecting growth to over $18 billion by the end of 2025, driven partly by commercial applications.^[146] VR accounted for 55.7% of extended reality (XR) use cases in 2023, including marketing campaigns that integrate interactive storytelling to enhance brand recall by up to 70% compared to conventional media.^[147] For instance, Audi implemented VR showrooms allowing users to configure and "test drive" vehicles virtually, resulting in reported increases in lead generation and customer dwell time exceeding 75 seconds per session.^[148] Notable campaigns demonstrate measurable ROI: Coca-Cola's "Virtual Thirst" initiative immersed users in a 360-degree holiday vending machine experience, boosting social shares and brand affinity through novel interactivity.^[148] Similarly, a luxury car manufacturer's VR simulation of scenic drives in new models enhanced prospective buyer visualization, correlating with elevated conversion rates in post-campaign analytics.^[144] Research scoping reviews of AR/VR ads confirm these tools elevate user engagement and satisfaction, though effectiveness hinges on content alignment with rational versus emotional messaging strategies.^[149] Despite benefits, VR marketing faces scalability hurdles due to headset penetration—only about 171 million global users as of 2025—and requires high-fidelity content production, yet data from enterprise deployments show sustained investment yields superior long-term loyalty over fleeting ad exposures.^[150] The AR/VR marketing segment is forecasted to expand at a 18.3% CAGR, reaching $24.2 billion by 2033, underscoring its role in personalized, experiential advertising paradigms.^[151]

Real Estate, Retail, and Consumer Experiences

Virtual reality enables prospective buyers to conduct immersive walkthroughs of properties without physical visits, facilitating remote evaluation of layouts, finishes, and spatial dynamics. Platforms like Matterport, which capture digital twins of spaces, have been adopted by real estate firms to generate 3D tours that reduce time on market by up to 31% and cut staging expenses through virtual furnishing options.^[152] Adoption of such tools surged 434% among agents in 2020 amid pandemic-driven demand for contactless viewing, with ongoing integration of AI for enhanced virtual staging by 2025.^[153] Goldman Sachs projects the VR real estate segment to reach $2.6 billion by 2026, driven by global accessibility that allows agents to market listings across borders while minimizing travel logistics.^[154] In retail, VR simulates store environments for product interaction, such as virtual try-ons for apparel or navigation through simulated aisles, enhancing decision-making by bridging the gap between online and in-person shopping. IKEA's Kreativ app, launched in 2022, permits users to scan rooms, remove existing furniture via AR, and place virtual items to assess fit and aesthetics in real time, evolving from its 2017 IKEA Place AR tool for basic visualization.^[155] ^[156] Despite promotional enthusiasm, actual retailer adoption remains low, with only about 1% utilizing VR/AR in customer experiences as of 2020, though trials demonstrate potential for personalized interactions like interactive showrooms.^[157] A 2021 literature review of 72 studies confirms VR shopping boosts engagement but highlights implementation barriers like hardware costs and limited scalability.^[158] Consumer VR experiences extend to branded immersive events and product demos, where users explore virtual worlds to test goods, fostering higher retention through sensory simulation. Surveys indicate 25% of consumers have tried VR by 2024, with 80% of users engaging monthly and 32% having used retail applications, often citing realism as a key draw.^[159] ^[160] PwC data from 2022 shows one-third of VR users shopped via the technology in the prior six months, while 61% report increased purchase likelihood from brands offering such features.^[161] ^[162] The consumer VR market grew from under $16 billion in 2024 to over $18 billion by late 2025, reflecting rising headset ownership among 43% of recent users, though Gen Z (45% of users) drives disproportionate adoption compared to older cohorts.^[146] ^[163]

Recruitment, Corporate Training, and Productivity Tools

Virtual reality (VR) has been adopted in recruitment processes to simulate job environments and assess candidates' skills through immersive scenarios, enabling remote evaluations that reduce logistical costs. For instance, companies have used VR for virtual job interviews, where candidates interact with simulated interviewers and workplace tasks, potentially mitigating biases associated with physical appearances as evidenced by a 2018 study demonstrating VR's capacity to focus assessments on behavioral performance rather than demographic cues.^[164] Accenture collaborated with San Diego County to implement VR training for caseworker recruitment, allowing candidates to practice eligibility interviews in a controlled virtual setting, which improved preparation accuracy and hiring efficiency by replicating real-world interactions without on-site requirements.^[165] Empirical data from VR interview simulations indicate up to a 40% increase in hiring managers' confidence in candidate selections, based on analytics tracking decision-making patterns during sessions.^[166] In corporate training, VR facilitates hands-on skill development through hazard-free simulations, outperforming traditional methods in retention and application. Walmart deployed VR headsets across its academies starting in 2018, training over 10,000 employees initially on retail scenarios like Black Friday rushes, resulting in a 10-15% rise in post-training test scores, 275% greater confidence in applying learned skills, and a 96% reduction in training duration from eight hours to 15 minutes per module.^[167]^[168] A 2024 meta-analysis of VR training programs confirmed overall effectiveness in skill acquisition, with effect sizes indicating superior knowledge transfer compared to lectures or videos, particularly in procedural tasks.^[169] Peer-reviewed studies further substantiate VR's impact on occupational safety, showing enhanced worker confidence and reduced accident rates in industrial settings post-training, as VR allows repeated exposure to risks without real consequences.^[170] VR productivity tools, including virtual workspaces and collaborative platforms, aim to boost efficiency in distributed teams by enabling spatial interactions that mimic physical presence. A 2024 study comparing VR to videoconferencing in agile meetings at a German public organization found VR increased task completion rates by fostering deeper engagement and spatial awareness, though it required adaptation to headset ergonomics.^[171] Enterprise implementations, such as immersive collaboration headsets, have correlated with sustained focus amid distractions, with users reporting higher immersion leading to meaningful interactions and reduced context-switching time in hybrid work environments.^[172] Guidelines from workspace design research emphasize VR's potential to enhance collaboration via customizable virtual offices, but empirical productivity gains depend on hardware fidelity and user training to offset initial motion sickness or setup overheads.^[173] Overall, while VR tools show promise in elevating output through experiential learning, long-term adoption hinges on cost-benefit analyses revealing net gains over conventional digital alternatives.

Scientific, Cultural, and Research Applications

Heritage, Archaeology, and Museums

Virtual reality (VR) facilitates the digital reconstruction and preservation of cultural heritage sites, enabling high-fidelity 3D models of structures damaged by time, conflict, or environmental factors.^[174] For instance, projects like Rome Reborn have produced immersive VR representations of ancient Roman architecture, drawing on archaeological data to simulate urban layouts from the 4th century BCE.^[175] Similarly, digital twins of sites such as the Pishan archaeological area in Zhejiang, China, integrate laser scanning and VR to create explorable models that support ongoing preservation efforts without physical intervention.^[176] These applications mitigate risks to fragile heritage by shifting access to virtual environments, as demonstrated in restorations of historical buildings where VR ensures accurate representation based on empirical surveys.^[177] In archaeology, VR platforms enhance site analysis and fieldwork by providing immersive visualization of remote or restricted locations. A 2020 prototype VR system for Pleito Cave, a Spanish rock-art site with limited physical access, allows researchers to overlay geospatial data, stratigraphic layers, and artifact positions in a shared virtual space, improving collaborative interpretation over traditional 2D maps.^[178]^[179] VR also streamlines data management; a 2024 application developed for archaeological studies integrates excavation records into VR interfaces, enabling users to query and manipulate datasets in situ simulations, which reduced retrieval times by up to 40% in tested workflows.^[180] Such tools promote efficiency in hypothesis testing, as VR's spatial fidelity supports causal inferences about site formation processes grounded in first-hand digital navigation.^[181] Museums leverage VR for virtual exhibitions that extend accessibility beyond physical constraints, fostering educational engagement through narrative-driven immersions. At the Liangzhu Museum in China, an online VR exhibition launched around 2023 simulates ancient jade artifact contexts, with user studies from 313 participants indicating high acceptance due to perceived interactivity and realism, though motion sickness affected 12% of sessions.^[182]^[183] Comparative analyses of VR in history museums, such as immersive setups at institutions like the British Museum's analogs, show improved retention of historical facts—e.g., 25% higher recall rates versus static displays—via embodied learning, though implementation costs averaged $50,000–$100,000 per exhibit in 2023 case studies.^[184]^[185] These deployments prioritize empirical validation, with peer-reviewed evaluations confirming VR's role in democratizing access while preserving original artifacts from overuse.^[186]

