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Interstitial

Interstitial is an adjective denoting something occurring in or relating to an interstice, defined as a small space or interval between closely spaced objects, parts, or structures.^[1] This term originates from the Latin interstitium, meaning a standing between, with its first known use in English dating to 1646.^[1] In medicine, interstitial commonly describes tissues, fluids, or conditions located in the spaces between cells, organs, or other anatomical structures. For instance, interstitial fluid fills the gaps in connective tissues, facilitating nutrient exchange, while interstitial lung disease (ILD) encompasses over 200 disorders^[2] characterized by inflammation and progressive scarring (fibrosis) of the lung's supportive tissues, impairing oxygen transfer and leading to symptoms like shortness of breath and dry cough.^[3] Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, a severe form of ILD, exemplifies this, often requiring treatments such as oxygen therapy or lung transplantation.^[3] Within materials science and chemistry, interstitial refers to defects or compounds where small atoms, such as carbon or nitrogen, occupy voids (interstices) within the lattice of a host metal crystal structure, typically transition metals. These interstitial impurities or solid solutions enhance properties like hardness and strength, as seen in steel where carbon atoms fit into iron's lattice, forming interstitial carbides that improve durability without significantly altering the overall structure.^[1]^[4] Such configurations are crucial in alloy design, influencing diffusion, electrical conductivity, and mechanical performance in applications from aerospace to construction.^[5] In digital media and advertising, an interstitial is a transitional ad format that occupies the full screen during page transitions or content loads, often lasting a few seconds to capture user attention before redirecting to the destination.^[6] Popularized in web and mobile contexts, interstitials can boost engagement but risk user frustration if overused, prompting guidelines from platforms like Google to limit intrusive placements.^[7] Beyond these primary domains, interstitial appears in fields like urban studies, where it denotes transitional zones between land uses, such as areas blending industrial and residential elements, and in literature or sociology to describe hybrid or in-between cultural spaces. These varied applications underscore the term's versatility in characterizing liminal or embedded phenomena across disciplines.

Biology and Medicine

Interstitial Fluid

Interstitial fluid is the extracellular fluid that occupies the spaces between cells in most tissues, forming a significant portion of the body's total water content, approximately 15% in adults.^[8] It constitutes the majority of the extracellular fluid compartment, which overall accounts for about 20% of total body weight, with the remainder being intracellular fluid.^[9] This fluid originates from blood plasma through filtration across capillary walls and serves as a medium for exchange between blood and cells. The composition of interstitial fluid is primarily water, containing electrolytes such as sodium (high concentration, around 140 mEq/L) and potassium (around 4 mEq/L), which mirror those in plasma to maintain osmotic balance.^[9] It also includes low concentrations of proteins (typically 20-30 g/L, much lower than the 70 g/L in plasma), nutrients like glucose, waste products such as urea, and dissolved gases including oxygen and carbon dioxide.^[10] These components allow for diffusion across cell membranes, supporting cellular metabolism without the higher protein levels that would increase viscosity. Interstitial fluid forms through the process of ultrafiltration from blood capillaries, primarily at the arterial end, driven by Starling forces: the balance between hydrostatic pressure (pushing fluid out) and oncotic pressure (pulling fluid in due to plasma proteins).^[11] At the venous end, reabsorption occurs as hydrostatic pressure decreases, though a net filtration of about 2-4 liters per day enters the interstitium in humans.^[12] This dynamic exchange ensures continuous renewal of the fluid. Physiologically, interstitial fluid plays key roles in delivering oxygen and nutrients from capillaries to cells and removing metabolic wastes, facilitating diffusion over short distances.^[13] It also contributes to tissue hydrostatic pressure, which helps regulate fluid volume and prevents excessive accumulation by countering capillary filtration forces.^[14] Excess interstitial fluid is drained by the lymphatic system into lymph vessels, preventing edema; this return pathway maintains fluid homeostasis and supports immune surveillance.^[15] Measurement of interstitial fluid typically involves microdialysis, a technique using small probes to sample the fluid in vivo for analysis of metabolites like glucose or electrolytes, often applied in research or clinical monitoring such as continuous glucose sensing.^[16] Clinically, imbalances in interstitial fluid volume—such as accumulation leading to edema from increased filtration or capillary permeability, or depletion contributing to dehydration—can impair tissue function and require interventions like diuretics or fluid replacement.^[12]

