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SAP NetWeaver

SAP NetWeaver is an open integration and application platform developed by SE that enables the standardization of business processes across technological boundaries and provides a foundation for integrating applications, data, and users. It supports the development and deployment of composite applications, custom ABAP-based solutions, and the , while facilitating access to information through role-specific tools for developers and administrators. Introduced in 2004 as the first version of a unified technology stack, SAP NetWeaver evolved from earlier SAP middleware efforts to integrate data, processes, and elements from heterogeneous systems. Subsequent releases, such as SAP NetWeaver 7.0 in 2006, 7.4 in 2013 optimized for SAP HANA, and 7.5 in 2015, introduced enhancements like in-memory computing support and improved UI technologies. As of 2025, SAP NetWeaver 7.5 remains in mainstream maintenance until the end of 2027, with extended maintenance available until 2030, though SAP recommends transitioning to successor architectures like for long-term innovation.

Key Components and Capabilities

SAP NetWeaver's is built around the SAP NetWeaver Application Server (AS), which operates in ABAP, , or dual-stack configurations to handle enterprise workloads. Core components include:
  • Internet Communication Manager (ICM): Manages HTTP, HTTPS, SMTP, and other protocols for external communication.
  • SAP Web Dispatcher: Routes incoming requests to appropriate servers in a cluster for load balancing.
  • SAP Gateway and Message Server: Facilitate RFC communication and system coordination in ABAP environments.
  • Java Dispatcher and Server Processes: Handle Java-based applications in the AS Java stack.
Broader capabilities encompass People Integration (e.g., for multi-channel access and collaboration), Information Integration (e.g., and via SAP BW), Process Integration (e.g., SAP Process Orchestration for orchestration), and an Application Platform supporting development tools like ABAP Workbench and Java EE standards. It also includes specialized elements like SAP NetWeaver Mobile for device integration and SAP Composition Environment for service-oriented architecture development.

Features and Technological Integration

Key features emphasize openness and interoperability, allowing integration with non-SAP systems through standards like XML, , and via components such as SAP NetWeaver Gateway. The platform supports UI technologies including SAP Fiori for modern, responsive interfaces and enables broadcasting of data to downstream systems. Optimized for since version 7.4, it facilitates in-memory data processing for real-time analytics and performance gains in business applications. Overall, SAP NetWeaver underpins by providing a robust, scalable that has powered SAP's for over two decades.

Introduction

Definition and Purpose

SAP NetWeaver is a comprehensive software and , embodied in the SAP NetWeaver (also known as WebAS), that forms the foundational technology platform for applications developed by SE. It enables a (SOA) to support seamless , allowing for the standardization of business processes across diverse technological landscapes. As the underlying basis for solutions, composite applications, and industry-specific SAP applications, NetWeaver provides an open integration and application platform that facilitates between systems. The core purpose of NetWeaver is to integrate SAP and non-SAP systems, manage end-to-end business processes, and deliver a unified environment for the development, composition, and execution of applications. By serving as a layer, it relieves developers from low-level infrastructure concerns, enabling efficient expression of while promoting collaborative and process-driven solutions. This capability extends to external sources and downstream systems, supporting and in settings. Key benefits of SAP NetWeaver include its platform independence, allowing deployment across various operating systems and hardware, and native support for both ABAP and stacks in a dual-stack . It offers extensibility through compatibility with .NET and Java EE standards, enabling hybrid environments and web service-based interactions. Furthermore, NetWeaver powers critical components such as for financials and operations, for customer management, and SCM for , ensuring scalable support for these solutions. Over time, SAP NetWeaver has evolved into its cloud-based successor, the SAP Business Technology Platform (BTP), which extends its integration and development capabilities into a multi-cloud environment. As of 2025, SAP announced a new cloud-native Business Suite built on BTP, integrating , data, and applications, while NetWeaver continues to support on-premise deployments.

