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A2

A2 may refer to topics in various fields, including biology and medicine, technology, entertainment, language and education, military and defense, transportation, and miscellaneous uses.

Biology and Medicine

Genes and Proteins

HLA-A2 is a common allele of the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I gene, encoded by the HLA-A*02 locus located on the short arm of chromosome 6. This allele encodes a transmembrane glycoprotein composed of a polymorphic alpha chain (approximately 44 kDa) non-covalently bound to the invariant beta-2-microglobulin (12 kDa). The extracellular portion of the alpha chain features three domains: α1 and α2, which together form a peptide-binding cleft capable of accommodating 8-10 amino acid peptides, and α3, which interacts with CD8 on T cells.^[1]^[2] The primary function of HLA-A2 involves antigen presentation, where it binds and displays intracellularly processed peptides on the cell surface for recognition by cytotoxic CD8+ T lymphocytes, thereby initiating immune responses against infected or malignant cells. This role is critical in immune surveillance and allograft rejection, making HLA-A2 a key factor in histocompatibility matching for organ transplantation. Over 300 subtypes of HLA-A*02 have been identified, with functional variations arising from polymorphisms in the peptide-binding region that alter antigen specificity and T-cell activation efficiency.^[2]^[3] HLA-A*02 exhibits varying prevalence across global populations, reflecting historical migration and selection pressures; it is particularly frequent in individuals of European descent, occurring in about 50% of Caucasians, compared to 35% in African Americans, 50% in U.S. Whites, and up to 50% in certain Asian Indian groups. In terms of disease associations, HLA-A2 influences susceptibility to autoimmune disorders; for instance, it is linked to a higher frequency of specific CD8+ T cells in autoimmune Addison's disease, while the HLA-A2 phenotype may confer protection against Graves' disease but not Hashimoto's thyroiditis in Caucasian populations.^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7] A2 beta-casein represents a genetic variant of the beta-casein milk protein predominantly found in mammals, especially Bos taurus (cattle), and is encoded by the CSN2 gene on chromosome 6. This variant arises from a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) at codon 67, resulting in a proline residue (encoded by CCT) instead of histidine (encoded by CAT) present in the A1 variant; this point mutation defines the A2 type among at least 13 known bovine beta-casein alleles. The A2 allele is homozygous in many indigenous cow breeds, such as those from Africa, Asia, and South America.^[8]^[9]^[10] Evolutionarily, A2 beta-casein is the ancestral form, conserved across ancient bovine lineages and shared with other mammals like goats and humans, where only A2-like variants exist. The A1 mutation likely emerged as a novel allele around 5,000–10,000 years ago during the domestication of cattle in Northern Europe, possibly through selective breeding that favored milk production traits in breeds like Holsteins and Friesians, leading to its spread in Western dairy populations.^[11]^[12]^[13] Biochemically, A2 beta-casein is a 24 kDa phosphoglycoprotein comprising 209 amino acids, with a high proline content (35 residues) that imparts a flexible, random-coil secondary structure lacking alpha-helices or beta-sheets, facilitating its role in casein micelle assembly. The proline at position 67 enhances the protein's amphipathic nature, promoting hydrophobic interactions in the C-terminal region while maintaining solubility through the hydrophilic N-terminal domain; this substitution subtly alters self-association kinetics and chaperone-like activity compared to A1, influencing micelle stability and aggregation behavior in milk without changing overall molecular weight or phosphorylation sites.^[14]^[15]^[9]

Medicine

The A2 pulley is the second and strongest of the five annular pulleys in the flexor tendon sheath of the human fingers, forming a thick fibrous band that averages 16.3 mm in length.^[16] Located over the proximal phalanx, it spans from the cranial aspect of the proximal phalanx base to the junction of the proximal two-thirds and distal one-third of the bone, encircling the flexor digitorum superficialis and profundus tendons.^[16] Its primary function is to anchor the flexor tendons close to the phalanges during finger flexion, optimizing biomechanical efficiency and preventing tendon bowstringing, which would otherwise reduce grip strength and range of motion.^[16] Injuries to the A2 pulley typically result from high eccentric forces, such as the crimp grip in rock climbing that generates up to 36 times the load of a neutral grip, leading to partial or complete rupture; prevalence reaches 26% among competitive climbers in the United States.^[16] Other mechanisms include acute hyperextension in sports like baseball or bowling, or iatrogenic damage from corticosteroid injections.^[16] Clinically, A2 pulley integrity is crucial in trigger finger (stenosing tenosynovitis) surgery, where the primary intervention releases the A1 pulley to alleviate tendon catching, but partial A2 release—up to 25%—may be performed safely without bowstringing if needed for recurrent cases, guided by ultrasound imaging with sensitivity and specificity exceeding 94%.^[16]^[17] Reconstruction using autografts, such as palmaris longus tendon, is employed for severe injuries to restore function and prevent complications like reduced flexion.^[16] The A2 component of the second heart sound (S2) is produced by the closure of the aortic valve, while the full S2 includes the subsequent pulmonic valve (P2) closure, marking the end of ventricular systole and the onset of diastole in the cardiac cycle.^[18] A2 occurs slightly before P2, creating a normal physiological split of 20–80 milliseconds that widens during inspiration due to delayed P2 from increased venous return; this is best auscultated at the second right or left intercostal space with the diaphragm of the stethoscope, as S2 has a higher pitch and shorter duration than the first heart sound (S1).^[18] Differentiation from S1, which signals atrioventricular valve closure at systole's start, relies on timing—S2 follows the longer systolic interval—and intensity, with S2 being snappier and more tambour-like.^[18] Clinically, abnormalities in A2 intensity or splitting provide diagnostic clues for valve disorders: a loud A2 suggests systemic hypertension or aortic root dilation, while a soft or absent A2 indicates aortic stenosis or regurgitation; fixed splitting points to atrial septal defect, reversed splitting (P2 before A2) to pulmonary hypertension or left bundle branch block.^[18] In pulmonic valve pathology, an accentuated P2 signals pulmonary hypertension, and delayed P2 may reflect right bundle branch block, aiding noninvasive assessment before echocardiography confirmation.^[18]

Technology

Computing

In computational contexts, A2 commonly refers to the Apple II, a seminal personal computer introduced by Apple Computer in 1977 that revolutionized home computing and software development. The Apple II, often abbreviated as A2 within enthusiast communities, featured an 8-bit MOS Technology 6502 microprocessor running at 1.023 MHz, 4 KB of RAM (expandable to 48 KB), and support for color graphics and sound, enabling early applications in education, business, and gaming. Its open architecture allowed for extensive peripherals, such as disk drives, printers, and expansion cards, fostering a vibrant ecosystem of third-party software and hardware that influenced modern computing standards. A notable modern contribution to A2 programming is the A2 language, a high-level programming language designed specifically for the Apple II's 6502 architecture, developed by Taeber Rapczak and presented at KansasFest 2022.^[19] A2 provides abstractions over 6502 assembly, including structured control flow, type annotations, and machine-parseable declarations for enhanced tooling like assemblers and documentation generators, while compiling to efficient assembly code for the Apple II, II Plus, and IIe models.^[20] Its historical evolution builds on the Apple II's legacy of BASIC and assembly programming from the late 1970s, aiming to revitalize retrocomputing by offering a more accessible entry point for developers without sacrificing performance on original hardware; development continues as of 2025, with ongoing updates to tools and samples, though the compiler remains partially complete.^[21]^[20]