Interstitium

The interstitium is defined as a contiguous, fluid-filled extracellular space distributed throughout the body, situated between cells, tissues, and organs, and supported by a matrix of collagen and elastin fibers.^[17] This structure forms a dynamic network of interconnected compartments that maintain tissue integrity and facilitate various physiological processes. The interstitium was first systematically described in a 2018 study using advanced imaging techniques on fresh human tissues, which revealed its previously underappreciated extent and properties, leading to media reports and scientific debate over whether it qualifies as a distinct "new organ" due to its widespread presence and shock-absorbing capabilities.^[17] However, many anatomists argue it represents a reclassification of known interstitial spaces rather than a novel organ, emphasizing its role as an integrated component of the extracellular matrix.^[18] At the microscopic level, the interstitium consists of fluid-filled cavities lined by thin barriers such as cell membranes and collagen bundles, which are anchored by a specialized population of CD34-positive mesenchymal cells resembling fibroblasts.^[17] These spaces also incorporate immune cells, such as macrophages and lymphocytes, along with vascular and lymphatic elements that enable cellular interactions within the tissue microenvironment.^[19] The interstitium is widespread across the body, prominently located in the submucosa of the digestive tract, the dermal layer of the skin, the suburothelial space of the urinary bladder, perivascular and perineural regions, and the interstitial septa of organs including the lungs and cardiovascular system.^[17] The interstitium provides essential functions, including mechanical support through its fluid-cushioned structure, which absorbs shocks and maintains tissue resilience during movement.^[17] It contributes to fluid dynamics by serving as a conduit for interstitial fluid, aiding in the balance of hydration and nutrient exchange across tissues.^[17] Additionally, it supports immune surveillance by housing and allowing transit of immune cells that monitor and respond to threats in the extracellular environment.^[19] In pathology, the interstitium facilitates cancer metastasis, as tumor cells can exploit its fluid-filled pathways to disseminate from primary sites.^[17] The interstitium is visualized primarily through confocal microscopy applied to unfixed, fresh tissue samples, which preserves the fluid-filled spaces and reveals their lattice-like architecture without the collapse seen in traditional histological processing.^[17] This technique has been instrumental in studying its role in conditions like fibrosis, where the dynamic spaces stiffen and lose fluidity due to excessive collagen deposition, altering tissue mechanics and function.^[17]

Interstitial Lung Disease

Interstitial lung disease (ILD) encompasses a heterogeneous group of over 200 disorders characterized by inflammation and scarring (fibrosis) of the lung interstitium, the supportive tissue space surrounding the alveoli that facilitates gas exchange.^[20]^[21] This progressive damage leads to thickening and stiffening of lung tissue, reducing compliance and impairing oxygenation.^[22] Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) represents the most common form, with unknown etiology, while other causes include environmental exposures such as asbestos (causing asbestosis), silica dust (silicosis), and hypersensitivity pneumonitis from inhaled organic antigens like mold or bird proteins.^[20]^[22] Connective tissue diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis and scleroderma, also frequently underlie ILD through autoimmune-mediated inflammation.^[20]^[22] Symptoms typically develop gradually and include progressive dyspnea on exertion, a persistent dry cough, fatigue, and in advanced cases, digital clubbing of the fingers.^[22] These manifestations arise from diminished lung elasticity and impaired oxygen diffusion, often worsening with physical activity.^[20] Diagnosis relies on high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) scans, which reveal characteristic patterns such as ground-glass opacities indicating inflammation or honeycombing signifying irreversible fibrosis, particularly in IPF where changes are subpleural and basal.^[23]^[20] Pulmonary function tests, including reduced diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO), assess gas exchange impairment, while lung biopsy via bronchoscopy or surgery provides histopathological confirmation when imaging is inconclusive.^[23]^[20] Treatment focuses on slowing progression and alleviating symptoms, with antifibrotic agents like pirfenidone and nintedanib approved for IPF to reduce the rate of lung function decline by approximately 50%.^[23]^[20] In October 2025, the U.S. FDA approved nerandomilast (JASCAYD), a phosphodiesterase 4B inhibitor, as a new oral treatment for adults with IPF, marking the first novel therapy in over a decade.^[24] Oxygen therapy supports hypoxemic patients (SaO2 <88%), improving quality of life, while lung transplantation offers curative potential for eligible severe cases.^[20] Management of underlying causes, such as avoiding environmental triggers or treating autoimmune conditions, is essential to halt disease advancement.^[23] Prognosis varies by subtype and etiology, but idiopathic forms like IPF carry a poor outlook with median survival of 3-5 years post-diagnosis without intervention.^[20]^[23]