Fine Arts and Creative Expression

Virtual reality facilitates novel forms of artistic creation by enabling three-dimensional spatial manipulation, allowing artists to sculpt, paint, and compose without physical medium limitations. Applications include volumetric painting tools where brush strokes remain fixed in virtual space, fostering intuitive expression through motion-tracked controllers. This medium supports persistent, shareable artworks that viewers can explore immersively.^[187]^[188] Tilt Brush, a seminal VR art application developed by Skillman & Hackett and acquired by Google in 2015, exemplifies this capability by permitting users to draw luminous trails in 3D environments, with features like particle effects and adjustable brush properties. Demonstrated as a core experience for the HTC Vive headset in early 2016, it influenced subsequent tools such as Quill for layered 2D-3D illustration and Gravity Sketch for conceptual modeling. In 2021, following Google's discontinuation, the software was open-sourced as Open Brush, sustaining its use among artists for ideation and exhibition pieces. Peer-reviewed analysis indicates VR tools like Tilt Brush enhance spontaneous creativity by aligning bodily gestures with digital output, as evidenced in neuroscientific studies tracking brain activity during VR sketching sessions.^[188]^[187]^[189] VR extends to immersive installations and virtual exhibitions, where artists craft interactive environments blending visual, auditory, and sometimes haptic elements. Museums have integrated VR for reconstructed historical artworks or original digital pieces; for instance, the Smithsonian American Art Museum's "Beyond the Walls" experience places users inside gallery spaces via headset, simulating direct engagement with collections. The VR Museum of Fine Art provides high-resolution 3D models of masterpieces, enabling scaled navigation and multi-perspective views unattainable in physical settings. These applications, documented in creative industry reports, demonstrate VR's role in democratizing access to art while enabling hybrid physical-digital outputs, such as exporting VR designs for 3D printing. Empirical studies on VR in art education report improved spatial cognition and expressive freedom, though adoption remains constrained by hardware accessibility.^[190]^[191]^[192] Virtual reality (VR) has been employed in psychological research to simulate controlled environments for studying human behavior, cognition, and emotional responses, offering advantages over traditional methods by enabling precise manipulation of stimuli and immersive participant experiences. Empirical studies demonstrate VR's utility in replicating real-world scenarios with high ecological validity while minimizing logistical constraints, such as ethical risks in live social experiments. For instance, VR allows researchers to investigate interpersonal dynamics, decision-making under stress, and perceptual biases in three-dimensional interactive settings that traditional 2D media cannot match.^[193] In clinical psychology, VR exposure therapy (VRET) has shown efficacy for treating anxiety disorders, phobias, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) by gradually exposing patients to feared stimuli in a safe, titratable manner. A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials found VRET produced significant reductions in PTSD symptoms, with effect sizes comparable to in vivo exposure, supporting its application as an adjunct or alternative therapy.^[194] Similarly, for social anxiety disorder, VRET yielded stronger pre- to post-treatment improvements than waitlist controls, with sustained effects at follow-up in multiple studies.^[195] These outcomes stem from VR's ability to induce physiological responses akin to real exposure, such as elevated heart rates during simulated public speaking, which facilitates habituation. However, long-term maintenance of gains requires integration with cognitive-behavioral techniques, as standalone VR sessions show diminishing effects without reinforcement.^[196] Behavioral studies leverage VR for examining aggression, cooperation, and moral reasoning through embodied avatars that alter self-perception and social interactions. Research indicates VR-induced embodiment—such as inhabiting an elderly or opposite-gender body—can temporarily reduce implicit biases and enhance empathy, with meta-analytic evidence from 39 studies confirming small to moderate shifts in attitudes toward outgroups.^[197] In social neuroscience, VR environments simulate group scenarios to probe neural correlates of conformity and altruism, revealing patterns like increased prosocial behavior in virtual scarcity conditions that mirror real-world resource dilemmas.^[193] Yet, ecological validity debates persist, as some experiments find VR behaviors do not fully predict real-life actions due to reduced sensory cues and novelty effects.^[198] Applications in social science extend to prejudice reduction and intergroup relations, where VR narratives foster perspective-taking by placing users in marginalized viewpoints, leading to measurable decreases in stereotyping. A critical review of such interventions highlights VR's potential over passive media, though effects often attenuate without repeated exposure or real-world bridging.^[199] For developmental psychology, VR promotes social-emotional learning in youth by simulating peer conflicts, with reviews of over 20 studies showing improved emotion recognition and reduced bullying tendencies post-intervention.^[200] These findings underscore VR's causal leverage in dissecting behavioral mechanisms, but rigorous controls are essential to distinguish immersion-driven changes from expectancy biases inherent in novel tech trials.

Environmental, Agricultural, and Animal Husbandry Simulations

Virtual reality (VR) simulations enable immersive modeling of environmental systems, allowing users to visualize complex ecological dynamics and predict outcomes of interventions such as climate change or habitat alteration. For instance, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) employs the Virtual Ecosystem Viewer, an interactive VR model that simulates marine ecosystems, particularly fish population changes, to aid in resource management and policy decisions.^[201] Similarly, VR tools have been developed to render ecosystem reference conditions, facilitating landscape planning by immersing users in dynamic virtual environments that demonstrate biodiversity shifts and restoration scenarios.^[202] These applications leverage VR's capacity for spatial intuition, though empirical studies indicate mixed results in translating simulations to real-world behavioral changes, with one analysis finding VR only mildly effective in enhancing forest conservation intentions compared to traditional methods.^[203] In conservation efforts, VR supports awareness and fundraising by simulating threatened habitats, such as marine ecosystems, where 360-degree experiences have been shown to increase empathy and support for protective measures among targeted audiences.^[204] The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) utilizes VR for training in disaster response, creating risk-free virtual scenarios for environmental hazards like floods or contamination spills to prepare personnel without real-world exposure.^[205] Peer-reviewed research further demonstrates VR's role in environmental education, where simulations of natural areas combined with interactive elements improve users' understanding of ecological processes, such as water cycles in soil-plant systems.^[206]^[207] Agricultural simulations in VR focus on training and optimization, replicating farm operations to enhance skills in machinery handling and resource allocation. A systematic review of extended reality (XR) technologies highlights their use in educating farmers on sustainable practices, with VR-based tools simulating crop growth and pest management to promote environmentally friendly techniques.^[208] Digital twin systems integrated into VR environments allow for gamified decision-making, where users manage virtual farms to optimize yields and inputs, as evidenced by studies showing improved resource management proficiency among trainees.^[209] The Virtual Reality Facilitation, Application, Reflection, and Measurement (VRFARM) framework, introduced in 2024, applies VR to agricultural education by immersing students in realistic fieldwork scenarios, fostering practical knowledge without physical infrastructure costs.^[210] For animal husbandry, VR simulations train handlers in livestock management, emphasizing safe practices and welfare assessment. CattleVR, launched in 2024, provides the first dedicated VR tool for cattle handling, enabling users to practice yard navigation and animal movement in a controlled virtual setting, reducing injury risks during real operations.^[211] Interactive 3D simulations, such as those for pig farm pen inspections developed for Zoetis/Pfizer, allow virtual walkthroughs of barns to identify health issues, supporting remote training for veterinary and husbandry personnel.^[212] University-level VR tours of swine and dairy operations, evaluated in 2025, reported high usability among students, enhancing comprehension of production systems and ethical considerations in animal care.^[213] These tools, including modules for commercial dairy and swine welfare funded in 2020, simulate operational challenges to build competencies in monitoring and intervention, with evidence of improved handling accuracy in post-training assessments.^[214]

Emerging and Specialized Applications

Occupational Health and Safety Training

Virtual reality (VR) simulations enable workers to experience and respond to workplace hazards in controlled, risk-free environments, facilitating experiential learning that traditional classroom or video-based methods cannot replicate. This application is widely adopted in industries with elevated injury risks, including construction, mining, oil and gas, and manufacturing, where real-world training could result in accidents or fatalities. By immersing trainees in interactive scenarios—such as identifying electrical faults, navigating confined spaces, or escaping mine collapses—VR promotes muscle memory and decision-making under pressure without the associated costs or dangers of physical mockups.^[215]^[216]^[217] Empirical evidence from controlled studies demonstrates VR's superiority in enhancing hazard recognition and safety compliance. A systematic literature review of VR safety training across non-medical and non-military sectors found consistent improvements in knowledge acquisition and behavioral transfer, with trainees outperforming those in conventional programs due to heightened engagement and realism. For example, in construction hazard identification modules, participants using VR identified 20-30% more risks than in 2D video simulations, attributing this to the spatial awareness fostered by head-mounted displays. Similarly, VR modules for mining escapeways and rescue operations have shown retention rates up to 15% higher than desktop-based alternatives, as measured by post-training assessments and simulated recall tasks.^[215]^[218]^[219] Quantitative evaluations further quantify these gains. In a study of electrical workers, VR training yielded statistically significant increases in occupational safety and health (OSH) comprehension, with pre- and post-test scores improving by an average of 25%, alongside positive feedback on usability from graduate trainees. Broader meta-analyses report that VR participants score higher on safety tests 70% of the time and exhibit 10-15% better long-term knowledge retention compared to non-VR cohorts, though only about 36% of studies track retention beyond immediate evaluation. Haptic feedback integration in some VR systems amplifies these effects, boosting construction workers' procedural adherence by reinforcing tactile cues absent in purely visual simulations.^[217]^[216]^[215] Applications extend to auditing and compliance auditing, where VR replicates warehouse or site layouts for proactive risk scanning. In mining, eye-tracking-enabled VR has refined hazard detection by analyzing gaze patterns, leading to tailored retraining that reduces oversight errors. Despite these advantages, effectiveness depends on hardware accessibility and scenario fidelity; under-resourced implementations may yield diminishing returns relative to investment. Overall, VR's causal impact on reducing incident rates stems from its ability to encode safety heuristics through repeated, low-stakes exposure, supported by transfer validity in field validations.^[220]^[221]^[222]

