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Grease

Grease is a semi-solid lubricant typically composed of a base oil thickened with soaps or other additives, used to reduce friction in machinery and vehicles. It also refers to various slang and colloquial expressions, such as in financial idioms for bribery or informal usages like excessive flattery. In arts and entertainment, Grease is best known as a 1971 musical comedy by Jim Jacobs and Warren Casey, set in 1950s America, which became a cultural phenomenon through its Broadway run of 3,388 performances, a 1978 film adaptation grossing $396 million worldwide (equivalent to approximately $1.97 billion in 2025), and a soundtrack selling over 30 million copies globally. The term appears in biology and medicine, such as in human physiology (e.g., earwax or sebum) and veterinary contexts, as well as in technology like thermal interface materials and software systems. This article covers these diverse applications and meanings. The musical Grease has seen numerous revivals, including West End productions through 2023, and over 123,000 professional and amateur productions worldwide.^[1] The 1978 film was selected for preservation in the U.S. National Film Registry in 2020.^[2]

Lubricants and materials

Industrial lubricants

Industrial grease is a semi-solid lubricant composed primarily of a base oil, a thickener, and performance-enhancing additives, forming a stable dispersion that provides high-viscosity lubrication in mechanical systems.^[3] The base oil, typically comprising 70-95% of the formulation, serves as the primary lubricating component, while the thickener—often metallic soaps such as lithium, calcium, or aluminum complexes—creates a fibrous network to impart semi-solid consistency and prevent oil separation.^[4] Additives, including antioxidants, anti-wear agents, and corrosion inhibitors, are incorporated at 1-10% to tailor properties for specific applications.^[5] Key properties of industrial greases include consistency, measured by National Lubricating Grease Institute (NLGI) grades ranging from 000 (semi-fluid) to 6 (block-like), which determine suitability for different operating conditions.^[6] The dropping point, the temperature at which the grease liquefies due to thickener meltdown, is critical for high-temperature performance; for example, lithium complex greases typically exhibit dropping points around 260°C (500°F).^[7] Additional attributes encompass water resistance to prevent washout in wet environments, and oxidation stability to resist degradation from heat and air exposure, ensuring prolonged service life.^[8] Grease compositions vary by base oil type to meet diverse industrial needs. Petroleum-based greases, derived from mineral oils, dominate due to cost-effectiveness and broad availability, offering reliable lubrication in standard conditions.^[9] Synthetic greases utilize polyalphaolefin (PAO) or ester base oils for superior thermal stability and low-temperature fluidity, ideal for extreme environments.^[10] Bio-based variants, formulated from vegetable oils, provide environmentally friendly alternatives with good biodegradability, increasingly adopted for sustainability-focused applications.^[9] Recent innovations incorporate nano-additives, such as metal oxides or carbon nanomaterials, into bio-lubricants to enhance wear resistance and reduce friction, particularly in electric vehicle components where low-viscosity formulations minimize energy loss.^[11] The manufacturing process involves heating the thickener precursors with a portion of the base oil to form a soap matrix, followed by dehydration to remove water and solvents.^[12] Additional base oil and additives are then blended into the hot mixture, which is cooled gradually to develop the gel structure, and finally milled to achieve uniform particle size and consistency. Grease viscosity is influenced by the interaction between base oil and thickener, with higher thickener concentrations increasing effective viscosity for better load-bearing.^[6] In industrial applications, greases lubricate rolling element bearings to reduce friction and support radial/axial loads, gear systems for smooth meshing under high torque, and automotive chassis points like kingpins and ball joints for durable protection against shock and contaminants.^[13] Selection relies on the ASTM D217 cone penetration test, which measures unworked (initial) and worked (after 60 strokes) consistency to ensure the grease maintains NLGI grade under shear.^[14] The global lubricants market, including greases, is projected to grow from USD 173.5 billion in 2024 to USD 178.1 billion in 2025, fueled by rising electric vehicle adoption demanding low-friction, eco-friendly formulations and stricter environmental regulations promoting bio-based options.^[15]

