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Bottom

Bottom may refer to:

Anatomy and sex

Buttocks

The buttocks, also known as the gluteal region, consist of two prominent rounded portions of the external pelvic region in humans and many animals, primarily formed by the gluteal muscles overlaid with a layer of subcutaneous fat. This structure lies posterior to the bony pelvis, bounded superiorly by the iliac crest and inferiorly by the gluteal fold, providing cushioning and support for sitting while contributing to the overall contour of the lower body. In humans, the buttocks are particularly developed compared to other primates, reflecting adaptations for bipedal locomotion.^[1] The primary anatomical components are the three gluteal muscles: the gluteus maximus, the largest and most superficial muscle that forms the bulk of the buttock and facilitates hip extension and external rotation essential for walking, running, and rising from a seated position; the gluteus medius, which lies beneath the maximus and primarily abducts the hip while stabilizing the pelvis during single-leg stance to maintain posture and balance; and the gluteus minimus, the deepest and smallest, assisting in hip abduction and internal rotation to support locomotion and prevent pelvic drop. These muscles originate from the ilium, sacrum, and related ligaments, inserting into the femur and iliotibial tract, and are innervated by branches of the sacral plexus, with blood supply from the gluteal arteries. Collectively, they play crucial roles in upright posture, bipedal gait, and shock absorption during movement, enabling efficient energy transfer from the trunk to the lower limbs.^[2]^[1] Evolutionarily, the buttocks have significance in fat storage for energy reserves, particularly in humans where gluteofemoral fat accumulation provides a metabolic buffer during periods of scarcity, and exhibits sexual dimorphism with females typically developing greater fat deposition in the hips and buttocks post-puberty, signaling reproductive fitness through a lower waist-to-hip ratio. This dimorphism arises from hormonal influences during childbearing years, enhancing uterine space and reducing intra-abdominal pressure for gestation, while the enlarged gluteus maximus evolved to support bipedalism and endurance running by countering forward trunk lean and stabilizing the pelvis. In many animals, analogous structures aid in propulsion and fat insulation, though less pronounced than in humans.^[3]^[4] Medically, the buttocks region is prone to issues such as sciatica, where irritation of the sciatic nerve causes radiating pain, numbness, or tingling from the lower back through the buttocks and down the leg, often due to piriformis muscle compression or spinal conditions; and hemorrhoids, swollen veins in the lower rectum and anus that can lead to itching, discomfort, or pain in the perianal area adjacent to the buttocks, exacerbated by prolonged sitting or constipation. These conditions are described anatomically without cultural bias, focusing on physiological impacts like impaired mobility or hygiene challenges. In colloquial usage, "bottom" often serves as slang for the buttocks, distinct from its anatomical context.^[5]^[6]

Sexual roles and slang

In LGBTQ+ contexts, particularly within male same-sex relationships, "bottom" refers to the receptive or passive partner during sexual intercourse, often involving anal penetration.^[7]^[8] This term contrasts with "top," denoting the insertive or active partner, and "versatile" (or "vers"), which describes individuals who alternate between roles.^[9]^[10] In BDSM practices, "bottom" designates the submissive partner who receives physical or psychological actions, such as restraint or sensation play, while the "top" assumes the dominant role.^[11] These terms originated in the gay leather subculture of the 1950s and gained prominence in broader BDSM communities during the 1970s, emphasizing structured power exchange.^[12]^[13] The slang usage of "bottom" referring to the buttocks dates back to the 16th century and remains in common use today, particularly in British English.^[14] Independently, "bottom" emerged in the mid-20th century, originating in the gay leather subculture of the 1950s, to denote the receptive sexual role in modern pornographic, online, and everyday language, with "versatile" emerging to capture fluid or switching preferences across regions and communities.^[14]^[12]^[15] Psychologically, assuming a bottom role often involves negotiated consent and exploration of power dynamics, where participants derive pleasure from vulnerability or reception, though it can intersect with gender norms.^[16]^[17] Socially, bottoms in gay male contexts have faced stigma associating the role with femininity or passivity, but increased visibility in media since the 1990s—through portrayals in film, television, and literature—has contributed to destigmatization and broader acceptance of diverse sexual expressions.^[9]^[18]

Arts, entertainment, and media

Literature and theatre

In William Shakespeare's comedy A Midsummer Night's Dream, composed around 1595, Nick Bottom is a weaver and the most vociferous member of a group of Athenian craftsmen, known as the "rude mechanicals," who rehearse an amateur play for Duke Theseus's wedding.^[19] Bottom's overzealous ambition shines in his insistence on playing every role in their production of Pyramus and Thisbe, showcasing his theatrical vanity and cheerful ignorance through malapropisms and bombast.^[20] During a forest rehearsal, the fairy Puck transforms Bottom's head into that of an ass at Oberon's command, symbolizing human folly and the blurring of reality and illusion; this "translation" brands him with a visible stigma of stupidity, aligning with Renaissance views of prodigies where physical change reflects inner flaws.^[20] Enspelled, the fairy queen Titania dotes on the ass-headed Bottom, surrounding him with attendants in a scene of absurd enchantment that underscores themes of transformation and misplaced affection.^[21] Restored to human form, Bottom awakens bewildered, dismissing his ordeal as a dream and planning to have it turned into a ballad titled "Bottom's Dream," a moment revealing unexpected humility amid his prior egotism.^[19] The play culminates in Act 5 with the mechanicals' performance of Pyramus and Thisbe before the wedding guests, where Bottom as the tragic lover Pyramus delivers lines with earnest ineptitude, parodying dramatic tragedy and eliciting communal laughter that bridges social divides.^[22] Scholars interpret Bottom as an everyman archetype, his boundless ambition contrasting with post-transformation humility to explore human aspiration, the limits of self-awareness, and the redemptive potential of art.^[23]^[20] Bottom's character has inspired numerous theatrical adaptations, notably Benjamin Britten's opera A Midsummer Night's Dream (1960), which retains Shakespeare's structure and casts Bottom as a bass-baritone to amplify his comic pomposity and lyrical introspection in scenes like his dream soliloquy.^[24] In ballet, Frederick Ashton's The Dream (1964) choreographs Bottom's transformation and courtship with Titania through whimsical, donkey-like movements, emphasizing physical comedy via Mendelssohn's score.^[25] Similarly, George Balanchine's full-length A Midsummer Night's Dream (1962) features Bottom in a pas de deux with Titania, blending mime and dance to convey his rustic bewilderment and the play's magical folly. Beyond Shakespeare, "bottom" functions as a metaphor for the lowest social strata in 18th- and 19th-century literature, evoking the underclass in Charles Dickens's novels such as Hard Times (1854), where factory workers occupy the "bottom of the social scale," highlighting exploitation and resilience amid industrial poverty.^[26] In modern fantasy, the name "Bottom" appears rarely as a character motif, as in Arno Schmidt's experimental novel Bottom's Dream (1970), a labyrinthine work that reimagines Shakespearean dream logic through a scholar's hallucinatory encounters, blending literary homage with surreal narrative.^[27]