Restorative and Therapeutic Environments

Virtual reality (VR) facilitates restorative and therapeutic environments by simulating calming natural settings or controlled exposure scenarios that promote psychological recovery and physical rehabilitation. Systematic reviews indicate VR's efficacy in reducing anxiety and depression symptoms through immersive interventions, often outperforming waitlist controls while matching conventional therapies in randomized trials.^[223]^[224] For instance, VR-based exposure therapy has demonstrated significant reductions in PTSD symptoms, with effect sizes exceeding those of non-VR controls in meta-analyses of clinical trials.^[225]^[226] In mental health applications, VR restorative environments, such as virtual nature walks, enhance emotional well-being by lowering stress and negative affect, particularly among older adults in urban settings lacking access to real environments.^[227] These simulations leverage biophilic design principles to induce psychophysiological relaxation, reducing perceptions of discomfort and unease without the logistical barriers of physical spaces.^[228] Evidence from controlled studies supports VR's role in anxiety treatment, where immersive scenarios improve patient states more effectively than traditional methods in some cohorts.^[229] Therapeutic VR extends to physical rehabilitation, notably post-stroke recovery, where moderate- to low-certainty evidence from Cochrane reviews shows slight advantages over conventional therapy alone for upper limb function and balance.^[230] In pain management, randomized clinical trials report VR interventions reducing acute and chronic pain intensity by up to 20-30% and decreasing opioid requirements during procedures, attributed to distraction and attentional modulation mechanisms.^[231]^[232] However, benefits are adjunctive, with optimal outcomes when combined with standard care, and long-term efficacy requires further high-quality longitudinal studies.^[233] Applications in lower extremity rehabilitation, including balance and strength training, yield positive outcomes in systematic reviews, enhancing treatment adherence through gamified elements.^[234] For chronic conditions like lower back pain, self-administered VR programs over 8 weeks have produced clinically meaningful improvements in pain and function compared to active controls.^[235] Despite these advances, source credibility varies; while peer-reviewed meta-analyses affirm modest gains, smaller trials may overestimate effects due to publication bias, underscoring the need for replication in diverse populations.^[236] Overall, VR's controlled, repeatable environments enable precise therapeutic dosing, though accessibility and headset tolerability remain practical constraints.^[237]

Space Exploration and Remote Operations

![Astronaut Christina Koch working inside the ISS Destiny module](./assets/ISS-59_Christina_Koch_works_inside_the_Destiny_module_$1 NASA's Johnson Space Center operates the Virtual Reality Lab (VRL), an immersive training facility dedicated to extravehicular activity (EVA) and robotics operations for astronauts.^[83] The VRL integrates real-time graphics, motion simulators, and tendon-driven systems to replicate space environments, enabling practice of complex maneuvers without physical hardware risks.^[238] This setup has supported astronaut preparation for decades, including simulations of International Space Station (ISS) assembly and maintenance tasks.^[239] VR systems facilitate high-fidelity spacewalk training through hardware-in-the-loop simulations, such as the Simplified Aid for EVA Rescue (SAFER) trainer, which was deployed on the ISS as the first onboard VR system for jetpack locomotion practice.^[239] In the APACHE lab, VR environments prepare astronauts for lunar and Martian EVAs by simulating surface operations with HTC Vive Pro headsets and dual immersive stations for collaborative training.^[240] These tools allow dual-astronaut sessions in shared virtual spaces, enhancing efficiency and reducing costs compared to neutral buoyancy labs.^[241] For remote operations, VR enables control of robotic systems from Earth or orbit, as demonstrated in ISS applications where crew use VR to manipulate robots for tasks like equipment handling in microgravity.^[242] NASA employs VR for teleoperation of planetary rovers and probes, providing immersive interfaces that improve precision in data collection and sample acquisition during missions.^[243] In preparation for Artemis lunar missions, VR supports mission planning by allowing flight control and science teams to rehearse rover deployments and habitat setups in virtual analogs of the Moon's surface.^[86] Beyond training, VR aids in operational support for extended reality strategies, including visualization of mission data for Earth observation and space safety robotics.^[244] Projects like Boeing's Starliner program integrate VR for end-to-end simulations, from pre-launch checks to docking, marking advancements in commercial crew remote procedure validation.^[245] These applications underscore VR's role in mitigating risks associated with high-stakes space tasks, though efficacy depends on simulation fidelity matching real-world physics.^[239]

Challenges, Criticisms, and Limitations

Technical and Accessibility Barriers

High costs of VR hardware, including headsets starting at $399 for models like the Meta Quest 3 and up to $599 for advanced systems, limit widespread adoption, particularly when combined with requirements for powerful GPUs and accessories that elevate total setup expenses into thousands of dollars.^[246]^[247] Ongoing running costs, such as maintenance and software updates, further exacerbate these barriers, as noted in therapeutic VR implementation studies where financial constraints were cited as the primary obstacle by both institutional and individual users.^[248] Performance demands impose additional technical hurdles; VR systems require low latency below 20 milliseconds to minimize sensory conflicts that trigger nausea, yet many applications exceed this threshold due to processing bottlenecks in rendering high-resolution, immersive environments.^[249]^[250] Frame rates of at least 120 Hz are necessary to reduce simulator sickness symptoms effectively, but achieving this consistently demands high-end computational resources, often unavailable in consumer-grade devices.^[251] Motion sickness, or cybersickness, affects 30-80% of users depending on exposure duration and content velocity, with symptoms like disorientation and vomiting arising from mismatches between visual cues and vestibular input, persisting as a core limitation despite hardware advancements.^[252] Accessibility challenges compound these issues for users with disabilities; empirical analyses reveal that 88.99% of VR applications exhibit accessibility problems, including insufficient support for visual, auditory, or mobility impairments.^[253] For instance, individuals with visual disabilities face barriers from absent tactile or auditory feedback alternatives, while those with intellectual or developmental disabilities encounter difficulties with intuitive controls and overwhelming sensory input in single-user setups.^[254]^[255] Community reviews indicate that only 0.078% of VR app feedback addresses disability-specific needs across sampled titles, underscoring underdeveloped inclusive design practices.^[256] Broader socioeconomic divides arise from hardware inaccessibility for low-income groups, restricting VR's utility in diverse applications like training or therapy.^[257]

Health and Physiological Risks

Cybersickness, akin to motion sickness but triggered by sensory conflicts between visual cues and vestibular input in virtual environments, represents a primary physiological risk of VR exposure via head-mounted displays (HMDs). Common symptoms encompass nausea, headache, oculomotor disturbances, disorientation, sweating, and pallor, with severity influenced by factors such as content velocity, field of view, and individual susceptibility including age, gender, and visual acuity. Peer-reviewed analyses indicate prevalence rates ranging from 20% to 95% across users, with one investigation reporting symptom onset in 80% of participants within 10 minutes of immersion. Incidence in specific cohorts, such as medical trainees, reached 57.3%, positively associated with myopia, astigmatism, and—contrary to some findings suggesting female predominance—male gender in that sample.^[258]^[259]^[260] Ocular strain emerges as a frequent complaint, stemming from prolonged fixation on near-field displays that reduce blink rates and induce vergence-accommodation mismatch, wherein eyes converge on virtual depth planes without corresponding focus adjustments. This can manifest as eye fatigue, blurred vision, dryness, and discomfort, with research confirming heightened reports during extended sessions exceeding 20-30 minutes. Headaches often accompany these effects, attributed to facial pressure from HMD straps and exacerbated neural processing demands on the visual cortex. While no conclusive evidence links casual VR use to permanent refractive errors like myopia, acute episodes correlate with temporary heterophoria shifts in prolonged exposure.^[261]^[262]^[263] Musculoskeletal strains arise from static head positioning and device weight, typically 400-600 grams per HMD, promoting forward head posture and cervical loading that may yield neck pain or trapezius fatigue after sessions beyond 60 minutes. Post-exposure disorientation heightens fall risks, particularly in ambulatory users, with some trials documenting elevated imbalance for up to 30 minutes following immersion. Physiological monitoring during VR reveals elevated heart rates and skin conductance indicative of stress responses, though these normalize post-session in most cases.^[264]^[265] Long-term effects remain understudied due to VR's relative novelty, with scant longitudinal data beyond one year; available reviews of immersive interventions report transient adverse events in subsets, including worsened balance or fatigue, but no widespread evidence of irreversible harm in healthy adults under moderated use (e.g., <2 hours daily). Vulnerable populations, such as children or those with preexisting vestibular disorders, warrant precautions, as extrapolated risks from simulator studies suggest potential for cumulative sensory adaptation issues. Mitigation strategies, including higher refresh rates (>90 Hz) and seated interactions, demonstrably reduce incidence by 20-50% in controlled tests, underscoring hardware and protocol refinements as key to minimizing hazards.^[266]^[263]^[267] Virtual reality (VR) systems often collect extensive biometric and behavioral data, including eye-tracking patterns, head movements, and physiological responses, which can reveal users' emotional states, preferences, and even health conditions without explicit awareness.^[268]^[269] This data aggregation raises privacy risks, as it enables profiling for targeted advertising or unauthorized sharing, with studies indicating that VR platforms like those from Meta have faced scrutiny for inadequate safeguards against breaches.^[270] Parents of child users frequently underestimate these risks, perceiving VR as underdeveloped and thus low-threat, despite evidence of persistent data logging from cameras and microphones.^[271] Regulatory challenges persist, as traditional text-based consent models fail to address VR's immersive context, where users may not fully comprehend data implications during engagement.^[272] Ethical frameworks for VR emphasize principles such as informed consent, transparency, and accountability to mitigate harms from immersive manipulation, where altered realities could desensitize users to real-world consequences or erode autonomy through persuasive designs.^[273] For instance, in social VR environments, logging and sharing of user habits without granular controls violates deontological standards of respect for persons, potentially leading to unintended psychological intensification of experiences like trauma simulations.^[274] Developers are urged to adopt governance models balancing consequentialist outcomes—such as societal benefits from therapeutic VR—with duties to prevent misuse, including content moderation for harmful interactions.^[275] Peer-reviewed analyses highlight that VR research protocols must account for vulnerabilities like information overload, which could coerce participation or amplify biases in algorithmic recommendations.^[276]^[277] Socially, excessive VR engagement correlates with addiction-like behaviors, where users neglect real-life responsibilities, resulting in isolation and diminished interpersonal skills, as evidenced by self-reports of prioritizing virtual worlds over physical interactions.^[278] For socially isolated individuals with low self-esteem, high involvement in social VR platforms exacerbates depression rather than alleviating it, due to superficial connections failing to substitute genuine relationships.^[279] Behavioral studies note increased antisocial tendencies in VR, such as aggression, stemming from reduced accountability in disembodied interactions, which may normalize deviant actions transferable to offline contexts.^[280] While some VR social features provide support that mitigates anxiety for certain users, problematic usage patterns—driven by immersive personalization—link to broader mental health declines, including escapism reinforcing non-adaptive coping.^[281]^[282] Public perceptions reinforce a stereotype of VR as isolating, potentially slowing adoption but underscoring causal risks of over-reliance on mediated sociality.^[283]