Electronics

The Konica Minolta DiMAGE A2, announced on February 12, 2004, was a prosumer bridge digital camera featuring an 8-megapixel 2/3-inch primary-color CCD sensor and a fixed 7x optical zoom lens equivalent to 28-200mm in 35mm terms with an aperture range of f/2.8-4.5.^[22]^[23] It incorporated Konica Minolta's proprietary Anti-Shake technology, which used in-body CCD-shift stabilization to counteract camera shake, allowing sharp handheld shots at shutter speeds up to one stop slower than without stabilization, a feature that proved effective in low-light conditions and influenced subsequent sensor-shift designs in compact cameras.^[23]^[22] The camera's magnesium alloy body weighed 654 grams with battery and CompactFlash card, providing a robust, professional feel with a rubberized grip and a tilting 1.8-inch LCD monitor (207,000 pixels) that adjusted 90 degrees upward and 20 degrees downward, complemented by a high-resolution 0.92-million-dot electronic viewfinder.^[24] Priced at around $800 upon launch, the DiMAGE A2 targeted enthusiast photographers seeking advanced features like 7 frames-per-second burst shooting and 3D multi-segment metering in a non-interchangeable lens format, though its fixed lens limited modularity compared to true DSLRs.^[22] Its legacy endures in the history of digital photography for popularizing accessible image stabilization and a versatile zoom range in bridge cameras, paving the way for hybrid designs that bridged point-and-shoot simplicity with prosumer controls before Minolta's exit from the camera market in 2006.^[22] The IBM A2 processor core, introduced in the Blue Gene/Q supercomputer architecture around 2011, was a low-power PowerPC-based design optimized for high-performance computing with 16 application cores, one dedicated OS core, and one redundant core for fault tolerance, each supporting 4-way simultaneous multithreading.^[25] Fabricated on a 45nm silicon-on-insulator process, it operated at a 1.6 GHz clock speed and integrated a quad-vector double-precision floating-point unit (QPX) for enhanced numerical computations, delivering 204.8 gigaflops of peak double-precision performance per chip.^[25] Power consumption peaked at 55 watts per chip, achieving an efficiency of 3.72 gigaflops per watt through techniques like extensive clock gating and modest clock rates, which minimized energy use in large-scale deployments.^[25] Deployed in systems like the 10-petaflop Mira at Argonne National Laboratory and the 20-petaflop Sequoia at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, the A2 enabled breakthroughs in scalable parallel processing for scientific simulations, contributing to Blue Gene/Q's ranking as the world's most energy-efficient supercomputer at the time and advancing petaflop-era computing by balancing density, performance, and power constraints in exascale pursuits.^[25]^[25] The Cowon A2, launched in late 2005 as a premium portable multimedia player, featured a 30GB hard disk drive for storage, supporting a wide array of audio formats including MP3, WMA, WAV, OGG, and FLAC, alongside video playback of AVI (DivX/XviD), WMV, MPEG-1/2, ASF, and Matroska files on its 4-inch widescreen LCD (480x272 resolution, 24-bit color).^[26] It included built-in FM radio reception and recording capabilities across 76-108 MHz, a voice recorder with line-in encoding, and photo viewing for JPEG, PNG, and BMP images, positioning it as a versatile all-in-one device in the emerging portable video player market against competitors like the Archos AV500.^[26]^[26] Powered by a 4300mAh lithium-polymer battery, the A2 delivered up to 18 hours of continuous audio playback and 10 hours of video, with real-world tests confirming 16 hours for music and 9.2 hours for movies, emphasizing its endurance for on-the-go media consumption.^[26] Housed in a sleek 5.2 x 3.1 x 0.9-inch aluminum chassis weighing 10.5 ounces, it offered stereo speakers, USB 2.0 connectivity, and TV-out functionality, appealing to users seeking high-fidelity audio and video in a non-removable battery design that prioritized slimness over modularity.^[26] Marketed at $420 for the 30GB model, the Cowon A2 stood out for its recording features and format compatibility, influencing the shift toward multifunctional portable media devices in the mid-2000s before smartphones dominated the space.^[26]

Entertainment

Gaming

In video games, A2 prominently appears as YoRHa Type A No.2, an android protagonist in the 2017 action role-playing game NieR: Automata developed by PlatinumGames and published by Square Enix.^[27] A2, also known simply as "No.2," serves as a key playable character in the game's later routes, where players control her in third-person combat sequences emphasizing evasion, melee attacks with swords like the Type 40 Blade, and ranged support from her Pod companion, a floating drone capable of deploying missiles, lasers, and shields.^[28] Her backstory involves surviving a betrayal during the 14th Machine War, leading her to desert YoRHa command and pursue a vengeful, solitary path against machine lifeforms, which evolves into a narrative arc exploring themes of purpose, empathy, and sacrifice as she interacts with other androids like 2B and 9S.^[29] Mechanically, A2's high agility allows for quick combos and a berserk mode that boosts damage output at the cost of defense, contributing to the game's fluid hack-and-slash gameplay. Culturally, A2 has become an iconic figure in gaming, inspiring merchandise, an anime adaptation in NieR:Automata Ver1.1a (2023), and fan discussions on android existentialism, with her design by Akihiko Yoshida enhancing her appeal in cosplay and crossover events.^[29] In gaming hardware, A2 designates models of portable devices, such as the AOKZOE A2 Ultra handheld gaming PC released in 2024. This Windows-based console features an Intel Core Ultra 7 155H processor with integrated Arc graphics, supporting ray tracing for modern titles, and includes a 7-inch 1080p display, 32GB RAM, and up to 2TB SSD storage for on-the-go PC gaming.^[30] The A2's ergonomic design with Hall-effect joysticks and customizable RGB lighting positions it as a competitor to devices like the Steam Deck, emphasizing compatibility with SteamOS alternatives and high-frame-rate emulation for retro games.^[31] For board and tabletop games, A2 appears in designations for units, components, and even game boards. In Alliance: The Multiplayer Napoleonic Wargame (2025) by Columbia Games, A2 classifies elite infantry or artillery units that initiate combat fire and achieve hits on a 1-2 roll of a six-sided die, reflecting their superior training and firepower in block-based strategy mechanics simulating Napoleonic battles.^[32] Similarly, A2/AD Fleet (2020) by Technical Term is a tactical board game focused on modern naval and air warfare in the Malacca Strait, where "A2/AD" (Anti-Access/Area Denial) represents defensive strategies using missiles and aircraft to control sea zones, with players maneuvering fleets on a hex-grid map to achieve naval dominance.^[33] A2 also denotes standard paper size (594 x 420 mm) for custom game mats and boards, such as the Gamerboard A2 with integrated grid lines, which supports role-playing, strategy, and wargaming by providing a durable, mitred-corner surface for miniatures and tokens in sessions requiring large play areas.^[34]

Music

In musical notation, A2 refers to the pitch A in the second octave using scientific pitch notation, corresponding to the sixth white key in that octave on a standard piano keyboard. This note occupies the sixth position in the chromatic scale within its octave, serving as a foundational tone in bass registers for various instruments and compositions. It is commonly employed in bass lines, guitar open strings, and orchestral works to provide harmonic support, as seen in countless classical and popular pieces where it anchors lower harmonies.^[35] Under standard concert pitch tuning, where A4 is defined at 440 Hz, A2 has a fundamental frequency of approximately 110 Hz, making it a low but audible tone suitable for sub-bass elements in music. This frequency derives from the equal-tempered scale, halving the frequency for each descending octave from A4. Tuning variations exist, such as Baroque pitch (A4 around 415 Hz), which lowers A2 to about 104 Hz, influencing historical performances and instrument designs to achieve warmer timbres in period music. The A440 standard, adopted internationally in 1939 by the International Organization for Standardization, ensures consistency across modern ensembles and recordings.^[36] In music production, A2 denotes an analog stereo audio transmission standard, known as Zweikanalton or A2 Stereo, primarily used in European broadcast systems for delivering left and right channels. This system encodes stereo signals using two FM carriers—typically at 5.5 MHz for the left channel and 5.742 MHz for the right—alongside a pilot tone to identify stereo content, allowing compatibility with analog TV and radio infrastructure. Digital audio workstations (DAWs) like Pro Tools or Logic Pro support exporting mixes in A2-compatible formats by configuring stereo channels (A1 for left/total and A2 for right) to meet broadcast specifications, ensuring music tracks integrate seamlessly with legacy systems without phase issues or mono collapse.^[37]^[38] Historically, A2 has been used as a model designation for entry-level or student-grade musical instruments, particularly in wind categories. For instance, the CE Winds A2 series represents affordable alto saxophones designed for beginners, featuring brass bodies, silver plating, and ergonomic keywork to facilitate learning while maintaining tonal quality for practice and school ensembles. These models, part of broader "A-level" lines from manufacturers, emphasize durability and ease of maintenance, aiding young musicians in developing technique before advancing to professional instruments.^[39]