Television and film

Bottom is a British sitcom that aired on BBC Two from 1991 to 1995, created and starring Rik Mayall as Richard "Richie" Richard and Adrian Edmondson as Edward Elizabeth "Eddie" Hitler, two dysfunctional flatmates living in Hammersmith, London.^[28] The series comprises three seasons totaling 18 episodes, each typically running about 30 minutes, and is renowned for its anarchic slapstick humor, crude language, and physical comedy involving frequent brawls and mishaps between the leads.^[29] Produced by the BBC, the show drew from the comedic style of Mayall and Edmondson's earlier work in The Young Ones, but emphasized the volatile friendship of the protagonists, who scheme for money, women, and basic comforts amid their squalid existence.^[28] Its cult following stems from the duo's high-energy performances and the series' unapologetic portrayal of lower-class British life, influencing subsequent alternative comedies.^[29] In 2024, the documentary Bottom: Exposed was released, featuring Adrian Edmondson recounting the show's creation alongside contributions from cast and crew, while extended versions of episodes "Holy" and "Digger" aired on television for the first time. A dedicated podcast exploring the series launched in July 2025.^[30]^[31]^[32] In 1999, Mayall and Edmondson reprised their roles in Guest House Paradiso, a feature-length spin-off film serving as an unofficial cinematic extension of Bottom.^[33] Directed by Edmondson, the movie follows Richie and Eddie as they manage a dilapidated seaside guest house contaminated by a nearby nuclear power plant, leading to chaotic encounters with guests including a French woman played by Hélène Mahieu.^[34] Released by Pathé, the 89-minute black comedy maintains the television series' signature blend of gross-out gags, verbal abuse, and improbable disasters, grossing modestly at the UK box office while solidifying the characters' legacy in visual media.^[33] Beyond the core franchise, the term "bottom" appears in various television and film titles with comedic connotations, such as the 2006 American direct-to-video romantic comedy Bottoms Up, directed by Erik MacArthur and starring Jason Mewes as a Midwestern bartender navigating Hollywood excess alongside Paris Hilton.^[35] This low-budget production, released by Lionsgate, employs the phrase "bottoms up" in a literal drinking context but evokes slang associations through its party-centric plot, exemplifying minor cinematic uses of the word in lighthearted, risqué narratives.^[36]

Music

In music, the term "bottom" has appeared in various song titles, album names, and band monikers, often evoking themes of descent, resilience, or cultural slang. One notable example is the stoner metal band Bottom, formed in 1998 in New York City and based in San Francisco since the early 2000s, known for their heavy, riff-driven sound blending grunge, doom, and sludge elements.^[37] Formed initially as an all-female power trio but later featuring male members on bass and drums and centered around guitarist/vocalist Sina, the band released albums during the 2010s including the EP MMXII (2012) and Hug Myself... All the Time (2014), exploring gritty, introspective lyrics about personal struggle and endurance. Their marathon tours and raw energy positioned them as a cult favorite in the underground heavy metal scene.^[38] Another prominent use is in Tom Waits' song "Bottom of the World," featured on his 2006 triple album Orphans: Brawlers, Bawlers & Bastards. Co-written with Kathleen Brennan, the track paints a vivid portrait of despair and fleeting hope through Waits' signature gravelly vocals and bluesy instrumentation, with lyrics depicting a down-and-out narrator trapped in a desolate landscape: "I'm lost at the bottom of the world / Sat on a rusty nail / Got me a ceiling fan / And a finger full of rain." Originally composed for the 1999 film Liberty Heights, the song embodies themes of redemption amid hardship, drawing from Waits' narrative style influenced by American folk and jazz traditions.^[39] In 2019, Swedish indie rock supergroup Amason released "Hit the Bottom" as a single from their sophomore album Galaxy I, marking a vibrant, synth-infused exploration of emotional lows and recovery. The track, with its pulsating rhythms and layered harmonies from vocalists Amanda Bergman and Pontus Winnberg, captures a sense of hitting rock bottom before rising, as Bergman reflects on vulnerability in interviews.^[40] Produced by the band—members of Little Dragon, The Mary Onettes, and others—it highlights Amason's eclectic pop-rock sound, blending electronic elements with introspective lyrics. Historically, "bottom" featured in 1920s vaudeville through the "Black Bottom" dance craze, a lively, syncopated step originating in African American communities and popularized in Broadway shows like the 1926 musical Black Bottom. Sheet music for songs such as Charles "Lucky" Roberts' "Black Bottom" (1926) and Jelly Roll Morton's "Black Bottom Stomp" (1925) captured the era's exuberant slang, where "bottom" alluded to rhythmic low-end grooves and playful innuendo, influencing jazz and early pop. These works, distributed widely via publishers like Perry Bradford Music, helped propel the dance into mainstream culture, with recordings emphasizing upbeat brass and piano riffs.^[41]