Economic Viability and Adoption Hurdles

Despite projections indicating growth, the virtual reality (VR) market remains economically modest relative to broader consumer electronics sectors, valued at approximately $21 billion in 2025 after expanding from $16.71 billion in 2024.^[284] This expansion, driven primarily by gaming and enterprise training applications, faces viability constraints due to high development and deployment costs that outpace revenue generation in non-gaming sectors.^[285] For instance, VR headset markets are forecasted to reach only $10.3 billion in 2025, underscoring limited scalability compared to smartphones or tablets, where billions of units ship annually.^[286] A primary adoption hurdle is the elevated upfront investment in hardware, with enterprise-grade VR systems often exceeding consumer models in price and requiring additional infrastructure like high-end PCs or dedicated spaces, deterring small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs).^[287] Studies in sectors like architecture, engineering, and construction highlight that integration costs, including software licensing and maintenance, can surpass $10,000 per setup, limiting viability for educational or training programs without clear short-term returns.^[288] Moreover, ongoing expenses for content creation—estimated at 5-10 times higher than traditional 2D simulations due to specialized 3D modeling—exacerbate economic barriers, as bespoke VR applications demand skilled developers scarce in the labor market.^[289] Business adoption is further hindered by uncertain return on investment (ROI), with surveys indicating that fears of prolonged payback periods and insufficient measurable outcomes prevent widespread implementation beyond pilot projects.^[290] While VR training can yield cost savings of up to 75% over physical simulations in fields like manufacturing, the initial outlay and need for employee upskilling often result in ROI timelines extending beyond 2-3 years, particularly in industries lacking digital-native workforces.^[291] Content scarcity compounds this, as the ecosystem relies heavily on gaming (accounting for over 70% of usage), leaving enterprise applications underdeveloped and unproven at scale.^[99] Broader economic factors, including market fragmentation and dependency on subsidies or venture capital, undermine long-term viability, with adoption rates projected at only 30% in key industries by 2025 despite hype.^[292] Resistance from stakeholders citing job displacement risks and technical integration complexities further slows enterprise uptake, as firms weigh VR against cheaper alternatives like video-based training.^[289] These hurdles persist even as hardware prices decline, reflecting causal realities of network effects: without critical mass user bases, platforms struggle to achieve economies of scale, perpetuating a cycle of niche rather than mainstream economic integration.^[287]