Television

The A2 stereo system, also known as Zweikanalton, is an analog stereophonic and bilingual sound transmission standard developed by German broadcasters in the mid-1970s for television signals. It employs two frequency-modulated carriers: a primary carrier at 5.5 MHz for the mono sum signal (L+R) in PAL B/G systems or 6.5 MHz in PAL/SECAM D/K systems, and a secondary carrier offset by approximately 242 kHz (5.742 MHz for B/G or 6.258 MHz for D/K) modulated with the difference signal (L-R) for stereo or a second audio channel for bilingual broadcasts. A pilot tone at 54.6875 kHz, amplitude-modulated at 50% depth on the secondary carrier, identifies the mode—117.5 Hz sub-modulation for stereo and 235 Hz for dual sound—ensuring decoder synchronization while coupled to the line frequency to minimize interference. This FM-based technique, with 50 μs pre-emphasis, provided basic stereo capability but suffered from susceptibility to multipath distortion and limited signal-to-noise ratio compared to later systems.^[40]^[41] Adopted primarily in Europe, including Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Spain, and Slovakia, as well as Australia for PAL systems, the A2 standard enabled widespread stereo TV broadcasting from the late 1970s onward, particularly in VHF and UHF transmissions. In these regions, it supported both entertainment programming and public service announcements in stereo or dual languages, with equipment like FM modulators integrated into studio transmitters for compatibility with existing mono receivers via backward-compatible sum signals. Japan, however, utilized a variant called EIAJ MTS with distinct pilot tones (982.5 Hz for stereo), reflecting regional adaptations rather than direct A2 implementation. By the 1980s, limitations in audio quality prompted a transition to digital alternatives, with the NICAM standard—offering 10-bit compressed stereo at 728 kbit/s on a subcarrier—adopted alongside A2 in countries like the UK (from 1986) and much of Europe, eventually supplanting it as analog TV phased out in favor of DVB-T digital broadcasting by the early 2000s.^[40]^[41] In television programming and production, A2 designates the second audio channel in stereo mixes, where channel A1 carries the left or total (L+R) signal and A2 the right, ensuring balanced delivery for broadcast and post-production workflows. This convention appears in scheduling and archival systems for analog-era content, marking episodes or series compatible with A2 stereo encoding to indicate dual-channel audio requirements during transmission or storage. For instance, legacy TV series from A2-adopting regions often archived with A2 metadata to preserve stereo integrity in rebroadcasts, distinguishing them from mono A1-only recordings. Broadcast equipment supporting A2, such as integrated sound processors in studio modulators (e.g., Philips models for FM carrier generation), facilitated this by handling pilot tone insertion and channel matrixing for seamless on-air integration.^[42]^[43]

Language and Education

Proficiency Levels

The A2 level in the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR) represents elementary proficiency, classifying learners as basic users capable of handling simple, routine tasks involving direct exchanges of information on familiar matters.^[44] Developed by the Council of Europe and published in 2001, the CEFR has been widely adopted globally for standardizing language education, assessment, and certification across Europe and beyond, influencing curricula in over 100 countries.^[45] At A2, learners can produce simple phrases and sentences to describe aspects of their immediate environment, such as family, shopping, or local geography, and understand basic personal and family information, short simple texts, and everyday announcements when spoken slowly.^[46] Key descriptors include the ability to communicate in simple transactions (e.g., buying items or asking for directions) and to write short notes or messages on very familiar topics, though with frequent errors and limited vocabulary of around 1,000-2,000 words.^[47] Assessment criteria emphasize practical "can-do" statements across listening, reading, spoken interaction, and writing, evaluated through tasks testing comprehension of high-frequency vocabulary and basic grammar structures like present tense and simple connectors.^[48] In other educational scales, A2 aligns with basic user categories, marking progression from A1 (breakthrough level, focused on survival phrases) to foundational skills for everyday interactions. For instance, it corresponds approximately to IELTS band scores of 3.0-3.5, where learners can handle very basic communication but struggle with complex ideas, and TOEFL iBT total scores of 31-42, indicating limited ability to understand main ideas in short, simple spoken or written English.^[49] Progression to A2 builds on A1 by enabling simple reading of short texts like menus or signs and basic writing of personal details, such as filling out forms or composing brief emails about routines.^[50] Certification exams at A2 level, such as the Cambridge A2 Key (formerly KET), validate these skills through a standardized test format comprising three papers: Reading and Writing (60 minutes, 50% of total score, assessing comprehension and simple production), Listening (30 minutes, 25%, testing understanding of short dialogues), and Speaking (8-10 minutes, 25%, involving role-plays and descriptions).^[51] Scores are reported on the Cambridge English Scale from 100 to 150, with 120 or above earning an A2 certificate; preparation resources include official practice tests, vocabulary builders, and online courses from Cambridge English to target weak areas like basic grammar and listening to slow speech.^[52]

Other Uses

In certain linguistic frameworks, A2 denotes a grammatical category within evidentiality systems, specifically marking non-firsthand evidence—information not directly witnessed by the speaker—in contrast to firsthand or other types. This binary distinction (A2 for non-firsthand versus everything else) appears in languages such as Turkish, Abkhaz, and several Uralic and Athabaskan languages, including Mansi, Khanty, and Chipewyan, as part of standardized morphological feature inventories for cross-linguistic analysis.^[53] In Czech culture, A2 serves as the title of a prominent biweekly magazine, A2: Kulturní čtrnáctideník, which explores intersections of literature, art, social issues, and politics through in-depth essays and commentary, establishing it as a key platform for intellectual discourse since its founding in 2010.^[54] Within poetic forms, A2 refers to the second refrain line in the villanelle structure, a 19-line poem originating in 16th-century French verse and popularized in English by poets like Dylan Thomas. In the schematic notation (A1 b A2 / a b A1 / a b A2 / etc.), A2 repeats as the closing line of the second, fourth, and sixth stanzas, contributing to the form's rhythmic insistence and thematic reinforcement.^[55]

Military and Defense

Military Designations

In military aviation, the A2 designation commonly refers to the intelligence function within air staff organizations. In the United States Air Force, the A2 (Deputy Chief of Staff for Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance) serves as the senior intelligence officer, overseeing the functional management of global integrated intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR) capabilities, including sensitive reconnaissance operations, analysis, and production activities.^[56] This role ensures the delivery of timely intelligence to support air operations and decision-making across strategic, operational, and tactical levels.^[57] Historically, during World War II, the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) employed a similar structure, where the A-2 Section within the General Staff handled intelligence matters, including the collection and dissemination of operational intelligence for air campaigns.^[58] For example, A-2 intelligence officers at the wing and group levels analyzed enemy dispositions, weather data, and target assessments to inform mission planning and execution. In Allied operations, such as those under Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force (SHAEF), RAF personnel also filled A2 (Intelligence) roles, coordinating air intelligence across multinational forces.^[59] A prominent example of A2-designated gear is the A-2 leather flight jacket, standardized by the U.S. Army Air Corps in 1931 as the "Jacket, Flying, Type A-2" and issued to pilots throughout World War II.^[60] Made from durable goat leather (occasionally horsehide due to supply variations) with a wool knit collar, cuffs, waistband, and lining for insulation against extreme cold, the jacket measured approximately 27 inches in length and weighed about 4 pounds.^[61] It featured practical elements like a bi-swing back for arm mobility, snap-flap pockets, and a hook-and-eye neck closure, prioritizing functionality for high-altitude flight. The A-2's cultural legacy persists as a symbol of aviation heroism, influencing postwar fashion, film portrayals of pilots, and modern reproductions for aircrew commemorations.^[62]