Chemistry and Materials Science

Interstitial Site

In crystallography, an interstitial site refers to the empty spaces or voids located between the atoms or ions in a crystal lattice, providing positions where smaller atoms or ions can occupy without significantly distorting the host structure, thereby enabling the formation of interstitial solid solutions.^[25] These sites arise due to the incomplete packing of atoms in the lattice, allowing solute atoms to dissolve into the host material at concentrations limited by the available void space.^[26] Common types of interstitial sites in close-packed lattices include tetrahedral and octahedral voids. Tetrahedral sites are smaller and coordinated by four surrounding host atoms, forming a tetrahedral geometry, while octahedral sites are larger and coordinated by six host atoms, forming an octahedral geometry. In face-centered cubic (FCC) structures, there are two tetrahedral sites and one octahedral site per host atom; in body-centered cubic (BCC) structures, the arrangement differs, with octahedral sites being smaller than tetrahedral ones due to the lattice geometry.^[26]^[25] The size of these sites is determined by the radius ratio r_i / r_h, where r_i is the radius of the interstitial atom and r_h is the radius of the host atom, calculated geometrically from the lattice parameters. For example, in an FCC lattice, the octahedral site accommodates an interstitial atom with r_i / r_h \approx 0.414, while the tetrahedral site allows r_i / r_h \approx 0.225; in BCC, these ratios are approximately 0.155 for octahedral and 0.291 for tetrahedral sites.^[26] Representative examples include carbon atoms occupying octahedral sites in FCC iron (austenite) to form steel, enabling up to about 2 wt% solubility, and hydrogen atoms diffusing through tetrahedral or octahedral sites in various metals like palladium or titanium.^[25]^[27] Interstitial sites play a critical role in materials properties by facilitating interstitial diffusion, where small atoms move rapidly through the lattice, influencing processes like hydrogen embrittlement or carburization. They also contribute to solid solution hardening, increasing strength and hardness in alloys such as steels, and affect phase stability by stabilizing certain crystal structures, for instance, through interstitial alloying in high-entropy alloys.^[28]^[26] The availability of these sites can be visualized through packing efficiency: in FCC lattices, atoms occupy 74% of the volume, leaving 26% as void space for interstitials, compared to 68% packing in BCC with correspondingly larger relative voids.^[29]

Interstitial Defect

An interstitial defect is a type of point defect in a crystalline solid where an atom, either from the host lattice or an impurity, occupies an interstitial site—a void or gap between the regular lattice positions—resulting in significant local lattice strain due to the distortion of surrounding atoms.^[4]^[30] This strain arises because the inserted atom disrupts the ideal periodic arrangement, often compressing or displacing nearby lattice atoms.^[31] Interstitial defects are classified into two primary types: self-interstitials, where a host atom moves from its lattice site to an adjacent interstitial position, creating a localized crowding effect; and impurity interstitials, where a foreign atom is incorporated into the interstitial site.^[31] A common example of an impurity interstitial is oxygen atoms occupying sites in silicon crystals, which is prevalent in semiconductor materials grown by the Czochralski method.^[31] These defects differ from vacancies, as they involve excess atoms rather than missing ones, though they often occur in tandem. Formation of interstitial defects typically occurs through non-equilibrium processes that introduce excess atoms or displace existing ones. Irradiation with high-energy particles, such as ions or electrons, generates interstitials by knocking host atoms out of lattice sites into interstitial positions, often pairing them with vacancies.^[32] Quenching, or rapid cooling from high temperatures, can trap interstitials that form during thermal agitation at elevated temperatures but would otherwise anneal out under slow cooling.^[33] Doping processes, particularly during crystal growth or ion implantation, can also introduce impurity interstitials by incorporating foreign atoms that prefer interstitial occupancy over substitutional sites.^[34] These defects profoundly influence the physical and electrical properties of materials. They increase electrical resistivity by scattering charge carriers through the distorted lattice, which is particularly significant in metals and semiconductors.^[35] In alloys, interstitials contribute to material strengthening via precipitation hardening, where clusters of interstitial impurities form precipitates that impede dislocation motion and enhance mechanical strength.^[36] Additionally, interstitial defects accelerate atomic diffusion by providing pathways for atoms to migrate through the lattice, altering processes like sintering and phase transformations.^[37] The study of interstitial defects dates back to the 1930s, when foundational work on point defects in solids, including interstitials, emerged in the context of semiconductors and ionic crystals, building on concepts introduced by Yakov Frenkel, Walter Schottky, and Carl Wagner in the late 1920s and early 1930s.^[38] Their role became central to radiation damage models during the mid-20th century, as research on irradiated materials revealed how interstitials contribute to swelling and embrittlement in nuclear applications.^[39] In modeling interstitial defects, the Frenkel defect—a paired interstitial-vacancy complex—is a key concept, representing the creation of an interstitial by displacing a lattice atom to form a nearby vacancy, which maintains overall stoichiometry in the crystal.^[40] Migration of these defects involves overcoming energy barriers, typically on the order of 1-3 eV depending on the material, allowing interstitials to move more readily than vacancies due to their smaller size and lower activation energies in many lattices.^[41] This mobility is crucial for understanding defect annealing and recombination dynamics.^[31]