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Feb 28, 2025 · This study explores the strategic integration of Building Information Modeling (BIM) and Virtual Reality (VR) within the built environment.
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Virtual reality as an empirical research tool — Exploring user ...
The use of immersive virtual reality has been considered a beneficial strategy for architectural design. Many studies on this topic, however, avoid ...
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Applications of Virtual Reality in Engineering and Product Design ...
In the present paper, we reviewed VR applications in design and categorized each of the collected 86 sources into multiple classes.2. Background And Objectives · 4.2. Vr Technologies... · 5. Results And Comments<|separator|>
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How Cost Savings are Driving Wider Adoption of VR in Engineering
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[PDF] Reality Show - Boeing
Charles, Missouri, engineers are designing tools, products, assembly stations, production lines and even factories in virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality ...
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An integrated finite element analysis and virtual reality system for ...
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Discrete Event Simulation Implemented in a Virtual Environment
This paper describes a virtual reality application where the results of a discrete event simulation of a manufacturing cell are integrated with a virtual model ...<|separator|>
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[PDF] Virtual and Augmented Reality Applications in Science and ...
VR and AR applications enable scientists and engineers to interpret and visualize science data in new ways and experience environments that are otherwise hard, ...
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NSF funds three-year study of virtual-reality engineering simulations
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Application of Training Simulation Software and Virtual Reality ...
This article takes the teaching method of basic experiment courses in civil engineering as the research object, and proposes civil engineering based on virtual ...
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[PDF] Virtual Reality Framework for Interactive Path Planning of ... - arXiv
Sep 20, 2022 · Researchers actively explore the ability of mobile robots to navigate on rough terrain to expand the scope of their application. For example, ...
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03: Path Planning with a Differential Drive Robot V-Rep/CoppeliaSim
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Human-robot collaboration integrated with virtual reality in ...
The findings emphasize a significant focus on enhancing human-robot interaction with a trend toward using immersive VR experiences and interactive 3D content ...
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Robotic construction analysis: simulation with virtual reality
This paper presents a methodology for the simulation of robotic construction technologies, namely drones, using a virtual reality environment.
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Enhancing Robotics Education Through XR Simulation - MDPI
This study presents the development and empirical evaluation of X-RAPT, a collaborative VR-based platform designed to train students in industrial robotics ...
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Virtual reality simulation in robot-assisted surgery: meta-analysis of ...
Apr 17, 2021 · This systematic review and meta-analysis presents current evidence on transferability of surgical skills acquired on robotic VR simulators ...<|separator|>
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The effectiveness of virtual reality training on knowledge, skills and ...
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Using Virtual Reality to Enhance Surgical Skills and Engagement in ...
May 30, 2025 · Conclusions. This meta-analysis emphasizes VR as an excellent orthopedic educational tool. It significantly enhances both theoretical knowledge ...
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Comparing Learning Outcomes of Virtual Reality (VR) Simulators ...
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Effectiveness of Virtual Reality Training in Teaching Personal ...
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Comparative Cost of Virtual Reality Training and Live Exercises for ...
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Implementation of Virtual Reality in Health Professions Education
This scoping review aimed to identify the literature on virtual reality implementation in health professions education, identify barriers to and facilitators ...
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A systematic review and meta-analysis on the effect of virtual reality ...
Jul 20, 2023 · This study's findings suggest that VR-based rehabilitation is a promising intervention for improving balance function in patients for PD compared with ...
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The efficacy of virtual reality for upper limb rehabilitation in stroke ...
May 24, 2024 · This systematic review and meta-analysis demonstrates that adjunctive VR-based rehabilitation enhances upper limb motor recovery across multiple functional ...
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The efficacy of virtual reality-based rehabilitation in improving motor ...
Aug 2, 2024 · VR rehabilitation offers several advantages over traditional therapy, such as enhanced feedback and increased patient motivation.
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Efficacy of immersive PTSD treatments: A systematic review of virtual ...
VRET may be an effective alternative to current treatments and shows promise for the treatment of PTSD patients that have not responded to previous treatment.
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Nov 29, 2022 · The findings showed VR-GET showed a significantly larger effect size for PTSD symptoms (g = 1.100, p = 0.001), compared to controls.
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Virtual reality exposure therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder ...
No significant difference between VRET and active controls in reducing PTSD symptoms.• Results indicate no significant changes in anxiety after VRET.
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Virtual reality for pain management: an umbrella review - PMC - NIH
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Virtual Reality for Postoperative Pain Management: A Review of ...
Oct 29, 2024 · Virtual reality (VR) offers a non-invasive treatment approach for the management of acute and chronic pain including postoperative pain.
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Virtual reality effectively reduced pain, especially in patients reporting moderate to severe pain and in younger subjects.<|separator|>
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Virtual Reality Clinical Research: Promises and Challenges - NIH
Some of the key issues in implementing clinical VR research include theoretical immaturity, a lack of technical standards, the problems of separating effects ...
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Mar 17, 2025 · Participants from both groups revealed personal reasons that hindered the use of VR in therapy. These included vision impairments, age-related ...
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Effects of virtual reality on stroke rehabilitation: An umbrella review ...
Sep 25, 2024 · This umbrella review aimed to identify, critically appraise, and summarize current systematic reviews on the effects of virtual reality on stroke ...
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Surgical planning in virtual reality: a systematic review - PMC
Several systematic reviews have analyzed surgical planning in virtual reality with regard to specific surgical disciplines or specific procedures and cases.
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A New Surgical Workflow for Craniofacial Trauma and Reconstruction
Virtual-reality (VR)-based planning has the potential to place control of the surgical planning back into the surgeon's hands, and intraoperative navigation ...
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Virtual Reality in Preoperative Planning of Adolescent Idiopathic ...
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Virtual reality system helps surgeons, reassures patients
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Effectiveness of virtual reality in elementary school: A meta-analysis ...
Aug 11, 2023 · The results indicate that students who learn in a virtual environment achieve higher learning scores compared to those in traditional classrooms.
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Virtual Reality Utilisation in History Education: Discovery Through a ...
Jan 15, 2025 · The findings reveal that VR significantly enhances historical knowledge and increases interest and positive attitudes.Missing: trials | Show results with:trials
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Are primary schools ready for immersive virtual reality? Resistance ...
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Virtual reality and augmented reality-supported K-12 STEM learning
Jan 16, 2025 · The advantages of VR/AR in K-12 STEM learning include a positive impact on individual learners and on learning and teaching processes.
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Adding immersive virtual reality to a science lab simulation causes ...
The present study examines the effects of moving a science simulation from learning in a low-immersion VR (also referred to as PC condition in this study) ...Missing: randomized trials
[57]
Meta-Analysis of Mobile VR and Cognitive Learning Outcomes ...
Aug 15, 2025 · Effectiveness of virtual reality-based instruction on students' learning outcomes in K-12 and higher education: A meta-analysis. Computers ...
[58]
Exploring Virtual Reality as a Tool for Enhancing Teaching ... - NIH
Sep 5, 2025 · This study explores the acceptability of VR for anatomy learning among medical students with ongoing access to traditional anatomy laboratories.
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Systematic analysis of anatomy virtual reality (VR) apps for ... - Nature
Dec 30, 2024 · This article compares various VR anatomical applications, including “VEDAVI VR Human Anatomy”, “Sharecare YOU Anatomy”, “Everyday Anatomy VR”, “3D Organon VR ...<|control11|><|separator|>
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Virtual reality assisted engineering education: A multimedia learning ...
This scoping review analyzes 51 studies on VR-assisted engineering education and reveals the trends and gaps in the current research.Abstract · 2.2. Virtual Reality... · 4. Observations And...
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Effectiveness of Virtual Reality on Learning Engagement - IGI Global
VR has a large effect on student engagement (g=0.85), especially cognitive engagement, higher education, immersive experiences, art education, and procedural ...<|separator|>
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Jun 10, 2025 · This meta-analysis investigates the potential of augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) to significantly enhance learning outcomes (LO) within higher ...
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Learning effectiveness of immersive virtual reality in education and ...
The results indicate that IVR has a positive impact on learning compared to other types of media. The study suggests that IVR technology is suitable for ...
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How effective is immersive VR for vocational education? Analyzing ...
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[PDF] Towards Modeling of Virtual Reality Welding Simulators to Promote ...
These simulators provide hands-on practice for learn- ers to improve the necessary psycho-motor skills.
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Publication: Meta-Analysis Assessing the Effects of Virtual Reality ...
The results indicate that, on average, virtual reality training is more effective than traditional training in developing technical, practical, and socio- ...
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[PDF] What is the effectiveness of virtual reality technology in improving ...
Research shows that VR training significantly improves vocational skill acquisition and retention, yielding faster learning rates and reduced errors across ...<|separator|>
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VR and AR virtual welding for psychomotor skills: a systematic review
The results found that the VR-integrated training group performed better in difficult welding positions than the full VR welding group. Therefore, virtual and ...
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Integrating virtual reality technology into beginning welder training ...
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VR Automotive Training: Vehicles For Change VR
VFC-VR uses virtual reality technology to train individuals on entry-level auto technician basics so they can enter the workforce as tire and lube technicians.
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Technician Training With Virtual Reality in UTI's Ford FACT Program
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[PDF] Meta-Analysis Assessing the Effects of Virtual Reality Training on ...
The meta-analysis found that virtual reality training is more effective than traditional training in developing technical, practical, and socio-emotional ...
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Application and effect analysis of virtual reality technology in ...
Dec 10, 2024 · It explores the advantages of virtual reality technology in enhancing the effectiveness of vocational education practical training, as well as ...
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REALITY CHECK | Article | The United States Army
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Measuring the effectiveness of virtual training: A systematic review
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[PDF] Assessing the Effectiveness of Virtual Reality in the Training of Army ...