Weapons

The A2 configuration of the AR-15 and M16 rifle platforms represents a key evolution in U.S. military small arms, characterized by a fixed carry handle upper receiver housing adjustable iron sights, a reinforced handguard, and a bayonet lug beneath the front sight assembly. Developed in response to lessons from the Vietnam War, the M16A2 variant was officially adopted by the U.S. Marine Corps in 1983 and by the U.S. Army in 1986, featuring a heavier 20-inch barrel for enhanced accuracy and sustained fire, along with a three-round burst selector in place of full-automatic capability to improve ammunition conservation and control.^[63] This model fires the 5.56×45mm NATO cartridge from a 30-round detachable box magazine (though early configurations used 20-round magazines) and became the standard-issue service rifle for U.S. forces during the late Cold War era and into the 1990s, seeing extensive use in operations such as the Gulf War.^[64] The civilian AR-15 A2 closely replicates these military features for semi-automatic operation, emphasizing reliability and precision in a non-military context, with the fixed carry handle providing a stable platform for the A2-style rear aperture sight adjustable for both windage and elevation up to 800 meters.^[65] Its design prioritizes durability, with a 1:7 rifling twist rate optimized for the heavier M855 bullet, making it suitable for target shooting and home defense applications.^[66] In munitions, the M26A2 fragmentation hand grenade exemplifies A2-designated armaments from the mid-20th century, serving as an upgraded lemon-style anti-personnel weapon introduced by the U.S. military in the early 1950s to replace earlier Mk 2 models with improved fragmentation patterns. Featuring a pre-notched steel coil body filled with 5.7 ounces of Composition B explosive, it produces casualties through high-velocity shrapnel over a 15-meter radius upon impact or, if no impact occurs, a 4- to 5-second delay fuze detonation, and was employed in the Korean War and Vietnam War to support infantry assaults in dense terrain.^[67] The grenade weighs approximately 16 ounces (454 g) and was valued for its compact size (length of 3.9 inches (99 mm) and diameter of 2.2 inches (57 mm)), though it was eventually phased out in favor of the M67 by the 1970s.^[68] Modern adaptations of A2 systems continue to influence precision weapons, particularly through modular AR-15 platforms that incorporate retro A2 upper receivers with updated rail systems for attaching advanced optics and suppressors, enhancing accuracy for long-range engagements as seen in 2025 civilian and law enforcement builds.^[69] These configurations maintain the original A2's ergonomic and ballistic advantages while integrating Picatinny rails for versatility, reflecting ongoing demand for hybrid classic-modern designs in precision shooting.^[70]

Transportation

Air

In aviation, the designation A2 has been applied to various aircraft models throughout history, particularly in early military and export contexts. One notable example is the Curtiss-Wright Model 81-A2, also known as the Hawk 81-A2 or Tomahawk Mk IIB, a single-engine fighter aircraft exported to Britain during World War II and used by the Royal Air Force for reconnaissance and ground attack roles.^[71] This low-wing monoplane, powered by a 1,150 horsepower Allison V-1710-39 engine, featured a maximum speed of approximately 345 mph and was armed with six .30-caliber machine guns, contributing to Allied efforts in the early war years.^[71] Similarly, the U.S. Navy's early Burgess Model A-2, introduced in 1911, was an initial landplane design later modified into a flying boat for coastal patrol duties, marking one of the first standardized designations in American naval aviation.^[72] In modern contexts, A2 refers to a specific category within the European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) regulations for unmanned aircraft systems (UAS), or drones, effective from January 2021. The A2 subcategory under the "open" operation class permits flights of low-risk drones close to uninvolved people, provided the aircraft weighs up to 4 kg (class C2) and maintains a minimum lateral distance of 30 meters (or 5 meters with a low-speed mode activated).^[73] These operations are limited to altitudes below 120 meters above ground level and require visual line-of-sight, emphasizing safety in populated or semi-urban environments for tasks like aerial surveying or inspection.^[73] Air routes designated as A2 exist within the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) framework, serving as predefined low-altitude corridors for instrument flight rules (IFR) navigation in certain regions. For instance, airway A2 connects waypoints such as TALLA to other fixes, facilitating efficient routing for commercial and general aviation traffic while adhering to ICAO Annex 11 standards for air traffic services.^[74] Licensing for A2 operations in the EU requires pilots to obtain an A2 Certificate of Competency (A2 CofC), a qualification beyond the basic A1/A3 remote pilot certificate, enabling safer integration of drones into shared airspace. This involves passing an online theoretical exam on topics like airspace regulations, drone performance, and risk assessment, followed by a self-declared practical declaration of skills; no flight test is mandated, but operators must ensure competency for medium-risk scenarios.^[75] The A2 CofC is valid EU-wide for private and commercial use, supporting the growth of drone applications in civilian aviation without compromising public safety.^[75]

Rail

The LNER Peppercorn Class A2 locomotives were a series of 4-6-2 Pacific steam engines designed by Arthur Peppercorn in 1946–1947 for express passenger services on the London and North Eastern Railway, later operated by British Railways. These locomotives featured a grate area of 50 square feet and a firebox heating surface of 245.3 square feet, enabling efficient coal combustion for high-speed operations. Fifteen examples were constructed between 1947 and 1948 at Doncaster and Darlington Works, with the final units incorporating roller-bearing axleboxes for improved reliability.^[76] Capable of reaching speeds up to 101 mph, as demonstrated by No. 60526 Sugar Palm in 1961 while descending Stoke Bank, the A2 class excelled in hauling heavy express trains on main lines like the East Coast Main Line. Allocated primarily to depots in England and Scotland, they were withdrawn between 1962 and 1963 in England and by 1966 in Scotland due to the dieselization of British Railways. Only one locomotive, No. 60532 Blue Peter, survives in preservation; built in 1948, it was withdrawn in 1965, purchased privately in 1968, and is currently owned by the Drury family on loan to the North Eastern Locomotive Preservation Group, undergoing overhaul at Darlington MPD.^[76]^[77] In European rail networks, A2 designates specific routes, such as the A2 commuter line operated by AKN Eisenbahn GmbH in northern Germany, connecting Norderstedt Mitte to Neumünster via a double-track section to Moorbekhalle and serving the Hamburg metropolitan area as part of the Hamburger Verkehrsverbund. This 50 km route facilitates regional passenger services with frequencies up to every 20 minutes during peak hours, integrating with broader S-Bahn and U-Bahn networks.^[78]^[79] German high-speed rail planning has considered alignments parallel to the A2 autobahn for proposed lines, such as the Bielefeld–Hannover corridor, to enhance connectivity between the Ruhr area and northern regions while minimizing land acquisition; this option, alongside alternatives like the Mittellandkanal route, aims to support speeds over 250 km/h for future intercity services.^[80]

Road

The A2 designation is commonly used for major motorways and highways across Europe, serving as key arterial routes for national and international traffic. In the Netherlands, the A2 motorway spans 217 km from the Nieuwe Utrechtsebrug interchange near Amsterdam southward through Utrecht, 's-Hertogenbosch, and Eindhoven to the Belgian border near Maastricht, forming part of the E25 and the historic Route du Soleil corridor.^[81] Construction began in the late 1950s as part of the country's post-war motorway expansion, with significant developments including the Koning Willem-Alexandertunnel in Maastricht (opened 1991) and later widenings, such as the 17 km Holendrecht-Maarssen section completed in 2011 to add lanes and reduce congestion.^[82]^[83] Traffic volumes on the Dutch A2 average around 100,000 vehicles per day in high-density sections like the Utrecht area, contributing to its status as one of the nation's busiest routes and prompting ongoing projects like the Het Vonderen-Kerensheide widening to 2x3 lanes for improved flow.^[84] In the United Kingdom, the A2 is a primary trunk road extending approximately 116 km from Southwark in London to the Port of Dover, passing through Canterbury and serving as a vital link for Channel traffic and freight.^[85] Its origins trace to the Roman Watling Street, with modern upgrades starting in the 1920s, including the Dartford Bypass (opened 1924) and subsequent dual carriageways like the Rochester Way Relief Road (1988), though 1960s plans for a full urban motorway integration were partially abandoned.^[86] The route experiences high traffic volumes, particularly near Dover and the M2 junction, with sections handling over 50,000 vehicles daily amid frequent freight and cross-Channel demands. Under European Union driving licence standards implemented since January 19, 2013, category A2 permits operation of intermediate motorcycles with a maximum engine power of 35 kW (47 hp) and a power-to-weight ratio not exceeding 0.2 kW/kg, provided the vehicle is not derived from a model exceeding twice that power limit.^[87] Riders must be at least 18 years old, pass a practical skills and behavior test on a machine of at least 400 cm³ and 25 kW, or hold an A1 licence for two years (waived if 24 or older); this progressive system enhances safety through staged training to build experience before unrestricted A-category access.^[87] In international road sign standards under the 1968 Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals, the A category denotes danger warning signs, with A,7 specifically indicating a dangerous bend to the left ahead, typically depicted as a triangular sign with a red border and black symbol of a curving arrow to the left.^[88] This uniform design facilitates cross-border recognition, placed at distances ensuring visibility for high-speed traffic, and is adopted by over 70 signatory countries to alert drivers to hazards like sharp curves.^[88]