Geography

Settlements and regions

The Bottom is the capital and principal settlement of Saba, a small volcanic island and special municipality of the Netherlands located in the Caribbean. Situated at approximately 366 meters (1,200 feet) above sea level on the island's rugged terrain, it serves as the administrative, educational, and healthcare hub for Saba's approximately 2,200 residents (as of 2025). The town was established in the mid-17th century during the Dutch colonial era as the island's first permanent village, originally settled by European colonists seeking arable land in the central crater area. With a population historically around 500 (as of early 2000s), The Bottom features traditional stone cottages, government buildings, and the Saba University School of Medicine, and it is a gateway to renowned scuba diving sites such as those around the island's fringing reefs.^[42]^[43]^[44] In the United States, small unincorporated communities named Bottom or similar variants are often found in rural, historically resource-dependent areas. For instance, Bottom was a short-lived settlement in northeastern Bell County, Texas, located about six miles north of Temple, named after local landowner Chatham Bottoms who donated land for development. It operated a post office from 1899 to 1905 but dwindled thereafter, reflecting the transient nature of early 20th-century frontier communities with no current recorded population.^[45] Mossy Bottom, an unincorporated community in Pike County, eastern Kentucky, exemplifies coal mining heritage in the Appalachian region. Centered around early 20th-century coal operations like the W.K. Steel Coal Company, the area supported extraction activities that shaped local economy and settlement patterns, with a current population estimated under 100 amid broader declines in the industry.^[46]^[47] In England, Dean Bottom refers to a rural locality in Oxfordshire, near the village of Widford, characterized by farmland in the broader Windrush Valley landscape, which influences nearby settlement patterns through its fertile bottomland suitable for agriculture.^[48] Urban planning contexts sometimes use "Bottoms" to denote low-lying, flood-prone neighborhoods, as seen in various American cities where such areas face heightened risks from riverine or pluvial flooding; for example, historical "bottoms" districts in Midwestern locales like those along the Mississippi have required adaptive infrastructure to mitigate inundation.^[49]

Natural features

In hydrology, "bottoms" or "bottomlands" refer to low-lying floodplains adjacent to rivers, characterized by fertile alluvial soils deposited through periodic flooding and sedimentation processes.^[50] These areas, often found in broad alluvial valleys, support rich vegetation and agriculture due to the nutrient-rich sediments, with the Mississippi River bottoms exemplifying this as expansive lowlands in the Lower Mississippi Alluvial Valley where deep, silt-laden soils have historically enabled cotton and other crop cultivation.^[51] The hydrological dynamics of these bottoms involve seasonal inundation that replenishes soil fertility while also posing flood risks, contributing to their ecological and agricultural significance across regions like the southeastern United States.^[52] Bottom Bay is a picturesque cove and beach on the southeast coast of Barbados, featuring fine white sands, turquoise waters, and a semi-enclosed setting framed by tall palm trees and dramatic coral cliffs rising up to 30 meters high.^[53] The bay's natural topography, shaped by Atlantic wave action and limestone erosion, creates a sheltered turquoise lagoon ideal for swimming, with the cliffs providing panoramic views and natural protection from strong winds.^[54] The term "ocean bottom," also known as the seabed, denotes the uppermost layer of the Earth's oceanic crust, formed primarily through tectonic processes such as seafloor spreading at mid-ocean ridges, where new basaltic crust emerges and migrates outward.^[55] Sedimentation on the ocean bottom occurs via the accumulation of terrigenous particles from continental erosion, biogenic materials like plankton shells, and chemical precipitates, gradually building layers that can reach kilometers in thickness over geological time.^[56] A notable example is the Cayman Trough, a deep submarine trench in the Caribbean Sea extending over 1,000 kilometers, where tectonic subduction and faulting have created depths exceeding 7,500 meters, with sedimentary infilling masking underlying bathymetric features and incorporating volcanic, metamorphic, and carbonate rocks from adjacent plateaus.^[57]

Mathematics

Order theory and lattices

In order theory, the bottom element of a partially ordered set (poset) (P, \leq), often denoted \bot, is defined as the least element, satisfying \bot \leq x for every x \in P.^[58] This element, when it exists, is unique by the antisymmetry property of the partial order, and it coincides with the greatest lower bound of the entire poset.^[59] Posets with a bottom element are called pointed or bounded below, and the bottom serves as a canonical starting point for chains and ideals within the structure. A lattice is a poset in which every finite subset has both a meet (greatest lower bound) and a join (least upper bound).^[58] In a bounded lattice, which possesses both a bottom \bot and a top \top (the greatest element), the bottom acts as the identity for the join operation, meaning x \vee \bot = x for all x in the lattice.^[59] For complete lattices, where arbitrary subsets admit meets and joins, the bottom element is precisely the meet of all elements in the lattice (i.e., \bot = \bigwedge P) or, dually, the join of the empty subset (\bot = \bigvee \emptyset).^[58] This property underscores its role as the infimum of the universal set, ensuring completeness in algebraic constructions. In specific lattice varieties, such as Boolean lattices—which model the power set of a fixed set under inclusion—the bottom element \bot is the empty set \emptyset, serving as the zero element that complements the top (the full set).^[60] Here, \bot satisfies universal properties in abstract algebra, such as being the initial object in the category of lattices with homomorphisms preserving meets and joins, where unique morphisms exist from \bot to any other lattice.^[59] The systematic study of these elements in lattice theory originated in the early 20th century, with foundational contributions by Richard Dedekind on ideals and modular lattices, but was comprehensively developed by Garrett Birkhoff in his 1940 monograph Lattice Theory (revised 1948), which formalized their algebraic and order-theoretic roles.^[59] Key properties of the bottom include its minimality—no element is strictly below it—and uniqueness in complete lattices, where it anchors the order structure.^[58] Hasse diagrams, graphical representations of posets that omit transitive edges and position elements by rank, typically place the bottom \bot at the lowest level, with covering relations (immediate successors) drawn upward to illustrate the order without redundancy.^[60] For instance, in the Hasse diagram of a Boolean lattice on three elements, \emptyset appears at the base, connected directly to all singletons.