Role in SAP Ecosystem

SAP NetWeaver serves as the foundational technology platform for the , providing the underlying stack for key components such as , (CRM), (SRM), (SCM), Product Lifecycle Management (PLM), and (TMS). This integration enables seamless runtime support and among these applications, allowing organizations to deploy and manage enterprise solutions on a unified infrastructure. A pivotal aspect of NetWeaver's role is its facilitation of SAP's transition to (SOA) and composite applications, which combine services from , composite applications, and third-party systems to address complex business needs. Through components like the SAP Composition Environment, it offers design-time and capabilities for developing SOA-compliant applications, promoting reusability and flexibility in integrating heterogeneous environments. This approach enhances , enabling businesses to orchestrate processes across SAP and non-SAP systems without extensive custom coding. The platform's portal technology, integrated following SAP's acquisition of TopTier Software in March 2001, further strengthens its ecosystem position by providing unified access to diverse applications and data sources. As foundational for on-premise deployments, NetWeaver bridges legacy systems like to contemporary solutions, supporting the evolution of enterprise architectures through embedded integration tools such as Process Orchestration. This capability ensures reliable data exchange and process in traditional setups, maintaining while enabling modernization.

History

Origins and Early Development

The development of SAP NetWeaver originated in the early , as SAP sought to address the growing demand for (SOA) and web services in environments. At the time, SAP's existing architectures, such as the client-server based R/3 system, faced limitations in seamlessly integrating disparate SAP applications with external systems and third-party technologies, prompting the need for a more flexible, unified platform. A pivotal early milestone was SAP's acquisition of TopTier Software in 2001 for approximately $400 million, which brought technology into SAP's portfolio. TopTier, an Israeli-based company founded in 1997, specialized in portal solutions that enabled the composition and of user interfaces across multiple systems, providing foundational elements for NetWeaver's portal capabilities and overall . This acquisition was strategically aimed at enhancing SAP's ability to deliver composite applications and foster interoperability in a web-enabled . The motivation behind NetWeaver's inception was to create a comprehensive and application that would support open standards like XML and for web services, allowing organizations to connect SAP solutions with non-SAP environments more efficiently. This shift was driven by the evolving "" landscape, where rapid deployment of business processes and became essential for . Initial planning evolved from SAP's earlier mySAP initiatives, culminating in the first release announcement in January 2003.

Release Timeline and Major Versions

SAP NetWeaver's first release, NetWeaver 2004, was announced in January 2003 and became generally available on March 31, 2004, introducing foundational integration capabilities for enterprise applications, including support for Web services and . The subsequent major version, NetWeaver 7.0 (also known as 2004s), was released on June 6, 2006, enhancing (SOA) principles with improved enterprise services and portal functionalities for better user collaboration and . This version also introduced the NetWeaver Composition Environment, enabling advanced development for composite applications. NetWeaver 7.3 entered general availability in May 2011, focusing on simplified and enhanced through unified tools for ABAP and environments. In 2013, NetWeaver 7.4 was released, incorporating optimizations for in-memory computing and embedding capabilities for , which had begun integration efforts as early as 2011 to enable real-time data processing. NetWeaver 7.5 followed in October 2015, with significant improvements in compatibility, cloud readiness, and support for modern development paradigms like SAP Fiori for user interfaces. This version also laid groundwork for BW/4, providing optimized data warehousing on . Subsequent updates included AS ABAP 7.51 in October 2016, which extended ABAP innovations for cloud and scenarios as an innovation package for prior releases. The platform's latest reached 7.5 SP 29, aligning with extended through 2027 and optional extended to 2030. A brief transition to the ABAP Platform occurred in S/4HANA 1809, rebranding NetWeaver's ABAP stack for S/4HANA compatibility.