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Testing the applicability of a virtual reality simulation platform for ...
ABSTRACT. The current study explores whether different stressors in a virtual reality (VR) military training scenario cause increases in physiological stress.Missing: "peer | Show results with:"peer
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ENGAGE - DARPA
ENGAGE is exploring software- and data-intensive education and training methods that harness the power of large user populations to optimize instruction.
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[PDF] Training Effectiveness Framework for Augmented and Virtual Reality
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The Effectiveness of Virtual Simulation as a Training Tool
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Exploring the role of virtual reality in military decision training
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Virtual Reality Training Lab - NASA
These simulations allow virtual reality immersed EVA crew members to train on EVA scenarios, interact with multiple robotic arm operators, choreographing and ...Missing: aerospace | Show results with:aerospace
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Boeing conducts first-ever astronaut training in virtual reality using ...
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Immersive Training Devices: Blending Real and Simulated Worlds ...
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How NASA is Using Virtual Reality to Prepare for Science on Moon
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VR In Automotive Design - Meegle
Dec 28, 2024 · For instance, BMW has integrated VR into their design process, allowing engineers to conduct virtual crash tests and evaluate structural ...
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Check out the world's largest automotive simulation center, powered ...
Feb 24, 2025 · The High-Fidelity Simulator is just one of 14 different Unreal Engine-powered driving simulators housed in BMW Group's futuristic simulation center.
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Virtual to Reality: How Ford Turns Data Into the Vehicle on Your ...
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Virtual reality in the automotive field in industry 4.0 - ScienceDirect
This paper presents a state of the art of the device used on VR and AR in automotive and two case studies in the fields of VR and AR in automotive in Romania.
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How Rio Tinto Slashed Onboarding Time by 90% with VR
Oct 10, 2025 · The solution was built on Viewport's established track record of creating VR safety training for mining industry leaders, incorporating:.
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Analysing potential of VR technology in delivering impactful skills ...
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Mining Fire Training Simulator | VR Solutions for High-Risk Sites
Immersive fire response training for the mining industry that is portable, realistic, and purpose-built for high-risk fire emergencies.
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Dec 28, 2022 · Simulator-based training for miners has proved beneficial in increasing training effectiveness, improving safety and overall operational efficiency.
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History Of Virtual Reality - Virtual Reality Society
In 1968 Ivan Sutherland and his student Bob Sproull created the first VR / AR head mounted display (Sword of Damocles) that was connected to a computer and not ...
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History of VR – Timeline of Events and Tech Development
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Top 10 VR Trends of 2025: Future of Virtual Reality - HQSoftware
Rating 4.9 (22) Oct 1, 2025 · Surgical training. VR provides a safe environment for medical students to hone their skills, reducing errors and improving patient outcomes.
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Virtual Reality in Gaming Market Report 2025 - Size and Scope
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Ex-Oculus CTO: 'Beat Saber was much more important to VR's ...
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Half-Life: Alyx – Steam Stats – Video Game Insights - Sensor Tower
407. active players (39 min ago) ; 560. active players (24h peak) ; 98.3%. positive reviews ; $127.6m. gross revenue ; 3m. units sold ...
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Virtual Reality Guide 2025: Complete VR Technology Overview
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Towards Cybersickness Severity Classification from VR Gameplay ...
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What is Virtual Production & How is it Revolutionizing Film - Riverside
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This is the Way: How Innovative Technology Immersed Us in the ...
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Sep 29, 2021 · In this post, we're breaking down The Mandalorian's twin magics of virtual production and volume technology, as we investigate how one space western is pushing ...<|separator|>
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Jon Favreau Is All-In on Virtual Production, Real-Time and Led Walls
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What is Virtual Production — Pros, Cons & Process Explained
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VIRTUAL PRODUCTION NOW AND GOING FORWARD - VFX Voice -
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Virtual Production in 2025: Real-Time Filmmaking Redefined
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VR in Filmmaking: Unlocking New Dimensions in Cinema - Filmustage
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Here are the Winners of Venice Film Festival - Venice Immersive 2024
Sep 7, 2024 · Lutaw is a finalist for VR Film of the Year in AIXR's 4th International VR Awards. The film had a remote world premiere on Tribeca Film ...
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Venice Immersive 2025 Crowns Three, Rewards Many - Forbes
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The Rise of Virtual Reality Films & Its Impact on Filmmaking - AAFT
May 16, 2025 · Explore how virtual reality (VR) is reshaping storytelling, audience engagement, and production in the film industry.
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This paper explores the transformative impact of VR on narrative structures, multisensory experiences, and the myriad challenges filmmakers face
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KORG Gadget VR - MUSIC PRODUCTION STUDIO
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Best VR Apps for music making Apple Vision Pro & Meta Quest 3
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7 Most Viral Virtual Concerts: A New Era of Music Experiences
Mar 17, 2025 · From Marshmello's groundbreaking Fortnite performance to Ariana Grande's magical Rift Tour, each event offers valuable lessons for music aspirants.
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Soundscape VR: Virtual Reality Music Festivals, VR Concerts ...
Soundscape VR is next-level virtual reality musical concerts & immersion, taking players to fantastic VR worlds that react to live and streaming music.Missing: examples 2020-2025
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Should The Music Industry Go Virtual? A Case for Investing in VR ...
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VR theatre improves accessibility to live performance, new research ...
Sep 16, 2024 · Immersive virtual reality (VR) theatre performances do not pose a threat to traditional live theatre, and could improve opportunities for those who struggle to ...
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A Digital World of Live Theatre: The New Technological Possibilities ...
Small theatre companies have been creating performances in Virtual Reality to simulate live productions with real audience interaction.
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Chromesthesia VR Music Visualizer on Steam
In stockChromesthesia VR transforms music into a vibrant spectacle with 47 real-time effects, compatible with various audio sources, and has a built-in music library.
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Why Live Theatre Still Beats Virtual Reality Experiences
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Oct 18, 2024 · Virtual reality (VR) concerts have emerged as an exciting new way for musicians to reach global audiences without the logistical challenges of physical touring.
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Across the Metaverse: My trip though VR social platforms - Spacebar
Mar 22, 2024 · I've spent a few months trying out three of the most popular platforms: Meta Horizon Worlds, Rec Room, and VRChat. Each one was seemingly built ...<|separator|>
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What Are Virtual Reality Social Networks Like Today? - Crelong Media
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Facebook 'Horizon' Strikes a Balance Between 'Rec Room' & 'VRChat'
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Feb 13, 2025 · VRChat's concurrent player count is actually much higher, peaking near 100k on any given day. I assume you're getting your numbers just from Steam.Do you think Horizon Worlds will ever be as popular as Rec Room?Meta CTO: 2025 (and Horizon Worlds) Will Determine Whether AR ...More results from www.reddit.comMissing: features | Show results with:features
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Psychological benefits of using social virtual reality platforms during ...
Oct 4, 2021 · Socialization activities like meeting friends in VR are associated with relatedness and enjoyment, while playful and creative activities allow for self- ...
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[PDF] When Worlds Collide Challenges and Opportunities in Virtual Reality
VR applications hinder gender and social equality by including discriminatory content and facilitating harassment behaviors. Research studies have demonstrated ...
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[PDF] Social Virtual Reality: Ethical Considerations and Future Directions ...
Social VR is a commercial 3D environment where users interact via VR HMDs, focusing on design, communication, and ethical research considerations.
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Easily applicable social virtual reality and social presence in online ...
The results show that social VR facilitated feelings of social presence, a more natural and spontaneous way of communicating with peers and teachers.
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VR in Marketing: Benefits, Examples and Best Uses - Program-Ace
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Virtual Reality Advertising: Use Cases, Examples and Benefits
Aug 27, 2024 · VR advertising uses virtual reality technology to promote brands, products, and services by creating immersive and interactive experiences.
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The effectiveness of immersive media in promoting consumer Products
The experimental study results confirm that AR outperforms VR when rational appeals are used, whereas VR is more effective with emotional appeals.
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TOP 20 EXTENDED REALITY MARKETING STATISTICS 2025
Sep 25, 2025 · Virtual reality accounted for 55.7% of XR applications in 2023. VR dominates XR use cases, from gaming to training and marketing. For marketers, ...
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Top 10 VR Experience Examples in Marketing - The Media Ant
May 29, 2024 · 1. Coca-Cola: The Virtual Thirst · 2. IKEA: The Virtual Store Experience · 3. TOMS Shoes: A Virtual Giving Trip · 4. Audi: The VR Showroom · 5.
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AR/VR technologies in advertising: A scoping review on empirical ...
Nov 28, 2023 · This paper aims to provide a review on the effectiveness of AR/VR advertising for product and services promotion. For this purpose, we conducted ...
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Virtual Reality Statistics 2025: Users & Trends - DemandSage
May 28, 2025 · More than 171 million people worldwide are estimated to be using VR, with 77 million users coming from the United States.
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AR and VR in Marketing Market Size, Share, | CAGR of 18%
The AR and VR in marketing market is expected to reach USD 24.2 billion by 2033, with a CAGR of 18.3%. AR and VR enhance promotional strategies.
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A Deep Dive into the Virtual Tour Software Market - 2024 - TeliportMe
Feb 20, 2025 · According to a report by Matterport, real estate agents using virtual tours reduce time on market by up to 31% and lower staging costs since ...
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3D Virtual House Tours - WP3D Models - WordPress Plugin
Their popularity skyrocketed, with Matterport reporting up to 434% growth in virtual tour adoption amongst real estate agents in 2020. As the new technology ...
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The Future of Property Viewing: AI and VR in Real Estate - Numalis
Goldman Sach estimates that virtual reality in real estate could hit $2.6 billion by 2026. VR/AR is the primary technology property marketers use for virtual ...
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Ikea's new virtual design tool deletes your furniture and replaces it ...
Jun 22, 2022 · Ikea Kreativ's Scene Scanner feature lets you scan a room using Ikea's iOS app, erase your existing furniture, and then place virtual furniture in its place.
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Launch of new IKEA Place app – IKEA Global
Sep 12, 2017 · IKEA Place app launched to help people virtually place furniture at home. IKEA announces the launch of IKEA Place, an augmented reality (AR) ...
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27 Augmented Reality Statistics You Should Know in 2024 - Threekit
Jan 19, 2021 · Only 1% of retailers in 2020 were currently using AR or VR in their customer buying experience. For retailers that bring in most of their sales ...<|separator|>
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Shopping in virtual reality: A literature review and future agenda