Logic and type theory

In classical and intuitionistic logic, the symbol ⊥ denotes the falsum, a logical constant representing a proposition that is always false regardless of the interpretation. This constant serves as the bottom element in the lattice of truth values, with a fixed truth value of false, and is essential for defining the semantics of connectives in truth tables; for instance, the implication ⊥ → P evaluates to true for any proposition P, ensuring the material conditional's behavior when the antecedent is contradictory.^[61] A key application of ⊥ in proof theory is the principle of ex falso quodlibet (from falsehood, anything follows), which allows deriving any proposition Q from ⊥, formalized as ⊥ ⊢ Q. This explosion principle underscores the explosive nature of contradictions in standard logics, where assuming falsity collapses the system to triviality, and it holds in both classical and intuitionistic frameworks but is rejected in paraconsistent logics to tolerate inconsistencies. The concept traces to classical antiquity, with explicit formulations in medieval scholasticism, though the modern symbol ⊥ emerged in the 20th century, influenced by lattice theory's least element.^[61] In type theory, ⊥ denotes the bottom type, also known as the empty type, which is a subtype of every type and contains no inhabitants or values, making it uninhabitable. This type plays a crucial role in subtyping relations, as any type can accept values from ⊥ without issue, and in polymorphism, such as in System F (polymorphic lambda calculus), where functions of type ∀α. ⊥ → α embody the ex falso principle by allowing arbitrary outputs from no input. Introduced in foundational works on typed lambda calculi, the bottom type facilitates proofs of termination and consistency by representing impossibility.^[62] The bottom type extends to practical applications in programming languages, notably in Haskell, where ⊥ represents non-terminating computations or runtime errors, equivalent to undefined behavior that can inhabit any type due to laziness. For example, a non-terminating expression like ⊥ :: Int can be typed as any type, enabling flexible but cautious handling of partial functions. This usage stems from denotational semantics in domain theory, where ⊥ is the least element approximating incomplete computations. Jean-Yves Girard's development of System F in the early 1970s provided a theoretical basis for such polymorphic handling of empty types in constructive type theories.^[63]

People

Surname and notable individuals

Bottom is an English surname of Anglo-Saxon origin, derived from the Old English word "botm," meaning the bottom of a valley, dell, or hollow. It is a topographic name typically given to individuals who lived in or near such geographical features, particularly in northern England where such landscapes were common. The surname emerged during the medieval period as families adopted locational identifiers for distinction.^[64]^[65] The surname remains relatively rare, with approximately 798 individuals recorded bearing it in England during the 1881 census. By 2014, its incidence in the United Kingdom had declined by 36% to around 543 bearers, primarily concentrated in England. In the United States, the name saw significant growth, increasing 325% from about 603 people in 1880 to 1,961 in 2014, with early concentrations in states like Kentucky, where 32 families—representing 43% of all U.S. Bottoms—resided in 1840. Demographically, it is predominantly associated with Anglo-Saxon and British & Irish ancestry, showing a distribution of about 90.5% White in recent U.S. records. Variations such as Bottoms or Botton occasionally appear, reflecting regional phonetic shifts or plural forms.^[65]^[64]^[66] One notable individual with the surname Bottom is Anthony Bottom (born October 18, 1951), also known as Jalil Muntaqim, an American political activist and former member of the Black Panther Party and Black Liberation Army. Born in Oakland, California, Bottom joined the Panthers at age 16 and became involved in militant activities during the late 1960s and early 1970s. In 1971, at age 19, he was arrested and convicted alongside Albert Nuh Washington for the murders of two New York City police officers, Waverly Jones and Joseph Piagentini, in a case tied to the Black Liberation Army's armed struggle against perceived oppression. Bottom served nearly 49 years in prison, becoming one of the longest-incarcerated political prisoners in U.S. history, before his parole in August 2020 amid debates on criminal justice reform. During his imprisonment, he co-founded the Jericho Movement for Amnesty and maintained advocacy for prisoners' rights.^[67]^[68]^[69] Despite its historical roots, the surname Bottom has limited cultural prominence, with few bearers achieving widespread recognition, and it is occasionally overshadowed by associations with unrelated or fictional namesakes in popular culture.^[65]

Fictional characters

In animated media, the name "Bottom" has been used for several antagonistic or subordinate characters, often embodying themes of villainy or incompetence in fantastical settings. One prominent example is Belle Bottom, the disco-inspired supervillain and leader of the Vicious 6 in the 2022 film Minions: The Rise of Gru. Voiced by Taraji P. Henson, she is depicted as a flamboyant, ruthless crime boss with a 1970s aesthetic, using her gold chain as a weapon to pursue the Zodiac Stone and eliminate rivals like young Gru.^[70] Her character highlights ambition from a position of power within the criminal underworld, contrasting with more lowly portrayals of the name. Another instance appears in Japanese animation with Bottom, the primary antagonist in the 2010 film Pretty Cure All Stars DX 2: Kibou no Hikari - Rainbow Jewel o Mamore!. This black, demonic entity, revived after a millennium of defeat, seeks to destroy hope by corrupting the Rainbow Jewel and allying with past villains from the Pretty Cure franchise. Bottom's dictatorial nature and hatred for humanity's optimism drive the plot, culminating in a battle where the Pretty Cure heroes restore the jewel to vanquish him.^[71] The character's design as a dark, bottomless force symbolizes despair and the depths of evil, fitting the franchise's themes of light versus darkness. In earlier American animation, Rock Bottom serves as a recurring henchman in the Felix the Cat TV series (1958–1961). Portrayed as a dim-witted bulldog sidekick to the mad scientist Professor, he frequently aids in bungled schemes to steal Felix's Magic Bag, such as in episodes like "A Museum, the Professor and Rock Bottom," where his oafish strength leads to comedic failures.^[72] Often smoking a cigar and displaying unwavering but inept loyalty, Rock Bottom represents the archetype of the low-tier minion, emphasizing humiliation through repeated defeats. These portrayals in animation frequently associate "Bottom" with lowly or oppositional roles, evolving from literary influences like the humble Shakespearean weaver archetype into modern symbols of underhanded ambition or futile villainy, distinct from their origins in stage comedy. While no major video game or comic book characters named Bottom were identified in non-literary contexts, the name's usage underscores humility or literal "low" positions in narrative hierarchies.