Sea

HMS A2 was an early Royal Navy submarine of the A-class, launched on 15 April 1903 by Vickers, Sons & Maxim Ltd. at Barrow-in-Furness.^[89] Commissioned on 21 June 1904, she represented an evolution from the initial Holland-type designs, intended primarily for coastal defense.^[89] The vessel displaced 190 tons when surfaced and 207 tons submerged, with dimensions of approximately 105 feet in length and a beam of 12 feet 9 inches.^[89] Her armament consisted of two 18-inch (457 mm) bow torpedo tubes, supplied with four torpedoes, marking an upgrade from the single tube on the lead ship HMS A1.^[89] Powered by a single 8-cylinder gasoline engine for surface travel and electric motors for submersion, she achieved a maximum speed of 7 knots surfaced and 5 knots submerged.^[89] During World War I, HMS A2 served in harbour defense and training roles at Portsmouth, transitioning to full training duties by 1918.^[90] She remained in commission post-war but suffered an accident in January 1920 when she ran aground and flooded in Bomb Ketch Lake near Portsmouth.^[89] Raised shortly thereafter, the submarine was ultimately sold for scrap on 22 October 1925 to H. J. Pounds of Portsmouth, ending her service after over two decades.^[89] The Imperial Japanese Navy's Type A (Kō-hyōteki-class) midget submarine, developed in the late 1930s, was a compact vessel designed for covert attacks on enemy harbors during World War II.^[91] Displacing 46 tons when submerged, it measured 78.5 feet (23.9 meters) in length with a beam of 6 feet and was crewed by two officers.^[91] Propulsion came from an electric motor powered by batteries, enabling a top submerged speed of 19 knots for short bursts, though range was limited to about 100 nautical miles at 2 knots submerged.^[91] Armament included two 17.7-inch (457 mm) bow-mounted torpedoes, which were muzzle-loaded and could not be reloaded at sea.^[91] These submarines gained notoriety for their role in the 7 December 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor, where five Type A craft were carried aboard larger I-class submarines and released to penetrate the defended anchorage.^[92] Although intended to target battleships with their torpedoes, all five were detected and sunk before or during the assault, inflicting minimal damage but highlighting the risks of such operations.^[91] Subsequent deployments included raids on Sydney Harbour and Diego Suarez in May 1942, as well as defensive patrols around Guadalcanal and the Aleutians in 1942–1943, where over 50 units were produced but suffered high attrition rates due to mechanical vulnerabilities and enemy countermeasures.^[91] In the Global Maritime Distress and Safety System (GMDSS), established by the International Maritime Organization, Sea Area A2 designates coastal waters beyond Sea Area A1 (typically VHF range) but within the coverage of at least one medium frequency (MF) coast station capable of continuous Digital Selective Calling (DSC) alerting on 2187.5 kHz and associated radiotelephony.^[93] This area generally extends from about 40 to 150 nautical miles offshore, depending on MF propagation and station locations, ensuring automated distress signaling for vessels in near-offshore transit.^[94] SOLAS-compliant ships operating in Sea Area A2 must equip with an MF DSC radiotelephone operating in the 1605–2850 kHz band, in addition to VHF DSC for A1 coverage.^[93] Key safety equipment for A2 includes a satellite-linked Emergency Position Indicating Radio Beacon (EPIRB) operating at 406 MHz for global alerting via COSPAS-SARSAT, complementing the MF and VHF systems for redundancy.^[93] Additional mandates encompass NAVTEX receivers for textual warnings in applicable regions and two-way radiotelephony capabilities to coordinate rescue, prioritizing rapid response in areas where satellite coverage may be intermittent.^[93] While some regions like the United States discontinued dedicated MF infrastructure in 2013, international standards maintain A2 provisions to support maritime safety in transitional coastal zones.^[93]

Space

In space exploration, the designation "A2" has been applied to various satellites involved in communications, Earth observation, and meteorological missions. One prominent example is the LAPAN-A2 microsatellite, developed by Indonesia's National Institute of Aeronautics and Space (LAPAN) and launched on September 28, 2015, aboard an Indian PSLV-C29 rocket from Sriharikota.^[95] This 34 kg, 31 cm cube-shaped satellite operated in a Sun-synchronous low Earth orbit at approximately 650 km altitude, serving multiple roles including Earth imaging with visible and near-infrared cameras, maritime vessel tracking via an Automatic Identification System (AIS) receiver, and amateur radio communications.^[96] The mission demonstrated Indonesia's indigenous satellite capabilities, capturing images for land use monitoring and disaster management while relaying ship positions to support search-and-rescue operations.^[95] The LAPAN-A2 also featured dedicated amateur radio payloads, including a VHF/UHF FM voice repeater and an APRS (Automatic Packet Reporting System) digipeater for short text messaging, enabling global ham radio operators to communicate via the satellite.^[97] These functions operated under the international amateur-satellite service, coordinated through the International Amateur Radio Union (IARU) to allocate frequencies in the 145.880 MHz uplink and 435.880 MHz downlink bands, ensuring interference-free operation in accordance with ITU Radio Regulations.^[98] Amateur satellite licensing falls under national amateur radio regulations, such as those administered by the FCC in the United States, where operators must hold a valid Technician-class or higher license to transmit through such satellites, with the satellite itself requiring IARU frequency coordination prior to launch.^[99] Other notable A2-designated satellites include the Russian Ekspress-A2, a geostationary communications platform launched on March 12, 2000, aboard a Proton-K rocket, which provided C- and Ku-band transponder services for telephony, television broadcasting, and data relay across Europe and Asia until its retirement in 2015.^[100] Similarly, Canada's Anik A2, launched in April 1974 via Delta rocket, was an early geostationary satellite supporting transcontinental television distribution and voice services in North America.^[101] In meteorological applications, the European MetOp-SG A2, the second unit in the MetOp Second Generation series, is scheduled for launch no earlier than 2028 aboard a Vega-C rocket to provide advanced atmospheric sounding data from a mid-morning orbit, enhancing global weather forecasting with infrared and microwave instruments.^[102] These A2 missions highlight the designation's use in diverse orbital classes, from low Earth orbit for observation and amateur applications to geostationary for continuous coverage, contributing to advancements in satellite technology and international collaboration in space.