Media and Communications

Interstitial Television Programming

Interstitial television programming consists of brief, self-contained segments typically lasting 1 to 5 minutes that are inserted between main programs, movies, or commercial breaks on broadcast or cable schedules.^[42] These segments serve as transitional elements, distinct from full-length shows or advertisements, and have been a staple in television formatting since the mid-20th century.^[43] Historically, interstitials gained prominence in children's programming during the 1970s and 1990s, particularly on networks like ABC, PBS, and Nickelodeon. On ABC, the animated educational series Schoolhouse Rock! debuted in 1973 as a collection of 3-minute musical shorts on topics like grammar and science, airing between Saturday morning cartoons to fill gaps and engage young viewers.^[42] PBS's The Electric Company (1971–1977) incorporated short skits and wordplay segments that functioned interstitially within its educational format, reinforcing literacy skills during transitions.^[44] Nickelodeon, launching in 1979 as a commercial-free children's channel, relied heavily on interstitial bumpers—such as animated idents featuring mimes or recurring characters—to maintain flow and brand identity between shows.^[43] This era saw interstitials evolve from simple fillers to creative tools that defined network personalities, especially in ad-light environments for kids' TV. The primary purposes of interstitial programming include filling time gaps in schedules, promoting network branding, delivering educational content, and providing entertainment during transitions. They help maintain viewer retention by smoothing program shifts and reinforcing channel themes, as seen in Nickelodeon's playful bumpers that echoed its irreverent style.^[43] Educational interstitials, like public service announcements (PSAs) on safety or environmental issues, aim to inform without commercial intent, often mandated by regulations for children's blocks.^[45] Promotional interstitials, such as show trailers or weather updates, drive engagement and ad efficiency, while entertaining ones like animated shorts test audience interest in potential series.^[42] Representative examples span formats: animated shorts like Schoolhouse Rock! segments on electricity or history; Nickelodeon promos featuring slime-dripping characters; and PSAs from networks like PBS promoting reading or anti-drug messages. In modern streaming contexts, equivalents appear as YouTube interstitials or quick bites between episodes, adapting the format to on-demand viewing.^[43] Production of interstitials emphasizes low-budget, quick-turnaround approaches, often involving small animation studios or in-house teams for rapid iteration. These segments frequently reuse recurring characters or themes—such as Nickelodeon's orange-splattered motifs—to build familiarity without high costs, allowing networks to experiment with concepts before full commitment.^[42] For instance, Nick Jr.'s Wonder Pets began as 2-minute interstitials in the early 2000s, evolving into a full series due to positive response.^[43] Use of interstitials has declined post-2000s due to tighter scheduling driven by increased ad loads and shifting revenue models in linear TV. Networks shortened program runtimes to accommodate more commercials, reducing space for non-revenue-generating fillers, while overall ad revenue for traditional broadcast fell amid cord-cutting and streaming competition.^[46]^[47] This has led to fewer standalone interstitials, with many functions absorbed into digital platforms as brief online transitions analogous to webpages.^[43]

Interstitial Webpage

An interstitial webpage is a full-screen overlay or transitional page that interrupts a user's navigation between content pages on websites or apps, typically displaying advertising or mandatory notices before or after the expected destination.^[48] These pages are often unskippable or require user interaction to proceed, distinguishing them from non-intrusive elements like banners.^[49] Primarily, interstitials serve advertising purposes, such as full-screen video ads shown at natural transition points in mobile applications, which can engage users during pauses in gameplay or browsing. For regulatory compliance, they enforce requirements like age verification to restrict access to adult content or cookie consent notices to obtain explicit user approval for data tracking, as mandated by privacy laws. These uses balance commercial goals with legal obligations, though regulatory interstitials are often exempt from penalties applied to promotional ones.^[48] Interstitials emerged in the early 2000s alongside the evolution of web advertising from static banners to more dynamic formats, coinciding with the growth of broadband internet and early mobile platforms.^[52] Their popularity peaked in the late 2000s and 2010s with the explosion of mobile gaming apps, where they became a common monetization tool during level transitions or app launches.^[53] This digital format draws from predecessors like interstitial television programming, which inserted short segments between broadcast content.^[54] From a user experience perspective, interstitials frequently lead to frustration by delaying content access and increasing page load times, often resulting in higher bounce rates as users abandon sites rather than engage.^[55] Studies and analyses indicate they can disrupt flow and contribute to negative perceptions, with metrics showing spikes in immediate exits when ads appear unexpectedly.^[56] Regulatory efforts have targeted intrusive interstitials to protect users. In January 2017, Google implemented mobile search guidelines that demote rankings for pages using full-screen promotional overlays, prioritizing accessible content while allowing exceptions for legal notices like age gates.^[49]^[57] The EU's General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), effective from 2018, further influences consent-based interstitials by requiring unambiguous opt-in mechanisms for cookies and personal data, often prompting sites to use prominent, non-deceptive pages to ensure compliance.^[58]^[59] Technically, interstitials are implemented via JavaScript to generate overlays that temporarily block the viewport, such as modals triggered on page transitions, or through server-side redirects that route users to an intermediate URL before the final destination.^[49]^[60] As alternatives, native ads blend into surrounding content without interruption, offering publishers revenue potential while minimizing user disruption and improving engagement rates.^[61]