Other uses

Physics

The bottom quark, denoted as the b quark, is a fundamental fermion in the Standard Model of particle physics, comprising the second quark flavor of the third generation alongside the top quark. Predicted as part of the six-quark model to explain weak interaction patterns, it was experimentally discovered in 1977 at Fermilab's proton synchrotron by the E288 collaboration, led by Leon Lederman, through the detection of the Upsilon (Υ) particle—a bound state of a bottom quark and its antiquark with a mass of approximately 9.46 GeV/c².^[73] The name "bottom" was coined in 1975 by theoretical physicist Haim Harari in a proposal for the sixth quark flavor, chosen for its sequential symmetry with the proposed "top" quark to avoid politically charged alternatives like "truth" and "beauty."^[74] With an electric charge of -1/3\, e and a mass of $4.183 \pm 0.007 GeV/c² in the \overline{[\rm MS](/page/MS)} scheme (renormalized at the quark mass scale), the bottom quark is significantly heavier than lighter generations, influencing its production and decay dynamics.^[75] Free bottom quarks do not exist due to color confinement, but they form b-hadrons such as B mesons and baryons, which decay predominantly via the weak interaction with a mean lifetime of approximately $1.6 \times 10^{-12} seconds.^[76] This brief lifetime enables precise measurements of decay channels, revealing details of electroweak processes. In B mesons, bottom quarks facilitate studies of CP violation, where the BaBar experiment at SLAC reported the first observation of time-dependent CP-violating asymmetries in neutral B decays to J/\psi K_S^0 in 2001, with a significance exceeding 5σ and confirming matter-antimatter asymmetry consistent with the Standard Model. At modern facilities like the Large Hadron Collider, bottom quarks are produced in high-energy proton collisions for beyond-Standard-Model searches, including rare decays and supersymmetry signatures; the CKM matrix element |V_{tb}| = 1.010 \pm 0.027 underscores the near-unitarity of the third-row mixing, constraining new physics contributions.^[77]

Nautical and technical terms

In nautical contexts, the "bottom" of a ship refers to the underwater portion of the hull, which is the curved underside that contacts the water and is susceptible to marine growth such as barnacles and algae.^[78] This fouling increases hydrodynamic drag, reducing speed and fuel efficiency, so the hull bottom requires regular maintenance.^[79] To prevent biofouling, antifouling paints are applied to the ship's bottom, releasing biocides like copper compounds that deter organism attachment while allowing the vessel to operate in marine environments.^[78] Historically, during the Age of Sail from the 1600s to the 1800s, ships' bottoms were cleaned through careening, a process where vessels were deliberately grounded or heeled over on a beach or shallow water at low tide to expose the hull for scraping barnacles and weeds.^[80] This labor-intensive method, often performed every few months on long voyages, involved removing masts and cargo to lighten the ship before tilting it, allowing crews to repair worm damage and apply protective sheathing like tarred felt.^[80] By the 18th century, the advent of drydocks facilitated safer barnacle removal, where ships were fully lifted out of water for systematic scraping and recoating, marking a shift from improvised careening to structured maintenance in naval yards.^[79] In technical and economic terms, "rock bottom" describes the lowest point in a market cycle, such as the Dow Jones Industrial Average reaching 6,547 on March 9, 2009, during the global financial crisis, when banking failures and housing collapses drove asset prices to historic lows.^[81] This trough signaled the end of the bear market, with subsequent recovery fueled by government interventions like the Troubled Asset Relief Program.^[82] In manufacturing and engineering design, bottom-up assembly involves creating individual components first and then integrating them into a final product, contrasting with top-down design, which starts with the overall system layout to define part interfaces.^[83] Bottom-up approaches excel in modular production using standard parts, while top-down ensures holistic compatibility in complex assemblies like machinery.^[83] In engineering applications, the bottom of a bottle often features a curved or petaloid shape to enhance stability and withstand internal pressure from carbonated contents, distributing forces evenly to prevent deformation or tipping.^[84] This design, including a central push-up or dimple, reduces material volume while maintaining structural integrity during stacking and transport.^[84] Similarly, in storage tanks, the sump bottom is a low-point depression engineered for complete drainage of liquids like wastewater or oil, facilitating sediment collection and pump access without residual pooling.^[85] These sumps, often conical in shape, comply with standards for environmental containment and maintenance in industrial settings.^[86]