Technical Architecture

Layered Design

SAP NetWeaver employs a three-tier client/server architecture that separates the system into distinct layers to handle user interaction, business processing, and data management. The presentation layer serves as the user interface, utilizing clients such as the SAP GUI for traditional access or web browsers for modern web-based interactions like SAP Fiori applications, ensuring thin-client operations without local data storage. The application layer, powered by the SAP NetWeaver Application Server (AS), executes core business logic and application processing, supporting scalable deployments across multiple instances for load balancing and high availability. The database layer manages persistent data storage and retrieval using relational databases, such as SAP HANA, which provides advanced analytics and in-memory processing capabilities. This multitier design adheres to principles of , enabling enhanced by distributing workloads across hardware resources, platform independence through abstraction of underlying operating systems and databases, and flexibility for both on-premise and hybrid deployments. By isolating layers, SAP NetWeaver allows independent scaling of components—for instance, adding application servers without affecting the database—while maintaining robustness against failures and supporting extensibility for custom developments. The architecture's platform-agnostic nature ensures compatibility with various hardware vendors, operating systems like Windows and UNIX, and databases, facilitating seamless migrations and integrations. Inter-layer communication in SAP NetWeaver relies on standardized protocols to ensure secure and efficient data flow. The connects to the primarily via HTTP/HTTPS for web-based access and () for SAP-specific interactions, while web services such as OData facilitate integration and exposures. These protocols enable bidirectional data exchange, with the querying the database layer through optimized database interfaces like SQL for transactions and analytics. enhancements, including Secure Network Communications (SNC) for SAP protocols and (TLS) for protocols, protect these communications across layers. The layered design of SAP NetWeaver has evolved from early dual-stack configurations, which combined ABAP and Java stacks in a single system for unified management, to specialized single-stack deployments optimized for specific workloads. Support for new dual-stack installations was largely discontinued starting with SAP NetWeaver 7.4 (with exceptions for components like SAP Process Integration), and fully discontinued in 7.5, encouraging splits into separate ABAP or systems to improve maintainability and performance. This shift aligns with modern requirements, such as integration with cloud services and in-memory databases like , enabling more targeted architectures for environments while preserving .

Application Servers

The SAP NetWeaver (AS) serves as the runtime environment within the , enabling the execution of and web applications. It supports three primary variants: AS ABAP, optimized for SAP-specific business applications that process ABAP programs through dedicated work processes; AS , compliant with Java EE 5 standards for running Java EE-based web applications via server processes; and dual-stack configurations, which integrate both AS ABAP and AS within a single instance to facilitate combined usage where both environments are required. Key core elements include the Communication Manager (ICM), which handles incoming HTTP, , and requests and forwards them to the appropriate ABAP or components based on patterns; the Dispatcher, responsible for managing user logons and distributing ABAP requests to available work processes; and Work Processes, which execute specific ABAP tasks such as dialog processing, updates, printing, or background jobs. In environments, server processes manage the execution of Java-based tasks, while the Startup initializes these components. The AS kernel, written in and C++, underpins these operations for performance and reliability. The supports programming languages including ABAP for , Java for enterprise applications, and lower-level languages like C and C++ for kernel-level extensions. It offers extensibility through interoperability with platforms such as , enabling seamless integration via standards like XML, , WSDL, and UDDI for web services. Deployment options enhance , including the Standalone Enqueue Server for centralized lock management independent of application instances and the Message Server, which facilitates load balancing and request distribution across multiple instances in clustered setups. These options support high-availability configurations, such as ABAP Central Services (ASCS) or Java Central Services (SCS). The server integrates with the database layer via native connectors for data access.