Interstitial Art

Interstitial art encompasses creative works that reside in the spaces between conventional genres and media categories, blending elements from diverse disciplines such as literature, visual arts, performance, and music to create hybrid forms that resist easy classification. This approach emphasizes the "interstices"—the gaps or borderlands—where artistic expression flourishes outside mainstream boundaries, often incorporating multimedia elements to explore unconventional narratives and experiences.^[62]^[63] The concept of interstitial art gained traction in literary circles during the late 1990s and early 2000s, evolving from discussions among writers seeking to bridge speculative fiction and literary traditions, and expanded into broader multimedia practices with the rise of digital technologies in the 2000s. The Interstitial Arts Foundation, established in 2004 by figures including authors Ellen Kushner and Delia Sherman, formalized and promoted the term through initiatives aimed at recognizing art that defies genre norms. Key characteristics include hybridity, where forms like text and image intertwine; experimentation that challenges artistic conventions; and frequent use of site-specific or interactive elements to engage audiences in non-traditional ways.^[64]^[65] Prominent examples illustrate this boundary-blurring ethos: the Fluxus movement of the 1960s produced pieces like Yoko Ono's instructional performances and Joseph Beuys's multimedia actions, merging visual art, music, and everyday objects to subvert institutional art structures. In literature, Art Spiegelman's graphic novel Maus (1980–1991) fuses historical memoir, biography, and comics, using anthropomorphic illustrations to confront the Holocaust in a form that transcends traditional nonfiction. Contemporary instances include virtual reality installations, such as those by the collective Blast Theory, which integrate theater, gaming, and interactive storytelling to immerse users in narrative environments that blend digital and performative media. The cultural impact of interstitial art lies in its promotion of innovation and cross-disciplinary dialogue, as evidenced by the Interstitial Arts Foundation's anthologies Interfictions (2007) and Interfictions 2 (2009), which featured stories and essays highlighting genre-blending works and inspired similar projects in visual and performance arts. Although the foundation's major activities tapered after 2009, the interstitial art movement continues, with recent examples including the 'Interstitial Agency' exhibition in Athens, Georgia, in spring 2025, featuring works by six artists exploring liminal themes.^[66] Organizations like Shadow Traffic have hosted events such as the Lost Horizon Night Market in New York City since 2010, fostering participatory installations in underused spaces to encourage emerging artists and public engagement.^[67]^[68] However, critics note that interstitial art's resistance to categorization often leads to challenges in marketability and institutional recognition, potentially causing it to be overlooked in favor of more conventional forms, though its evolution continues through digital and interactive platforms.^[69]

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### Definitions of "Interstitial"
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Interstitial Arts: An Interview With Delia Sherman - jstor
May 13, 2004 · were movements. The Interstitial Arts Foundation grew out of the conversa- tions of a group of writers and readers who had all noticed that ...Missing: origins | Show results with:origins
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What is “Interstitial,” and Is It Contagious? by Ellen Denham
Jul 13, 2014 · Interstitial art is anything that is hard to define because it straddles or crosses boundaries of genre or artistic discipline, or falls outside of mainstream ...Missing: origins | Show results with:origins
[54]
Interesting stuff happens in the cracks: interstitial art festivals
May 17, 2010 · ... founder Mark Krawczuk, who enjoys spurring people to act on their creative desires. “I get a kick out of seeing people do stuff. I've got 40 ...
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On the Pleasures of Not Belonging, or Notes on Interstitial Art (Part ...
Nov 17, 2009 · Interstitial art should be prickly, tricky, ornery. It should defy expectations, work against them, and in so doing, maintain a relationship to ...Missing: origins characteristics