References

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Bottom - BBC2 Sitcom - British Comedy Guide
Richie Richard and Eddie Hitler are a pair of disgusting, anti-social and regularly violent losers who share a grubby flat in Hammersmith.
[2]
BBC Two - Bottom
Rik Mayall and Adrian Edmondson's anarchic sitcom about two unemployed grotesques sharing a flat in Hammersmith features cartoonish violence and juvenile japes.
[3]
'Bottom' extended episodes to air on TV for first time - NME
Apr 4, 2024 · Bottom, which ran for three seasons on BBC Two from 1991 to 1995, followed the lives of two unemployed, crude flatmates living in London.
[4]
Bottom - Comedy - BBC
Oct 28, 2014 · Created by and starring comedy double-act Rik Mayall and Adrian Edmondson, Bottom brings us into the bizarre world of Richard 'Richie' ...
[5]
Bottom (TV Series 1991–1995) - IMDb
Rating 8.3/10 (15,062) Two perpetually bored and broke flatmates waste their days in a futile struggle to get laid, earn cash, and not kill one another.Two perpetually bored and ...Episode list · Bottom · Bottom (1991) · Full cast & crew
[6]
Anatomy, Bony Pelvis and Lower Limb, Gluteus Medius Muscle - NCBI
The gluteal region, colloquially known as the buttock, lies posterior to the bony pelvis and is defined superiorly by the iliac crest and inferiorly ends at the ...
[7]
Anatomy, Bony Pelvis and Lower Limb, Gluteus Maximus Muscle
The gluteal muscles are a group of muscles that make up the buttock area; the muscle group consists of the gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, and gluteus minimus.
[8]
Gestational potential space hypothesis: Evolutionary explanation of ...
A second hypothesis proposed that fat storage within the buttocks evolved as a signal to males that the female had a high amount of energy stored and that this ...
[9]
The human gluteus maximus and its role in running - PubMed
The human gluteus maximus is a distinctive muscle in terms of size, anatomy and function compared to apes and other non-human primates.
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Sciatica: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia
Aug 27, 2024 · The pain most often occurs on one side of the body. Some people have sharp pain in one part of the leg or hip and numbness in other parts. The ...
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Hemorrhoids - Symptoms and causes - Mayo Clinic
Aug 23, 2025 · Hemorrhoids (HEM-uh-roids), also called piles, are swollen veins in the anus and lower rectum. Hemorrhoids are like varicose veins.Hemorrhoids · Diagnosis and treatment · Rubber band ligation
[12]
LGBTQ+ Terminology | John Jay College of Criminal Justice - CUNY
Bottom - A person who is said to take a more submissive role during sexual interactions. Sometimes referred to as 'pasivo' in Latin American cultures. Also ...
[13]
Glossary | The Gender and Sexuality Campus Center
... definitions. Bottom - An adjective describing a receptive sexual role, or a verb describing the act of performing a receptive sexual role. This can be used ...
[14]
[PDF] The Experience of “Bottoming”: Considerations for Identity and ...
Abstract: Bottoms—Gay men who prefer to be penetrated, sexually—are more stigmatized than other gay men, and may develop and experience identities ...
[15]
[PDF] Tops, Bottoms, and Versatiles: What Straight Views of Penetrative ...
abstract. This Essay reports the results of a survey experiment that we conducted on over eight hundred heterosexual respondents to compare associational ...
[16]
[PDF] Shaun Miller, “BDSM,” in The Philosophy of Sex - PhilArchive
Dominance is being in control and being the “top.” Submission is the one being controlled and being the “bottom.” Finally, “SM” stands for “sadomasochism.” ...
[17]
Top/Bottom | Encyclopedia.com
The terms top and bottom emerged as descriptors of a sexual binary in the gay leather culture of the 1950s and the bondage and sadomasochism (BDSM) culture of ...
[18]
What Does It Mean to Be a Top, Bottom, or Vers - Them.us
Nov 22, 2024 · According to some historic theories, the queer community latched onto “top” and “bottom” as sexual descriptors with greater popularity in the ...
[19]
bottom, n. & adj. meanings, etymology and more
bottom1979–. slang. A person who takes a more passive role in sexual activity; spec. (a) The submissive partner in sadomasochistic sex; (b) the partner who is…
[20]
On 'bottom,' a fundamental thing - The Grammarphobia Blog
Aug 15, 2022 · “Bottom” had the sense of buttocks in the 18th century, which isn't surprising since it had been used that way since the 16th century.
[21]
sexual pleasure and “bottom” identity constructs amongst gay youth ...
Even more prominent was the notion of a bottom identity as one from which pleasure can be controlled in the relationship or sexual encounter. Participants (who ...
[22]
[PDF] The Role of Consent in the Context of BDSM
It is our hope to demystify the consent process and add to the growing body of literature that destigmatizes consensual BDSM practices. Keywords. BDSM, consent, ...
[23]
Perceptions of and stigma toward BDSM practitioners - PMC
Apr 26, 2022 · BDSM community members may find sexual pleasure from giving or receiving pain, bondage, or hierarchical power dynamics within relationships.
[24]
How the Media Has Helped Change Public Views about Lesbian ...
May 24, 2018 · Our research shows that the media can play a transnational role in shaping political attitudes towards sexuality and minorities in general.
[25]
A Midsummer Night's Dream Summary - Shakespeare Birthplace Trust
Nick Bottom, the weaver, is to play the lover Pyramus, while Flute, the bellows-mender, begrudgingly agrees to play Thisbe.
[26]
Bottom’s Translation | Jeffrey R. Wilson
### Summary of Nick Bottom’s Character Analysis
[27]
A Midsummer Night's Dream - Act 3, scene 1
Synopsis: The tradesmen meet in the woods to rehearse. Robin Goodfellow happens upon them and transforms Bottom's head into that of an ass.
[28]
A Midsummer Night's Dream - Act 5, scene 1
As the lovers depart for Athens, Bottom awakes and attempts to recall his night's experience, which seems to him now a dream. Act 4, scene 2 The tradesmen ...Missing: Nick | Show results with:Nick