Tanks

The M1A2 Abrams is a significant upgrade to the United States' main battle tank lineage, introduced in 1992 as an evolution of the M1A1 to incorporate advanced digital systems and enhanced survivability features.^[103] It features a 120mm M256 smoothbore main gun capable of firing kinetic energy and multi-purpose ammunition, composite Chobham armor for superior protection against kinetic and chemical threats, and an integrated digital fire control system that includes improved infrared sights and commander-independent targeting.^[103] The tank's combat weight is approximately 63 short tons, enabling effective mobility across varied terrain while maintaining a crew of four.^[104] Subsequent variants, such as the System Enhancement Package version 3 (SEP v3), have been fielded progressively through 2025, adding auxiliary power units, advanced networking for joint operations, and upgraded armor packages to address modern threats like improvised explosive devices; deliveries to allies like Poland continued into late 2025 under multi-year contracts.^[103] The M1A2 has seen extensive combat deployment since the early 2000s, including operations in Iraq and Afghanistan, where its fire control and armor proved pivotal in urban and asymmetric warfare environments.^[105] Another notable A2-designated tank from the United States is the M60A2 Patton, developed in the 1970s as an experimental main battle tank integrating missile technology into a proven chassis.^[106] It was armed with a unique 152mm XM150 gun-missile launcher, allowing it to fire both conventional high-explosive and anti-tank guided missiles like the MGM-51 Shillelagh, marking an early attempt to bridge artillery and anti-armor roles in a single platform.^[106] Production ran from 1973 to 1975 at the Chrysler Tank Plant, yielding 526 units for testing and limited service with armored cavalry units.^[106] By the early 1980s, the M60A2 was deemed obsolete due to reliability issues with the missile system and the rapid advancement of dedicated anti-tank guided weapons, leading to its full retirement from active inventory around 1981, with many hulls repurposed as M60A3 passive variants.^[106] Internationally, the British Centurion Mk 2 exemplifies modifications to the Centurion series for enhanced frontline capability post-World War II.^[107] Introduced in the late 1940s as the up-armored production version of the Mk 1, it featured thickened frontal armor compared to the Mk 1, retaining the 20-pounder main gun while improving overall protection against contemporary threats without sacrificing the tank's balanced mobility and reliability.^[107] These modifications allowed the Mk 2 to serve as a foundational main battle tank in British and Commonwealth forces through the 1950s, influencing later upgrades like the introduction of fume extractors and stabilized fire controls in subsequent marks.^[107] The design's adaptability saw it exported and further localized, underscoring the Centurion's longevity in various global armored doctrines.^[107]

Miscellaneous

Administrative and Legal

The A-2 visa is a nonimmigrant visa category issued by the United States Department of State to employees of foreign governments, excluding principal diplomatic or consular officers, who are traveling to the U.S. to conduct official duties or other activities on behalf of their government, as well as their immediate family members.^[108] Unlike the A-1 visa, which is reserved for principal diplomatic agents, consular officers, and high-ranking officials entitled to full diplomatic immunity under the Vienna Convention, the A-2 visa applies to administrative, technical, and service staff supporting diplomatic missions or performing official functions without principal status, granting them more limited privileges and immunities restricted primarily to official acts.^[109] To apply, applicants must submit a diplomatic note from their sending government's foreign ministry or embassy detailing their position, purpose of travel, and anticipated duration of stay, along with a completed Form DS-160 online nonimmigrant visa application, a valid passport, and a photograph; personal employees of A-1 or A-2 holders may qualify under the related A-3 category but require separate employer sponsorship in the diplomatic note.^[110] The validity period of an A-2 visa is typically tied to the length of the individual's assignment or official duties as specified in the diplomatic note, often issued as a multiple-entry visa for up to 48 months, though shorter durations apply for temporary duty assignments under 90 days.^[109] Extensions or renewals can be processed within the U.S. through the Department of State's Office of Protocol if the assignment continues, without requiring departure, provided the visa remains unexpired and the purpose aligns with official activities.^[111] This structure ensures alignment with international diplomatic norms while facilitating administrative support for foreign missions. In administrative classifications, particularly in urban planning and building codes, A2 designations often refer to specific zoning or safety standards. In various U.S. jurisdictions, such as King George County, Virginia, the A-2 zoning district is defined as a rural agriculture category intended to preserve agricultural lands and limit urban development, permitting low-density residential uses, farming, and accessory structures on larger lots while prohibiting intensive commercial or industrial activities to maintain rural character.^[112] Similarly, in the European Union, under the EN 13501-1 standard for reaction to fire classification of construction products, Class A2 denotes materials of limited combustibility that contribute minimally to fire growth, passing tests for heat release and smoke production at temperatures up to 750°C, though they may produce small amounts of flaming droplets unlike the non-combustible A1 class; this rating is mandatory for certain building elements like insulation and cladding in high-rise constructions to enhance fire safety. In legal documents and international law, A2 often designates specific annexes or appendices within treaties and agreements that outline detailed protocols, rules, or technical specifications. For instance, in the Canada-European Union Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA), Annex II-A2 addresses exceptions and reservations to market access commitments for services and investment, providing sector-specific limitations to ensure regulatory autonomy while advancing trade liberalization.^[113] Such annexes, labeled sequentially like A1, A2, or simply Annex 2, serve as integral components of multilateral instruments, clarifying obligations without altering the core treaty text, as seen in EFTA-India trade agreements, which entered into force on October 13, 2025, where Annex 2.A details rules of origin and administrative cooperation for verifying product eligibility under preferential tariffs. These structures promote precision in international legal frameworks by segregating supplementary provisions.

Printing and Standards

The A2 paper size, as defined by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in ISO 216:2007, measures 420 mm by 594 mm, encompassing an area of 0.25 square meters.^[114] This format maintains a consistent aspect ratio of 1:√2 across the A series, ensuring that two A3 sheets align precisely to form one A2 sheet without wasted space or cropping during scaling.^[115] The design facilitates efficient use in folding, cutting, and enlargement processes, promoting standardization in global printing workflows. The origins of the A2 size trace back to early 20th-century Germany, where it was formalized in the DIN 476 standard in 1922, building on mathematical principles for geometric progression in paper dimensions.^[114] This German specification influenced the international adoption through ISO 216, ratified in 1975 and revised in 2007, to unify paper formats for administrative, commercial, and technical applications worldwide.^[116] Earlier precursors appeared in French regulations from 1798, listing similar dimensions for taxation and production purposes, but the DIN framework provided the modern √2-based system still in use today.^[117] In practical applications, A2 paper is widely employed for medium-to-large format outputs such as posters, technical drawings, and architectural plans, where its dimensions allow for detailed visuals without overwhelming space constraints.^[115] Its half-area relation to A1 makes it suitable for scaling designs in fields like engineering and graphic design, ensuring compatibility with standard trimming and binding equipment. Regarding printing designations, A2 serves as a common sheet size in offset lithography, where large runs are produced on presses handling up to 594 mm widths, enabling efficient imposition of multiple pages per sheet.^[118] Digital presses also support A2 natively, accommodating short-run productions with variable data printing, often using CMYK color profiles to achieve consistent four-color reproduction on coated or uncoated stocks.^[119] These profiles, aligned with standards like ISO 12647-2 for sheet-fed offset, specify printing aims for density, dot gain, and color accuracy on A2 substrates, minimizing variations in commercial print jobs.^[120] Other standards related to A2 in printing quality control include ISO 12647 series guidelines, which establish characterization data and tolerances for process control, applicable to A2 formats in offset and gravure printing to ensure reproducible quality across production tiers.^[120] These involve metrics such as color difference tolerances (ΔE) and paper fluorescence limits, certified through process standardization certifications like ProcessStandard Offset (PSO), which verify compliance for high-volume A2 printing operations.^[121]