This study systematically reviewed a body of 72 research papers that investigated the application of VR in shopping.
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How Many Consumers Have Tried VR? - AR Insider
May 15, 2024 · Highlights include the fact that 25 percent of consumers have used VR, and 80 percent of those users do so at least monthly. Non-VR users report ...
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Understanding consumer responses to virtual reality product ...
May 11, 2025 · Recent large-scale consumer surveys reveal 32 % of participants have used VR applications, with retail experiences being one of the key ...
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More consumers turn to virtual reality for their shopping trips
Aug 23, 2022 · A third of virtual reality (VR) users have shopped with the technology in the last six months, says a survey from PwC. · Retailers are being ...
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The Efficacy of Using Virtual Reality for Job Interviews and Its Effects ...
Aug 4, 2025 · The use of VR technology as a job interview concept has been shown to have a high rate of acceptance and initial barriers for first-time users ...
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Caseworker Employee Training in VR | Case Study - Accenture
Accenture worked with San Diego County to transform its caseworker training in VR to more effectively prepare employees for eligibility interviews.
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The Impact of Virtual Reality in Interview Training: Software Tools to ...
Nov 29, 2024 · According to a recent study by the VR Research Institute, companies leveraging VR in their interview training observed a 40% increase in hiring confidence and ...
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How VR is Transforming the Way We Train Associates
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Strivr helps Walmart reduce training time by 96% | Customer story
Walmart cuts training time by 96% with immersive learning ; 96%. reduction in training time, from 8 hours to 15 minutes ; 30%. increase in employee satisfaction ...
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A meta-analysis of virtual reality training programs - Montclair State ...
We obtain an estimate of the overall effectiveness of VR training programs, and we identify features of VR training programs that systematically produce ...
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Exploring the effectiveness of virtual reality-based training for ...
Aug 7, 2025 · The research primarily focuses on how VR-based training can enhance the sustainability of occupational safety for industrial workers, thereby ...
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Navigating the enterprise metaverse: How virtual reality affects ...
This research outlines two studies in which managers of a public German organization use either videoconferencing or VR headsets for agile meetings.
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VR Workplace Productivity: Enhancing Productivity and Immersive ...
Jan 14, 2025 · Virtual reality gives employees a way to share more meaningful interactions, dive deeper into their work, and stay focused—even in a distracting ...
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Workspace and Productivity: Guidelines for Virtual Reality ... - MDPI
The aims of this study were to (i) conduct expert interviews to gain a perspective on how workplace design can affect collaboration, productivity, and work ...
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Overview of VR's applications in Archaeology - VR Software wiki
Reconstruction is one of the most common and popular applications of VR in archaeology. It involves creating 3D models of sites and artifacts that have been ...
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A systematic review of virtual 3D reconstructions of Cultural Heritage ...
Apr 2, 2024 · Those works include the reconstruction of ancient Roman Pompeii, Edo Castle in Tokyo, and later Rome Reborn [10], within which ancient Rome ...
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Digital twin applications in an archaeological site: A virtual ...
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Historical Building 3D Reconstruction for a Virtual Reality-based ...
Sep 4, 2025 · These include Virtual Reality (VR) tools that can ensure an accurate representation of historical structures and offer better accessibility and ...
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A Virtual Reality Platform for Analyzing Remote Archaeological Sites
We describe a VR reconstruction of Pleito Cave, a fragile world class rock-art site with accessibility limitation.
[179]
A Virtual Reality Platform for Analyzing Remote Archaeological Sites
This paper describes a Virtual Reality (VR) prototype developed to help archaeologists and other stakeholders explore and analyse archaeological data in a ...
[180]
Enhancing Archaeological Research Through Immersive Virtual ...
We introduce a VR application specifically designed to streamline the storage and access of critical data for archaeological studies.The Project · User Needs And Requirements · Implementation
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Virtual reality as a tool to enhance the efficiency and reliability of the ...
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[182]
Exploring user acceptance of online virtual reality exhibition ...
Leveraging the online VR exhibition at Liangzhu Museum as a case study, data were collected from 313 participants and analyzed using partial least squares ...
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Aug 2, 2024 · This article delves into user perceptions of VR in museums, spotlighting a peer-reviewed case study on the Liangzhu Museum's VR exhibition.
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A comparative case study of two immersive learning experiences in ...
Jul 2, 2025 · This study explores the use of emerging technologies in museum exhibits, and how it reshapes art and history education in museums.
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A bibliometric analysis of immersive technology in museum exhibitions
Sep 12, 2023 · This study aims to comprehensively understand the existing literature on immersive technology in museum exhibitions, focusing on virtual ...
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(PDF) Virtual Reality in Museums: Exploring the Experiences of ...
The aim of this paper is to explore the practices, experiences, and perceptions of museum professionals on the use of VR technology in museums.
[187]
Painter of light: my awkward adventures in virtual reality art
Feb 28, 2016 · Tilt Brush, the painting tool that's become a mainstay of HTC Vive demos, does not tap psychic waveforms. But the tool, along with other virtual ...
[188]
Virtual reality helps shape and respond to artistic impulses - PNAS
Jul 21, 2022 · ... VR headsets. Goodyear's VR tool of choice is Tilt Brush, a three-dimensional painting program that was acquired by Google in 2015 and ...
[189]
The Beginner's Guide to VR Art Creation Apps in 2020 | MOR
Jan 22, 2020 · VR art apps include Quill for illustration/animation, Tilt Brush for illustration, Tvori for 3D modeling/animation, and Gravity Sketch for ...
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Beyond the Walls: Experience the Smithsonian American Art ...
Go explore American art Beyond the Walls, a virtual reality experience that transports you directly into the galleries of the Smithsonian American Art Museum.
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Virtual Reality and the Future of Art Exhibitions - Arts, Artists, Artwork
May 13, 2023 · One such example is the VR exhibition “The VR Museum of Fine Art,” which offers visitors the opportunity to explore high-resolution 3D ...Brief overview of the benefits... · Creating immersive, interactive...<|control11|><|separator|>
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5 Examples of VR & XR Applications from Creative Industries - Varjo
Jun 29, 2023 · In this blog post, we look at 5 examples of immersive art and other creative applications using Varjo virtual and mixed reality headsets.
[193]
Virtual Reality for Research in Social Neuroscience - PubMed Central
Apr 16, 2017 · Virtual reality is a technology that allows for the creation of fully interactive, three-dimensional computerized models of social situations.
[194]
The efficacy of virtual reality exposure therapy for PTSD symptoms
These findings demonstrated that VRET could produce significant PTSD symptoms reduction and supported its application in treating PTSD.
[195]
Meta-analysis of virtual reality exposure therapy for social anxiety ...
Our findings show a stronger treatment efficacy of VRET from pre-treatment to post-treatment and to follow-up.
[196]
Virtual reality exposure therapy for anxiety and related disorders
This meta-analysis indicates that, for a number of the anxiety-related disorders, VRET has a large effect size compared to control conditions.
[197]
Changing social attitudes with virtual reality: a systematic review and ...
This article provides a systematic review with meta-analysis of social attitude research in VR by examining 50 separate findings from 39 studies.
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The reality of virtual reality - Frontiers
Feb 14, 2023 · Virtual reality (VR) has become a popular tool for investigating human behavior and brain functions. Nevertheless, it is unclear whether VR ...Abstract · Introduction · Materials and methods · Discussion<|separator|>
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A critical review of the role of virtual reality (VR) - ScienceDirect
This critical review examines VR as a promising new media tool to reduce prejudice and improve intergroup relations.
[200]
Using Virtual Reality Interventions to Promote Social and Emotional ...
Dec 29, 2023 · This study provides a comprehensive review of the application of virtual reality (VR) in social and emotional learning (SEL) for children and adolescents over ...
[201]
Modeling Marine Ecosystems with Virtual Reality
The Virtual Ecosystem Viewer is an interactive virtual reality model NOAA scientists use to visualize changing ocean ecosystems, especially fish populations ...
[202]
modelling ecosystem reference conditions in virtual reality
Oct 29, 2021 · Virtual reality (VR) can be used to render virtual landscapes as immersive, visceral experiences and communicate ecosystem dynamics to users in an effective ...
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Virtual reality is only mildly effective in improving forest conservation ...
Dec 5, 2024 · Our findings provide cautionary evidence about the additional potential of using immersive technologies, like VR, to improve conservation behaviors compared to ...
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Virtual reality as a tool for environmental conservation and fundraising
Virtual reality is an effective way to raise awareness of environmental threats and encourage behavioral action, especially when tailored to target groups.
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Training through Immersive Technology | US EPA
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Using a Nature-Based Virtual Reality Environment for Improving ...
The researchers developed a novel VR environment that combined 360-degree videos of natural areas and botanical gardens with interactive digital features that ...
[207]
University center advances energy, environmental knowledge via ...
Nov 6, 2020 · Through virtual reality, Myrick said the experience shows people how water flows through soil and how water levels affect plants, air and humans ...
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A Systematic Review of Extended Reality (XR) Technologies in ...
Mar 26, 2025 · XR-based training and simulation tools can educate farmers on sustainable practices, fostering the adoption of environmentally friendly ...
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This study explores an AI-driven Digital Twin (DT) system embedded within a gamified XR environment designed to enhance decision-making, resource management, ...
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[PDF] Enhancing Agricultural Education through Virtual Reality: Facilitation ...
Jan 31, 2024 · This agricultural development methods paper presents the Virtual Reality. Facilitation, Application, Reflection, and Measurement (VRFARM).
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World's First Virtual Reality Cattle Handling Training Tool - CattleVR
Sep 10, 2024 · CattleVR is the world's first virtual reality cattle handling training tool that teaches how to move animals safely through the yard.Missing: husbandry livestock management
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Pig Farm Livestock Management Simulation - ForgeFX Simulations
Zoetis /Pfizer Animal Health, Virtual Walking the Pens is an interactive 3D training simulation that allows Zoetis / Pfizer customers to conduct a virtual, barn ...
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Student-reported experience of using virtual reality to tour a livestock ...
Sep 30, 2025 · This study assessed university student perceptions of the usability of a virtual reality (VR) farm tour focused on swine or dairy farming.
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Oct 29, 2020 · Four virtual reality modules that the grant will help develop will focus on operating, commercial dairy and swine farms.Missing: husbandry | Show results with:husbandry<|separator|>
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Virtual reality for safety training: A systematic literature review and ...
... peer-reviewed journals like white papers and pre-prints. 4.9. Comparison of different types of VR training devices. Seventeen papers were reviewed that ...
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https://www.nsc.org/getmedia/e2bb071c-e134-4c8e-b0b3-be74b46066eb/report-virtual-training.pdf
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Analysis of the effectiveness and user experience of employing ...
Jul 21, 2024 · Virtual reality (VR) offers immersive experiences that enhance the efficacy of safety training. Method. This study evaluated VR's effectiveness ...
[218]
(PDF) Use of Virtual Reality for Safety Training: A Systematic Review