[29]
[PDF] Understanding Bottom's Growth and Appeal in a Midsummer Night's ...
ABSTRACT. Nick Bottom from Shakespeare's comedy A Midsummer Night's Dream is an egotistical weaver who induces a lot of laughter in the play.Missing: ambition | Show results with:ambition
[30]
Benjamin Britten Midsummer Night's Dream - Opera
BOTTOM, a weaver, Bass Baritone. QUINCE, a carpenter, Bass. SNUG, a joiner, Tenor. SNOUT, a tinker, Tenor. STARVELING, a tailor, Baritone. COBWEB, PEASEBLOSSOM ...
[31]
The Dream (1964) - The Frederick Ashton Foundation
Based on A Midsummer Night's Dream, and accompanied by Felix Mendelssohn's much-loved incidental music for the play, the ballet is replete with magic and ...
[32]
Recognizing Status in Charles Dickens's Hard Times
those closer to the bottom of the social scale (114, 88). Whether in its “moral” or “physical” form, Chartism sought to harness this “force” of the people ...
[33]
Bottom's Dream – Arno Schmidt (translated by John E. Woods)
Oct 16, 2016 · The main characters in “Bottom's Dream” are Daniel Pagenstecher, an Edgar Allan Poe expert, Paul and Wilma Jakobi, Poe translators, and their sixteen-year-old ...
[34]
Guest House Paradiso (1999) - IMDb
Rating 6.1/10 (11,039) Guest House Paradiso is a 1999 slapstick comedy thriller about Richie and Eddie, a perverted loser and his alcoholic partner-in-crime, who run the worst hotel ...Missing: spin- | Show results with:spin-
[35]
Bottom Gets Bigger - British Classic Comedy
Jan 26, 2025 · Guest House Paradiso is a 1999 British slapstick comedy film, a big screen spin off from the BBC sitcom Bottom.<|control11|><|separator|>
[36]
Bottoms Up (Video 2006) - IMDb
Rating 2.3/10 (6,234) A Midwestern bartender ingratiates himself into the Hollywood system, finding love along the way.A Midwestern bartender ingratiates himself into the Hollywood ...Bottoms Up · User reviews · 6 of 45 · 2 of 45
[37]
Bottoms Up (2006) - Rotten Tomatoes
Rating 22% (166) A bartender (Jason Mewes) falls for the girlfriend (Paris Hilton) of an up-and-coming star (Brian Hallisay) while visiting Los Angeles.
[38]
Bottom Songs, Albums, Reviews, Bio & More | Al... - AllMusic
Explore Bottom's discography including top tracks, albums, and reviews ... One of the few all-girl stoner rock bands in existence, Bottom consists of ...
[39]
Bottom | Riffipedia - The Stoner Rock Wiki - Fandom
Bottom are a stoner metal/sludge metal band originating from New York City but since the 2000s has resided in San Francisco. Initially an all-girl power ...
[40]
"Bottom of the World" - by Ray Padgett - Every Tom Waits Song
Aug 21, 2022 · “Bottom of the World” first appeared in the score of a little-seen movie that didn't get a proper soundtrack album.
[41]
Amason's 'Hit The Bottom': Exclusive - Billboard
Aug 15, 2019 · Swedish Supergroup Amason Unveil Vibrant New Song 'Hit The Bottom': Exclusive. Sweden's Amason will release their sophomore album Galaxy I ...
[42]
https://www.sabatourism.com/about-saba/history-of-saba/
[43]
History of Saba
During this period the Bottom was the first established village on Saba. Situated 1200 feet above Fort Bay, the village is now the administrative center and ...
[44]
Bonaire, Saint Eustatius and Saba 's Capital - GraphicMaps.com
The Bottom has a population just shy of 500. Caribbean Netherland cities are historic towns dating back to as early as 1600. Kralendijk, the largest of the ...
[45]
Bottom, TX - Texas State Historical Association
Bottom (Bottoms) was six miles north of Temple and six miles southeast of Troy in northeastern Bell County. The community was named for Chatham Bottoms, who ...Missing: settlements | Show results with:settlements<|control11|><|separator|>
[46]
Cities, Towns, and Communities - Pike County Historical Society
W.K.STEEL COAL CO. MOSSY BOTTOM, KENTUCKY. Read more. Shelby Coal Mining Co. SHELBYARD, PIKE COUNTY KENTUCKY. Read more ...
[47]
Kentucky Profile - EIA
Since then, more than 10 billion tons of coal have been mined in the state. Three-fifths of Kentucky's coal mines are surface mines, but underground mines ...
[48]
dean bottom farmhouse and attached barn - Historic England
List entry 1279298. Grade II Listed Building: Dean Bottom Farmhouse And Attached Barn. May include summary, reasons for designation and history.
[49]
Chicago Properties at Risk for Flooding Than Flood Maps Suggest
Aug 26, 2020 · Chicago faces far greater flood risk than most parts of the country outside of the Gulf Coast, but FEMA flood maps do not fully capture these risks.
[50]
Water Basics Glossary - Water Resources Mission Area - USGS.gov
Bottom-land forest - Low-lying forested wetland found along streams and rivers, usually on alluvial flood plains. Brackish water - Water with a salinity ...
[51]
[PDF] Restoration of bottomland hardwood forests in the Lower Mississippi ...
The settlers found very fertile soils that could be cleared and drained for growing agricultural crops, particularly cotton (Gossypium hirsutum. L.). Waves of ...
[52]
Natural Resources in the Delta - Lower Mississippi Delta Region ...
Feb 4, 2022 · The Delta's renowned agricultural productivity is a direct reflection of the region's fertile alluvial soils, the temperate climate (average ...Geology · Agriculture · FisheriesMissing: hydrology | Show results with:hydrology<|separator|>
[53]
Bottom Bay beach - Barbados.org
The beach is semi enclosed by high coral cliffs, providing a panoramic view of the south shore. The scene is completed by the presence of tall palm trees that ...
[54]
Why Bottom Bay is Barbados' Best-Kept Secret - Sandals
Jun 16, 2025 · Framed by dramatic limestone cliffs and swaying palm trees, Bottom Bay is ideal for those seeking peace and beauty in Barbados.
[55]
Ocean floor features - NOAA
Sep 30, 2025 · Bathymetry, the shape of the ocean floor, is largely a result of a process called plate tectonics. The outer rocky layer of the Earth includes ...
[56]
Seafloor Spreading - National Geographic Education
Nov 29, 2023 · Seafloor spreading is a geologic process in which tectonic plates—large slabs of Earth's lithosphere—split apart from each other.
[57]
The geology and evolution of the Cayman Trench | GSA Bulletin