Key Components

Core Application Server Elements

The core application server elements in SAP NetWeaver form the foundational mechanisms for process , , and inter-system communication within the environment. These components ensure efficient handling of workloads, including background jobs, server startup, load balancing, and remote invocations, contributing to and centralized monitoring in enterprise settings. The Startup Framework for AS Java provides centralized management for starting, stopping, and monitoring Java server processes in SAP NetWeaver. Implemented primarily through the JSTART program, it acts as both an instance controller and process starter, overseeing the lifecycle of components like the SAP Start Service and . The SAP Start Service handles process administration, including automatic restarts on failures to enhance . The manages server nodes within clusters, distributing requests and monitoring for issues such as hangs or high CPU usage via thread dumps. This framework ensures robust operation by displaying trace files, system environments, and VM outputs for diagnostics. SAP Web Dispatcher serves as an entry point for HTTP(S) , distributing loads to appropriate application s to optimize and . It receives server information from the message server and uses algorithms like weighted to balance requests based on server capacity and current load factors. For ABAP requests, it leverages logon groups defined via SMLG, while supporting session stickiness for stateful connections. In high-availability setups, it dynamically routes away from overloaded or failed s, ensuring seamless . The Task Handler is an integral part of ABAP work processes in the , coordinating internal activities to execute ABAP programs efficiently. It manages s within the work process, including loading and calling programs as instructed by , while interfacing with the screen processor, ABAP interpreter, and database layer. This component ensures that dialog, background, , and other process types handle requests without conflicts, supporting centralized scheduling and of ABAP workloads. The RFC Gateway facilitates remote function calls (RFC) by acting as a TCP/IP-based for communication between systems and external programs. It enables inbound and outbound connections, allowing work processes to invoke functions across instances or with non-SAP applications securely. Security features, such as access control lists, help maintain by preventing unauthorized access while supporting monitoring of gateway logs for . In SAP NetWeaver's dual-stack architecture, the RFC Gateway bridges ABAP and components for integrated operations.

Integration and Orchestration Tools

SAP Process Integration (PI), formerly known as Exchange Infrastructure (), serves as the primary component in NetWeaver for enabling (B2B) and application-to-application () across heterogeneous landscapes. It facilitates the development, configuration, and monitoring of scenarios by providing runtime infrastructure that connects and non-SAP systems with reduced connectivity requirements. Key elements include , which convert XML/HTTP-based messages to specific protocols for communication with external or systems; mappings, which transform data structures between sender and receiver formats; and runtime engines, such as the Integration Engine and Advanced Adapter Engine Extended (AEX), that execute message processing pipelines for seamless data exchange. SAP NetWeaver Portal acts as a unified access point for enterprise applications, services, and , integrating disparate information sources into a single, user-friendly interface. It supports role-based , allowing administrators to tailor content and navigation based on user roles, thereby providing relevant access to from various repositories. The portal's functionality enables central management of documents, collaboration tools, and search capabilities, fostering efficient information retrieval and sharing across the organization. Other integration tools in SAP NetWeaver formerly included (MDM) (end of maintenance 2020; succeeded by SAP Master Data Governance), which aggregates master data—such as products, customers, and suppliers—from distributed and non-SAP systems into a centralized repository to ensure consistency and quality across the enterprise. MDM supports synchronization and distribution of harmonized data, enabling global standardization while accommodating local variations for improved decision-making and process efficiency. Complementing this, the Enterprise Services Repository (ESR) provides a central repository for modeling, specifying, and managing (SOA) assets, including enterprise services, data types, and interfaces, to enforce and promote reusable components in integration scenarios. The ESR facilitates contract-first development and end-to-end visibility into service definitions, ensuring alignment with business processes. These tools collectively support advanced capabilities such as web services integration via standards like , XML message processing through the Integration Engine for , , and , and via synchronous communication protocols that enable immediate data exchange between connected systems. This framework underpins cross-component , allowing orchestration of complex workflows while maintaining and with SOA principles.