Aug 7, 2025 · Various studies prove that virtual reality training is superior to traditional training techniques and can actively engage learners leading to better learning ...
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Revolutionize Construction Training: VR Solutions by PIXO
VR construction training provides an immersive simulation for construction safety and hard skills training that has been proven to be extremely effective and ...
[220]
Virtual reality safety training and auditing in warehouse environments
Jun 2, 2025 · This study investigates how virtual reality (VR) can transform safety training, risk management, and auditing techniques in warehouse environments.<|control11|><|separator|>
[221]
Virtual reality and safety training - Texas Department of Insurance
Aug 15, 2025 · VR projects for mining include rescue and escape training and enhanced hazard recognition by using eye-tracking glasses. VR safety training is ...
[222]
[PDF] Mine Escapeway Multiuser Training with Desktop Virtual Reality
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A systematic review on the efficacy of virtual reality and gamification ...
Nov 7, 2023 · This systematic review aims to assess the effectiveness of virtual reality (VR) and gamification interventions in addressing anxiety and depression.
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A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized-controlled trials
The objective is to evaluate the treatment effect of virtual reality applications in the treatment of anxiety disorders compared to conventional therapy.
[225]
Efficacy of immersive PTSD treatments: A systematic review of virtual ...
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Effects of Virtual Reality-Based Graded Exposure Therapy on PTSD ...
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Restorative Effects of Virtual Nature on the Emotional Well-being of ...
Virtual nature can improve psychological well-being in older adults, especially in urban areas, and may reduce the emotional burden of lack of direct nature ...
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Restorative psychophysiological effects of biophilic virtual environment
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The results of Meta-analysis showed that compared with conventional interventions, virtual reality therapy significantly improved the symptoms and level of ...
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Virtual reality for stroke rehabilitation - Laver, KE - Cochrane Library
Jun 20, 2025 · We found moderate‐ to low‐certainty evidence that the use of virtual reality and interactive video gaming is slightly more beneficial than ...
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Aug 1, 2022 · Conclusions and relevance: In this randomized clinical trial, VR reduced pain scores and opioid use compared with a control intervention.
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Efficacy of virtual reality for pain relief in medical procedures
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Effectiveness and safety of virtual reality rehabilitation after stroke
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The effect of virtual reality applications on treatment outcomes in ...
Sep 23, 2024 · This compilation includes many studies that encounter a major limitation of VR: the inability to blind patients and practitioners. This poses ...
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In-Home Virtual Reality Program for Chronic Lower Back Pain: A ...
May 23, 2023 · An 8-week self-administered behavioral skills virtual reality program was found to impart clinically meaningful improvements above a strong active control ...
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Virtual reality in stroke recovery: a meta-review of systematic reviews
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Exploring the potential of virtual reality (VR) in mental healthcare
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How NASA uses virtual reality to train astronauts
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Virtual reality astronaut training At NASA's Johnson Space Center in ...
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Nine Ways We Use AR and VR on the International Space Station
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Virtual & Augmented Reality Use in Space Exploration
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[PDF] Extended Reality Strategy - XR at ESA
Operations Support: XR enhances how we visualize data and control missions, from Earth observation, Space Safety to robotic operations or crisis response.<|separator|>
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Varjo & Boeing: A New Era in Astronaut Training using Virtual Reality
Varjo & Boeing: Astronaut Training in Virtual Reality – from pre-launch to docking to landing – entirely in VR for the first time.Missing: design | Show results with:design<|separator|>
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Is Virtual Reality a Major Trend in 2025? Market Growth & Insights
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Describing, Evaluating, and Exploring Barriers to Adoption of Virtual ...
Nov 3, 2024 · High-cost was the most important prohibitive barrier to VR uptake ... VR experience should be defined by its interplay between hardware and ...<|separator|>
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Barriers to adopting therapeutic virtual reality - PubMed Central - NIH
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Minimizing Latency in VR: Best Practices to Reduce Motion Sickness
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A Study on Sensor System Latency in VR Motion Sickness - MDPI
Good VR user experiences essentially require ultra-low latency (less than 20 ms) [19]. Motivated by the aforementioned latency-related challenges, in this paper ...
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Survey of Motion Sickness Mitigation Efforts in Virtual Reality - IVRHA
Oct 1, 2024 · Motion sickness occurs when the user's physical movement does not match their visual cues, leading to feelings of nausea, dizziness, and discomfort.
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Sick in the Car, Sick in VR? Understanding How Real-World ...
Aug 28, 2023 · A substantial number of Virtual Reality (VR) users (studies report 30–80%) suffer from cyber sickness, a negative experience caused by a ...<|separator|>
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Investigating VR Accessibility Reviews for Users with Disabilities
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Making VR and XR Inclusive: Key Accessibility Features and Uses
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Understanding the Accessibility of Single-User Virtual Reality ...
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Investigating VR Accessibility Reviews for Users with Disabilities
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Augmented, Virtual and Mixed Realities and their potential in ...
AR/VR/MR in education benefits motivation, self-study, satisfaction, memory retention, and performance, but has barriers like lack of resources and high costs.
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Determining the severity and prevalence of cybersickness in virtual ...
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Cybersickness and Its Severity Arising from Virtual Reality Content
A previous study has reported that 80 % of people show symptoms of cybersickness within 10 min of becoming immersed in the VR environment [3]. In early studies, ...Missing: prevalence peer-
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Factors Influencing Virtual Reality Sickness in Emergency ...
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Are Virtual Reality Headsets Safe for Eyes?
Aug 21, 2024 · Staring at a VR headset screen—or any digital device—for a prolonged period may cause eye strain or fatigue. That's because you tend to blink ...
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Can VR headsets harm your eyes? - All About Vision
Research shows wearing VR headsets can cause eye strain, eye discomfort, eye fatigue and blurred vision.
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Factors Associated With Virtual Reality Sickness in Head-Mounted ...
Despite the improvements in HMD technology, a recent review suggests that the prevalence of VR sickness is still problematic (Rebenitsch and Owen, 2016).
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Virtual reality, real injuries: OSU study shows how to reduce physical ...
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Oct 17, 2022 · This study analyzed the effects of cybersickness caused by head-mounted display–based VR on physiological responses.
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Adverse Effects of Virtual and Augmented Reality Interventions ... - NIH
May 5, 2023 · Of 73 studies meeting the inclusion criteria, 7 reported worsening clinical symptoms or an increased fall risk. Another 21 studies reported “no adverse effects”
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Identifying Causes of and Solutions for Cybersickness in Immersive ...
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Privacy in Augmented and Virtual Reality Platforms: Challenges and ...
Why privacy in VR and AR is a high-stakes issue · 1. Expansive data collection: What's being tracked? · 2. Biometric and behavioral privacy risks · 3. Security ...
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[PDF] Security and privacy in virtual reality: A literature review
Because of the personal nature of the collected data from the users, VR users perceived some danger in its privacy issues (Psychoula et al., 2018). VR includes.
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Dec 20, 2024 · In this paper, we provide a literature survey on VR threats and issues, in terms of privacy and security, with the aim of highlighting what has been done and ...
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VR Poses Privacy Risks for Kids. A New Study Finds Parents Aren't ...
May 6, 2024 · Our findings highlight parents generally lack S&P awareness due to the perception that VR is still in its infancy.
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Virtual Reality Data and Its Privacy Regulatory Challenges: A Call to ...
Apr 14, 2025 · This Note argues that virtual reality exposes a more fundamental problem of the GDPR: the futility of text-based informed consent in the context of virtual ...
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A scoping review of the ethics frameworks describing issues related ...
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Ethical Challenges of Using Virtual Environments in the Assessment ...
The addition of IoT, algorithmic devices, and social VR leads to additional ethical concerns related to the logging and sharing of the patient's habits, ...
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Virtual virtues: a governance framework of moral consequentialism ...
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Some Practical Considerations of Ethical Issues in VR Research
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Ethical issues of educational virtual reality - ScienceDirect.com
VR technology faces a number of ethical issues, including a reduction of users' autonomy, health problems, and privacy concerns.
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Virtual Reality: The Impending Revolution and Risky Consequences
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Social Virtual Reality (VR) Involvement Affects Depression When ...
We conclude that high levels of involvement in social VR games by socially isolated users with low self-esteem can negatively affect their well-being.
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The Dark Side of VR: Isolation, Addiction, and the Metaverse Mirage
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Problematic social media use in 3D? Relationships between ...
Increased social VR social support was associated with decreased depression, anxiety, and social isolation. Problematic social VR use was associated with ...
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Escaping through virtual gaming—what is the association with ...
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Is Virtual Reality Lonely? The VR–Isolation Stereotype and Its ...
Dec 10, 2024 · Our investigation reveals that non-owners perceive VR as a medium of social isolation, which may hinder its broader acceptance.
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Immersive Virtual Reality Market Report 2025, Analysis And Growth
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Types of Virtual Reality & Use Cases - Research AIMultiple
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VR Headsets Market Size, Analysis & Forecast, 2025-2034
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Breaking the Barriers: What's Impeding VR's Broad Market ...
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Exploring the Economic Viability of Virtual Reality in Architectural ...
Aug 27, 2024 · This study aims to explore the costs associated with integrating VR into architectural, engineering, and construction (AEC) education.5. Discussion · 5.1. Vr Platform · 6. Research Outcome
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A game-changing model for harnessing the potential of virtual reality ...
Aug 27, 2025 · The findings reveal that the primary barriers to adoption include high hardware costs and training, fears of job insecurity, training ...<|separator|>
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Overcoming Adoption Barriers for AR/VR in Businesses
May 31, 2025 · 1. High Perceived Costs · 2. Technical Complexity · 3. Lack of Expertise · 4. Uncertainty About ROI · 5. Resistance to Change · 1. Addressing High ...
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Barriers to the Adoption of Augmented Reality Technologies for ...
Findings revealed that investment cost is the major hindrance stakeholders face in implementing ART for education and training in the built environment.
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Virtual Reality (VR) Market Analysis, Size, and Forecast 2025-2029
According to recent reports, the global VR market is projected to reach a 30% adoption rate by 2025, underscoring its growing importance in various industries.Missing: hurdles | Show results with:hurdles