Jun 1, 2017 · The Cayman Ridge and Nicaraguan Plateau are composed of metamorphic, plutonic, volcanic, sedimentary, and carbonate rock units that typically crop out along ...Missing: Bottom processes
[58]
lattice in nLab
Feb 23, 2024 · 1. Definition. A lattice is a poset which admits all finite meets and finite joins (or all finite products and finite coproducts, regarding a ...
[59]
None
Below is a merged summary of the definitions and properties of the bottom/least/zero element in lattices and posets from Birkhoff's *Lattice Theory* (1948). To retain all information in a dense and organized manner, I will use a combination of narrative text and a table in CSV format for detailed properties, theorems, and references. This ensures comprehensive coverage while maintaining clarity.
[60]
ex falso quodlibet in nLab
### Summary of "ex falso quodlibet" from nLab
[61]
empty type in nLab
### Summary of Empty Type from nLab
[62]
https://ncatlab.org/nlab/show/empty+type
[63]
Bottom Surname Meaning & Bottom Family History at Ancestry.com®
English (northern): topographic name for someone who lived in a dell, hollow, or valley floor from Middle English bot(h)me, Old English botm 'valley bottom'. ...
[64]
Bottom Surname Origin, Meaning & Last Name History - Forebears
This surname is derived from a geographical locality. 'at the bottom.' a depression in the land, the fall of a hillside, as in Lancashire dialect, 'bottom o'th ...
[65]
BOTTOM Last Name Statistics by MyNameStats.com
The race and Hispanic origin distribution of the people with the name BOTTOM is 90.5% White, 1.8% Hispanic origin, 5.8% Black, 0.0% Asian or Pacific Islander, ...National Statistics · Race And Ethnicity · Race & Hispanic Origin...Missing: UK | Show results with:UK
[66]
Who is parolee Jalil Muntaqim, and why has he been in the news?
Apr 2, 2021 · Jalil Abdul Muntaqim was born Anthony Bottom in California in 1951. Muntaqim joined the Black Panther Party at age 16 and the Black Liberation Army at 18.Missing: biography | Show results with:biography
[67]
N.Y. Parole Of Former Black Panther Activist Who Murdered 2 Cops ...
Sep 27, 2020 · Bottom was convicted of murdering two New York City police officers in 1971 while active with a militant wing of the Panthers known as the Black ...Missing: biography | Show results with:biography
[68]
Former Black Panther, in prison for 47 years, denied release for the ...
Dec 19, 2018 · Jalil Muntaqim, a former Black Panther who has been in prison for 47 years, has been told he must spend at least another 15 months behind bars ...Missing: biography | Show results with:biography
[69]
The Rise of Gru (2022) - Taraji P. Henson as Belle Bottom - IMDb
Steve Carell and Pierre Coffin in Minions: The Rise of Gru (2022). Taraji P. Henson: Belle Bottom. Minions: The Rise of Gru. Taraji P. Henson credited as ...
[70]
Pretty Cure All Stars DX 2: Kibou no Hikari - Rainbow Jewel ... - IMDb
Rating 7.4/10 (34) Tsubomi Hanasaki is woken by her best friend Erika Kurumi only to find out that their two fairies, Coffret and Shypre, have left just leaving a note explaining ...
[71]
Felix the Cat (TV Series 1958–1961) - IMDb
Rating 6.7/10 (1,036) Felix the Cat: With Jack Mercer. Felix the cat carried a magic bag that could not only produce items inside but change shape, form, and function.
[72]
July 1, 1977: Discovery of the bottom quark - Fermilab Archives
The bottom quark was discovered by the E288 experiment, which observed a bump at 9.5 GeV, later identified as the upsilon particle. The discovery was announced ...
[73]
Haim Harari Predicted Existence of Top Quark In 1975
Oct 1, 1994 · He named the two new proposed quarks "top" and "bottom," names that remain in use today.
[74]
[PDF] QUARKS | Particle Data Group
May 31, 2024 · The c- and b-quark masses are the MS masses renor- malized at the MS mass, i.e. m = m(µ = m). The t-quark mass is extracted from event ...
[75]
[PDF] 73. Production and Decay of b-flavored Hadrons - Particle Data Group
Table 73.1: Summary of the world-average b-hadron lifetime measure- ments. For the B0 s lifetimes, see text below. Particle Lifetime [ps]. B+. 1.638 ± 0.004.
[76]
None
### Extracted Value of V_tb from the CKM Matrix
[77]
Anti-fouling systems - International Maritime Organization
Anti-fouling paints are used to coat the underwater surfaces of ships to prevent sealife such as algae and molluscs attaching themselves to the hull.
[78]
The History of the Prevention of Fouling* - July 1952 Vol. 78/7/593
The use of shellac as a rust-preventive coating for ships' bottoms reduced the corrosion of ships to such an extent that in 1861 Admiral Halsted stated that ...Missing: underside | Show results with:underside
[79]
[PDF] THE CAREENING AND BOTTOM MAINTENANCE OF ... - OAKTrust
During the age of sail* careening, the act of heaving down a vessel on one side to expose the other side for cleaning or repair (Kemp, 1976: 139; Paasch, 1977: ...
[80]
Dow up nearly 100% from bear market lows of March 2009
Feb 21, 2012 · The Dow, the best-known and most closely followed stock barometer in the USA, has now nearly doubled since hitting rock bottom on March 9, 2009, ...
[81]
Timeline: The U.S. Financial Crisis - Council on Foreign Relations
The Fed helps JPMorgan Chase buy Bear Stearns at rock bottom prices to shore up the financial sector. Michael Nagle/Getty Images. Bear Stearns announces ...
[82]
Top-down Modeling vs. Bottom-up Modeling in Autodesk Fusion
Jan 11, 2024 · Bottom-up modeling is ideal for creating standard components that can be reused across multiple projects. On the other hand, top-down modeling ...
[83]
Bottles 101 - The Anatomy of The Bottle - O.Berk
The base is the very bottom of the bottle – which includes the push-up. That's the concave area that helps to ensure stability, reduces the interior volume of ...
[84]
Sump Tank - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
The sump tank and oil pump are used to drain and refill the fin shaft housing when necessary. The pressure tank serves as an oil reservoir and is charged with ...
[85]
[PDF] Sump Tanks
Sump Tanks are designed to receive, store, and pump liquid wastes and oily wastewater from equipment drains and building floor drains.