Development Tools

ABAP-Based Development

ABAP-based development in SAP NetWeaver centers on the ABAP Workbench, an (IDE) that enables developers to create, test, debug, and manage ABAP applications for business processes. The Workbench provides a graphical accessed via , supporting the full lifecycle of ABAP programming from design to deployment without requiring additional external tools. It includes core components such as the ABAP Dictionary for defining and managing data structures and database tables, the Screen Painter for designing user interfaces and dialog screens, and the Menu Painter for building navigation menus and toolbars. Within the ABAP Workbench, developers utilize specialized tools to handle specific aspects of application development. The ABAP Editor (transaction SE38 or SE80) allows for writing and editing ABAP source code, supporting both procedural and object-oriented paradigms with syntax checking and syntax highlighting. The ABAP Debugger facilitates step-by-step execution, breakpoint setting, and variable inspection to identify and resolve issues during runtime testing. Additionally, the Function Builder supports the creation and testing of modular function modules that encapsulate reusable business logic. These tools integrate seamlessly with the SAP repository for version control and transport management across development landscapes. The ABAP Platform, which underpins ABAP-based development, evolved from the , with 7.52 released in 2017 serving as the final dedicated standalone release. This provided the foundation for early on-premise editions, such as 1709, while introducing innovations like views and support for user interfaces. Subsequent development shifted to embedding the ABAP Platform directly within releases, starting with 1809, which replaced the traditional NetWeaver branding and aligned with optimizations for in-memory computing. This transition emphasized cloud-ready extensibility and streamlined maintenance, with ongoing enhancements delivered through S/4HANA updates rather than separate NetWeaver . Key features of ABAP-based development in NetWeaver and its successors include object-oriented extensions introduced as ABAP Objects, enabling modular, reusable code through classes, interfaces, and inheritance for complex business applications. HANA-optimized capabilities, such as ABAP CDS for semantic and the ABAP RESTful Application Programming Model () for building transactional OData services, allow developers to leverage performance directly in code. Integration with persists through classic dynpro technology for backend development, while modern frontends use Web Dynpro for ABAP to create model-view-controller-based UIs. These features ensure compatibility with the dual-stack architecture of NetWeaver, where ABAP components can interact with Java-based services via standardized interfaces. ABAP serves as the primary language for implementing custom in SAP ERP systems and other modules running on NetWeaver, such as SAP Business Suite applications for , , and . Developers use it to extend standard functionalities, create reports, and automate workflows, ensuring seamless integration within the ecosystem. This approach maintains for while supporting modern extensions in S/4HANA environments.

Java-Based Development

SAP NetWeaver supports Java-based development through a suite of tools and frameworks designed for building enterprise-level applications compliant with Java EE standards. These tools enable developers to create scalable, integrated solutions that leverage the platform's Java , focusing on web services, enterprise beans, and composite applications. The ecosystem emphasizes collaborative development, visual modeling, and seamless integration with 's enterprise infrastructure. However, many of these tools are legacy components applicable to NetWeaver versions up to 7.3; as of 2025, SAP recommends transitioning to Eclipse-based plugins or SAP Business Application Studio for modern Java EE development on NetWeaver and SAP Business Technology Platform (BTP). For NetWeaver versions up to 7.3, the SAP NetWeaver Developer Studio (NWDS) served as the primary (IDE) for Java EE applications on the platform. Built on the framework, NWDS provided comprehensive support for developing enterprise (EJBs), web services, servlets, and portal applications. Developers could create, debug, and deploy projects directly to the SAP NetWeaver for Java (AS Java), with features like project wizards for portal archives (PAR files) and archives (WAR files) ensuring compatibility with enterprise standards. For NetWeaver 7.4 and later, SAP recommends using the IDE with dedicated SAP development plugins, such as those available from the SAP Development Tools site. Complementing NWDS in earlier versions, the SAP NetWeaver Development Infrastructure (NWDI)—also known as Java Development Infrastructure (JDI)—offered a collaborative platform for managing the lifecycle of developments. NWDI included the Design Time Repository (DTR) for , the Component Build Service (CBS) for automated builds and dependency management, and the Service (CMS) for transporting changes across development tracks. This automated build scripts based on component types, enforced reusability through development components (DCs), and supported team-based workflows to streamline and deployment. However, NWDI is now considered obsolete and deprecated; for current collaborative development, SAP advises using tools like SAP Continuous Integration and Delivery or Git-based workflows integrated with or SAP Business Application Studio. For rapid, model-driven development in NetWeaver 7.0-7.3, SAP NetWeaver Visual Composer provided a browser-based, drag-and-drop tool that allowed business experts to build composite applications without extensive coding. It enabled the visual design of user interfaces and process flows, connecting to data sources like RFCs, web services, and SAP Business Intelligence via the portal's connector framework. Models were rendered as Web Dynpro or /Flex components, deployable directly to the SAP NetWeaver Portal for runtime execution. Visual Composer is a legacy tool no longer recommended for new developments due to concerns and end of active aligned with NetWeaver Java's ending in 2027 (mainstream) and 2032 (extended); it has been replaced by modern low-code platforms such as SAP Build Apps and SAPUI5 on SAP BTP. Key features of Java-based development in SAP NetWeaver include full compliance with J2EE (now Java EE) standards, such as the J2EE Connector Architecture (JCA) for resource adapters, ensuring portability and . Integration with AS Java allows seamless deployment and execution of applications on a certified Java EE runtime environment. Additionally, SAP-specific extensions enhance functionality for enterprise scenarios, including portal iViews and guided procedures, while maintaining adherence to open standards.