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The new version updates and extends the CEFR 2001, which was designed to provide a transparent, coherent and comprehensive basis for the elaboration of language ...The CEFR Levels · CEFR Descriptors · The framework · Recommendations
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Common European Framework of Reference for Language skills
Listening A2. I can understand phrases and the highest frequency vocabulary related to areas of most immediate personal relevance (e.g. very basic personal and ...
[57]
CEFR descriptors search - The Council of Europe
Level A2 · Asking for clarification · Building on plurilingual repertoire · Colloborating to construct meaning · Compensating · Conversation · Correspondence.
[58]
Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR)
The CEFR organizes language proficiency into six levels, A1 to C2, grouped into Basic, Independent, and Proficient User, defined by 'can-do' descriptors.CEFR Companion Volume... · Reference Level Descriptions · Descriptors
[59]
IELTS and the CEFR
IELTS band scores are mapped to CEFR levels, but there is no one-to-one correspondence. The relationship is complex, and the CEFR is not for precise equating.
[60]
Compare TOEFL iBT Scores - Identify Qualified Applicants - ETS
TOEFL iBT scores can be compared to IELTS scores using a table, and to CEFR levels using a mapping table. Section score tables are also available.
[61]
A2 Key exam format - Cambridge English
The Cambridge English A2 Key (KET) exam is made up of three papers developed to test English skills: Reading and Writing, Listening, and Speaking.
[62]
A2 Key results | Cambridge English
A2 Key results are reported on the Cambridge English Scale. You will receive a separate score for each of the three papers (Reading and Writing, Listening, and ...
[63]
[PDF] The Composition and Use of the Universal Morphological Feature ...
Jun 2, 2016 · ... meaning of morphemes has typically been specified in language-specific ways. ... A2 Non-Firsthand vs. 'everything else': Turkish, Hunzib, Abkhaz ...
[64]
A2 in English - Advojka.cz
A2 kulturní čtrnáctideník (A2 cultural biweekly) is a Czech journal that reflects culture in the broad sense of the word, including articles on social ...
[65]
Villanelle | Academy of American Poets
Using capitals for the refrains and lowercase letters for the rhymes, the form could be expressed as: A1 b A2 / a b A1 / a b A2 / a b A1 / a b A2 / a b A1 A2.Missing: meters | Show results with:meters
[66]
Members of the IC - DNI.gov
The AF/A2 is the USAF's Senior Intelligence Officer and is responsible for functional management of all Air Force global integrated ISR capabilities, including ...Missing: aviation | Show results with:aviation
[67]
Air Force District of Washington A2
AFDW/A2 Mission: Deliver Mission Critical Situational Awareness, Cyber Assuredness and Sensitive Compartmented Information Capabilities.Missing: designator | Show results with:designator
[68]
Records of the Army Air Forces [AAF] - National Archives
Records of A-1 Section (Personnel) and A-2 Section (Intelligence), General Staff, 1942. Records of the Communications Section and Medical Section, Special Staff ...
[69]
Paragraph - Intelligence Resource Program
Responsibilities. 1.1. HQ USAF/IN (Assistant Chief of Staff, Intelligence [ACS/I]). ACS/I establishes policy for and nominates or makes final selection of Air ...<|separator|>
[70]
[PDF] Designating and Naming Defense Military Aerospace Vehicles - DTIC
Sep 1, 1997 · A2.2 Modified Mission (Aircraft Only) (Optional). Identifies modifications to the basic mission of an aircraft Appears to the immediate left ...
[71]
Jacket, Flying, Type A-2, United States Army Air Forces, Gen ...
The new jacket was designated -- Type A-2. This jacket became associated with American pilots serving on every front during World War II and is still issued by ...
[72]
Key American Flight Jackets From 1927 to 1946 - The Complete Guide
Nov 27, 2017 · Not all A2 in WW II were horsehide. Many were goatskin, as shortages or surpluses occurred. Goatskin is also a very strong and durable hide for ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[73]
The Jacket That Lives Forever | Air & Space Forces Magazine
The A-2 jacket was reborn in 1987 for a new generation of pilots and flight crew members to commemorate the Air Force's fortieth anniversary and to rekindle ...
[74]
Colt M16A2 Assault Rifle - Military Factory
The M16A2 became the follow up design to the much-maligned M16 debuting with American forces from 1959 onwards (particularly during the Vietnam War).
[75]
Evolution of the M16 Rifle - Part III: The M16A2 - Small Arms Review
Oct 1, 2022 · In 1997 the M16A4 rifle began replacing the M16A2 as the standard rifle of the U.S. military. Both rifle models were manufactured by Colt and FN ...Missing: specifications | Show results with:specifications
[76]
Simple and Effective AR15 A2 (M16A2 Civilian Rifle) - Prepper Press
Nov 5, 2020 · The M16A2 style is an older configuration that includes a full stock, fixed carry handle style upper receiver and a 20′′ barrel.
[77]
AR-15 Upper Receiver Types - Wing Tactical
Oct 14, 2016 · Depending on the manufacturer, the A2 features a twist rate of either 1:7 or 1:9. The A2 upper features a beefed-up diameter of 0.75 inches ...Ar-15 A1 Upper · Ar-15 A2 Upper · Purchase An Ar-15 Upper...
[78]
M26 (Lemon Grenade) Fragmentation Hand Grenade - Military Factory
The M26 entered military service in the 1950s, being used primarily by the United States as well as allies Australia, Canada (M61), the United Kingdom (L2), ...
[79]
[PDF] HAND GRENADES - DTIC
: know that the M26 and M26A1 fragmentation hand grenades are armed with a 4- to 5-second time-delay element in the fuse. : know that the M26A2 fragmentation ...
[80]
New Rifles for 2025 | An Official Journal Of The NRA
May 20, 2025 · The popularity of the precision bolt-action rifle presses on at full-speed in 2025, and the lever-action revolution is picking up as well.
[81]
Best AR-15 Parts for 2025 - Black Rifle Depot
Dec 20, 2024 · This blog explores the best AR-15 parts for 2025, highlighting the latest trends, top brands, and key considerations for upgrading or building your rifle.
[82]
Tag Archives: Curtiss-Wright Model 81-A2 - This Day in Aviation
Dec 20, 2024 · The Curtiss-Wright 81-A2, also known as Tomahawk IIb, was a hybrid of the Tomahawk and P-40, a single-seat, single-engine fighter, 31 feet, 8¾ ...
[83]
Pre-1962 Naval Aircraft Designation Systems
The second was the A-2, delivered to the Navy as a landplane in 1911 and subsequently converted to a flying boat by adding a superstructure for a crew. The A-3 ...Missing: A2 | Show results with:A2<|separator|>
[84]
Open Category — Low Risk — Civil Drones | EASA - European Union
Low Risk — Civil Drones · A1: fly over people but not over assemblies of people · A2: fly close to people · A3: fly far from people.Missing: 2021 | Show results with:2021
[85]
https://www.roads.org.uk/routes/a2
[86]
A2 Certificate of Competency (A2 CofC) | UK Civil Aviation Authority
If you have the A2 CofC you can also fly a drone or model aircraft that weighs 250g to 500g closer to people than 50m. You still must not intentionally fly over ...
[87]
The Peppercorn A2 Pacifics - LNER Info
In 1961, it set a speed record for the class of 101mph whilst descending Stoke Bank. The A2s allocated to England were withdrawn between 1962 and 1963. The ...
[88]
LNER Peppercorn A2 Class steam locomotives - Sole Survivor
Sep 15, 2018 · Powerful and fast, the Peppercorn A2s were some of the best and last Pacifics designed by the LNER and form the topic for this week's Sole Survivor.
[89]
AKN - attractive public transport for Northern Germany
Apr 6, 2011 · Line A2 has a double-track up to Moorbekhalle station and ends after another kilometre on one track at Norderstedt Mitte on a dead-end track.
[90]
Operators in the hvv partnership - Hamburg
AKN Eisenbahn GmbH. AKN Eisenbahn GmbH (AKN) operates three rail lines (A1, A2, A3) in the northwest of the hvv service area.
[91]
Bielefeld – Hannover high speed line proposed - Railway Gazette
Mar 21, 2019 · The current preference is for a line following the A2 motorway, another option being an alignment close to the Mittellandkanal. Citing the ...
[92]
Snelweg A2 - Informatie en werkzaamheden
### Summary of A2 Motorway in the Netherlands
[93]
The A2 motorway no longer divides Maastricht - Bicycle Dutch