Evolution and Current Status

Transition to Modern Platforms

SAP NetWeaver's evolution has involved a strategic shift from its on-premise foundations to cloud-centric architectures, primarily through integration into the . BTP is a subscription-based, multi-cloud service that embeds NetWeaver's foundational capabilities, including functions, integration services, and extension tools, into a unified environment for building and extending applications. This transition enables organizations to leverage NetWeaver's legacy strengths while adopting modern, scalable cloud delivery models. A pivotal milestone occurred in 2018 with the introduction of the ABAP Platform alongside 1809 release, which decoupled the core ABAP runtime and development environment from the broader NetWeaver stack, allowing for independent updates and cloud-native deployments. Building on this, SAP fully launched BTP in January 2021 as a comprehensive platform that incorporates advanced features like AI-driven , intelligent , and low-code/no-code tools to accelerate innovation and integration across SAP and non-SAP systems. To support ongoing migrations, SAP NetWeaver 7.5 acts as a compatibility bridge, providing tools and frameworks for landscapes that blend on-premise systems with -based BTP services, ensuring seamless data flow and application during transitions. Mainstream for NetWeaver 7.5 is extended until the end of 2027, offering a stable period for organizations to plan and execute upgrades. The primary drivers for this platform transition include the growing need for elastic scalability to handle fluctuating workloads, processing capabilities powered by in-memory computing, and significant reductions in operational costs through managed services.

Maintenance and Security

SAP NetWeaver 7.5 receives mainstream maintenance support until the end of 2027, enabling organizations to continue leveraging the platform for legacy SAP systems while planning transitions. This includes regular service packs that enhance compatibility with databases and prepare systems for cloud integrations, ensuring stability and performance in on-premise environments. An optional extended extends availability until 2030 for customers requiring prolonged support. Security in SAP NetWeaver incorporates built-in mechanisms, such as Secure Network Communications (SNC), which encrypt user credentials and session data to prevent unauthorized access. The Communication Manager (ICM) handles using SSL/TLS protocols for secure HTTP communications, supporting between clients and servers. These features align with GDPR by enabling data protection controls, including of sensitive information at rest and in transit, and facilitating privacy-by-design implementations. Partnerships with and database vendors like , , and bolster secure deployments through certified integrations, such as IBM's secure cloud hosting for NetWeaver and Oracle's access management tools. A notable recent security issue is CVE-2025-31324, disclosed in May 2025, which involves a critical missing check in the SAP NetWeaver Visual Uploader, allowing unauthenticated attackers to upload malicious files and potentially execute code. This vulnerability, rated with a CVSS score of 9.8, affects NetWeaver installations including version 7.5; SAP addressed it through security note #3594142, recommending immediate patching to mitigate risks of webshell deployment and data breaches. For long-term security and maintenance, SAP advises migrating NetWeaver-based applications to the SAP Business Technology Platform (BTP), which offers advanced security capabilities like automated patching, enhanced , and built-in monitoring to reduce exposure. This shift supports hybrid architectures while providing automatic updates and improved threat detection over traditional on-premise setups.

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