Oct 16, 2019 · By creating a tunnel system with two levels a total of 8 lanes could be constructed to achieve the necessary traffic throughput. (Inter)national ...Missing: volume | Show results with:volume
[94]
[PDF] A2_Holendrecht-Maarsen.pdf (2.1MB) - Boskalis
The project involved widening a 17km section of the A2 motorway from 3-4 lanes to 5-6 lanes, building a new road, and adding viaducts, bridges, and tunnels.Missing: history volume
[95]
Traffic - Figures - Society | Trends in the Netherlands 2017 - CBS
In the Utrecht region with national trunk roads A1, A2, A12, A27 and A28, average hourly traffic intensity in 2016 was 4,286 passenger cars, freight vehicles, ...Missing: volume | Show results with:volume
[96]
A2 - Roads.org.uk
London's ancient main road to Canterbury and Dover has been bypassed over and over again, and in the sixties was supposed to be replaced in part with an urban ...
[97]
A2 and A2(M) | Roads.org.uk
May 4, 2022 · London's ancient main road to Canterbury and Dover has been bypassed over and over again, and in the sixties was supposed to be replaced in ...
[98]
Directive - 2006/126 - EN - EUR-Lex
### Summary of EU Directive 2006/126/EC on Driving Licences - Category A2 Motorcycles
[99]
[PDF] Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals - UNECE
The UNECE has, since its creation in 1947, developed international regulations on the various components of road traffic: the road, the vehicle and road users.Missing: A2 | Show results with:A2
[100]
A class submersibles (1903) - Naval Encyclopedia
She sank on June 8, 1905 due to a loose bow rivet while in an exercises in Plymouth Sound, with 15 sailors down with her, 4 survivors recued by the trawler ...
[101]
Royal Navy ships of World War 1, based on British Warships, 1914 ...
A.2, submarine, A-class. Launched 16.4.03 Vickers. Harbour service, Portsmouth, 1914-15, training duty by 1918. Wrecked 1.20 in Bomb Ketch Lake, Portsmouth, ...
[102]
Type A-class | Nihon Kaigun
### Type A Midget Submarine Specs and Combat Use
[103]
Japanese Midget Submarines Used in the Attack on Pearl Harbor
The Japanese Navy included five Type A midget submarines in the Pearl Harbor raid of 7 December 1941. Transported on board large I type submarines.
[104]
GMDSS Areas and Search and Rescue Areas | Navigation Center
Sea Area A2 GMDSS-regulated ships travelling this area must carry a DSC-equipped MF radiotelephone in addition to equipment required for Sea Area A1. The ...
[105]
Global Maritime Distress Safety System (GMDSS) - Marine Insight
Oct 20, 2025 · Under GMDSS, all the passenger ships and cargo ships above 300 GT sailing in international waters have to carry equipment as per GMDSS. Read -> ...
[106]
LAPAN-A2 microsatellite of Indonesia - eoPortal
May 31, 2012 · The LAPAN-A2 Earth observation microsatellite is the first indigenous satellite design and development of Jakarta's National Institute of Aeronautics and Space ...
[107]
LAPAN A2 (LAPAN-ORARI / IO 86 / Indonesia-OSCAR 86)
Jun 1, 2025 · LAPAN A2, also known as LAPAN-ORARI, is an indonesian microsatellite based on the LAPAN-Tubsat. It carries an AIS (Automatic Identification System) to identify ...
[108]
LAPAN-A2 FM and APRS Satellite Launched - ARRL
Sep 29, 2015 · Indonesia's IARU Amateur Radio society ORARI reports that the LAPAN-A2/ORARI satellite was launched on Monday, September 28, from the Satish Dhawan Space ...
[109]
LAPAN-A2 FM and APRS satellite launched | AMSAT-UK
Sep 28, 2015 · The LAPAN-A2 microsatellite carries the amateur radio short text message repeater (APRS) and a voice repeater. The APRS (Automatic Packet ...
[110]
Amateur Radio Service | Federal Communications Commission
The amateur and amateur-satellite services are for qualified persons of any age who are interested in radio technique solely with a personal aim and without ...
[111]
https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/us-visas/other-visa-categories/visa-employees-nato/renewing-a-g-nato.html
[112]
Satellite: Metop-SG-A2 - WMO OSCAR
Aug 18, 2025 · Meteorological operational satellite Second Generation A2 | 3rd flight unit of EPS-SG, 2nd of the “A” type.
[113]
Abrams M1A2 SEPv3 Main Battle Tank, US - Army Technology
Jun 14, 2024 · The main gun fitted on the MBT is an M256 120mm smoothbore cannon, which can fire M829A4 advanced kinetic energy and advanced multi-purpose (AMP) ...
[114]
[PDF] ABRAMS M1A2
With its manually loaded,120mm M256 smooth bore cannon, the M1A2 can fire a variety of different rounds against armored vehicles, personnel and even low-flying ...
[115]
M1A2 Abrams Main Battle Tank - Military.com
Approved for production in 1990, the M1A2 represents the U.S. Army's technological improvement of the basic M1A1 design and the most modern battle tank in the ...
[116]
152mm Gun/Launcher M60A2 'Starship' - Tank Encyclopedia
Jul 7, 2017 · The United States ordered the M60A2 in 1971, however, production did not start until 1973, and continued through 1975, at the Chrysler Tank ...Missing: retirement | Show results with:retirement<|separator|>
[117]
Centurion Main Battle Tank (UK)</a><
Centurion Main Battle Tank (UK), an excellent British tank that was developed from 1943 and remained in use for decades afterwards.<|control11|><|separator|>
[118]
Visas for Diplomats and Foreign Government Oﬃcials - Travel.gov
To qualify for an A-1 or A-2 visa, you must be traveling to the United States on behalf of your national government to engage solely in official activities for ...
[119]
9 FAM 402.3 OFFICIALS AND EMPLOYEES OF FOREIGN ...
A-1, A-2, C-3 (except domestic workers), G-1, G-2, G-3, G-4, and NATO-1 through NATO-6 visa applicants are exempt from fingerprint requirements. Qualification ...
[120]
[PDF] Diplomatic-Note-16-855-Application-Requirements-for-A-1-and-A-2 ...
To be eligible for A-2 visa classification for temporary travel of less than 90 days, foreign government officials and employees must be traveling to the United.
[121]
Renewing A, G, and NATO Visas in the United States - Travel.gov
The following individuals may renew their visas while in the United States: A-1 - 2 - Foreign government diplomats and officials and their immediate family ...
[122]
[PDF] ATTACHMENT B - King George County
Mar 29, 2022 · This is a rural area where urban services such as sewer and water mains are not planned. (2) A-2, Rural Agriculture. The intent of this district ...
[123]
Text of the Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement – Annex II
Oct 3, 2017 · The Canada-European Union (EU) Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA) is a progressive trade agreement that upholds and promotes ...
[124]
The A2 paper size | dimensions, usage & alternatives - Prepressure
A2 measures 420 × 594 millimeters or 16.54 × 23.39 inches. In PostScript, its dimensions are rounded off to 1190 × 1684 points. Part of the ISO 216 standard. A2 ...
[125]
Dimensions Of A Series Paper Sizes
Table of Paper Sizes From 4A0 to A10 ; A0, 841 x 1189 mm, 33.1 x 46.8 in ; A1, 594 x 841 mm, 23.4 x 33.1 in ; A2, 420 x 594 mm, 16.5 x 23.4 in ; A3, 297 x 420 mm ...B Paper Sizes · US Paper Sizes · Full Sized Diagram of A Series... · More units here
[126]
International paper sizes. The ISO 216 A, B, C-standard. - A1-size
The ISO 216 standard is based on the German DIN 476 standard for paper sizes. More background information and history about the ISO 216 standard can be found ...
[127]
History ISO 216 standard. A, B and C paper sizes.
The sizes A2, A3, B3, B4 and B5 were developed in France by the mathematician Lazare Carnot. These standards were published during the French Revolution in 1798 ...
[128]
A Helpful Guide to Standard Print Product Sizes for Offset Printing
Paper Sizes for Printing ; A0, 841 mm x 1189 mm, 33.1" x 46.8" ; A1, 594 mm x 841 mm, 23.4" x 33.1" ; A2, 420 mm x 594 mm, 16.5" x 23.4" ; A3, 297 mm x 420 mm, 11.7 ...
[129]
A2 Size Cmyk Book Magazine Offset Press Machine - Ecoographix
Min. Sheet size(mm), 273X393mm ; Maximum printing area, 605X440mm ; Paper thickness, 0.06-0.6mm ; Max. image area, 650x468mm ; Plate size, 675x560mm.
[130]
ISO 12647 | Better print quality with standards like 12647-2
The ISO 12647 specifications include standard process control aim points and tolerances for various printing methods and processes.Missing: tiers | Show results with:tiers
[131]
Certification according to PSO (ISO 12647) - Fogra
The following modules are certified for full-service printers: Qualified colour management. Proof creation. Platemaking. Print job make-ready/print run.Your Benefit · What You Need To Do · Our ProcedureMissing: A2 | Show results with:A2<|control11|><|separator|>