Culinary and household uses

In culinary contexts, grease refers to rendered animal fats such as lard, derived from pork, and tallow, obtained from beef or mutton, which are semi-solid white substances at room temperature after processing the fatty tissues through heating and straining.^[16]^[17] Vegetable-based equivalents include shortening, a hydrogenated form of plant oils that achieves a similar semi-solid consistency for cooking applications.^[18] These fats serve as versatile mediums in food preparation, particularly for frying due to their high smoke points—beef tallow, for instance, withstands temperatures up to 204°C without breaking down and producing off-flavors.^[19] In baking, lard enhances texture and flavor in items like pie crusts by creating flakiness through its ability to incorporate air and inhibit gluten formation.^[20] Historically, these greases have been staples in traditional cuisines, such as Southern U.S. fried chicken prepared in lard for its crisp exterior, and European charcuterie where tallow preserves and flavors cured meats.^[21]^[22] Beyond the kitchen, grease finds practical household applications, including as a natural conditioner for leather goods; tallow, with its moisturizing fatty acids, softens and protects items like boots or saddles when applied sparingly to prevent cracking.^[23] It can also act as a DIY lubricant for squeaky door hinges, where a small amount of rendered fat reduces friction without attracting dust like petroleum alternatives.^[24] For stain removal, warmed lard or tallow helps dissolve and lift grease-based marks from fabrics or surfaces by emulsifying residues before washing.^[25] Grease types extend to recycled variants: yellow grease consists of used cooking oils from restaurants with less than 15% free fatty acids (FFA) and minimal impurities, while brown grease is trap-collected waste with higher FFA content (>15%) and contaminants from wastewater.^[26]^[27] Both undergo rendering—a process of heating, separating solids, and filtering—to purify them for reuse, transforming low-value waste into viable resources.^[28] Health considerations for culinary greases center on their fat profiles; lard contains approximately 40% saturated fat, which, when consumed in excess, may elevate LDL cholesterol levels and contribute to cardiovascular risks if exceeding 10% of daily calories.^[29]^[30] Tallow shares a similar composition, offering monounsaturated fats for stability but requiring moderation due to potential impacts on glucose tolerance and inflammation in high-fat diets.^[31] The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) classifies food-grade lard and tallow as generally recognized as safe (GRAS) when rendered in inspected facilities meeting hygiene standards, with limits on insoluble impurities (e.g., <0.15% for certain tallow uses) to ensure purity for human consumption.^[32]^[33] These regulations distinguish edible grades from industrial ones, prohibiting contaminants like heavy metals or pesticides.^[34] Sustainability efforts in 2024-2025 emphasize recycling waste grease into biodiesel, diverting it from landfills and reducing urban organic waste volumes through collection programs that convert oils into renewable fuels, thereby lowering greenhouse gas emissions from decomposition.^[35]^[36] This process supports broader goals, such as the U.S. Department of Agriculture's target to cut food loss and waste by 50% by 2030, with grease recycling contributing to decreased landfill use in cities via efficient rendering infrastructure.^[37]

Other material applications

In cosmetics and personal care products, grease-like substances serve as key emollients and protectants. Pomades, used for hair styling, typically incorporate beeswax and oils blended with petrolatum to create a dense, adhesive texture that holds hair in place while providing shine and conditioning.^[38] Similarly, lip balms rely on petrolatum as a primary occlusive agent, forming a barrier that locks in moisture and protects chapped lips from environmental irritants, a property recognized for its efficacy in treating dry skin conditions.^[39]^[40] In manufacturing, grease formulations extend beyond lubrication to act as mold release agents in plastics and casting processes. These agents, often silicone- or wax-based greases, coat mold surfaces to prevent adhesion of molten plastics or resins, facilitating easy demolding and reducing defects in products like automotive parts and consumer goods.^[41]^[42] Grease also functions as a corrosion inhibitor in metalworking, where additives like amine succinates form a moisture-resistant film on ferrous metals, shielding them from rust during machining and storage in humid environments.^[43]^[44] Miscellaneous applications highlight grease's versatility in artisanal and protective uses. For waterproofing, specialized shoe greases, such as those based on beeswax and animal fats, are applied to leather boots to repel water and maintain suppleness, a practice common among outdoor workers.^[45] In traditional soap-making, tallow—rendered animal fat akin to grease—serves as the base fat, undergoing saponification with lye to produce long-lasting, moisturizing bars that were staples in pre-industrial households.^[46] Environmental considerations have driven innovation in grease alternatives by 2025, with biodegradable plant-based options emerging to address petroleum dependency. These greases, synthesized from vegetable oils like sunflower and soybean via trimethylolpropane esters, offer renewability, low toxicity, and superior biodegradability, achieving high drop points (up to 187°C) while minimizing ecological pollution in industrial applications.^[47] Historically, grease played a pivotal role in 19th-century machinery preservation, where animal fats and early petroleum-based greases were applied to bearings and gears to prevent oxidation and seizure during the Industrial Revolution's expansion of railroads and factories.^[48] In traditional inks, grease components contributed to formulations for lithography and early printing, providing the necessary tackiness and solidity when mixed with pigments and oils, as seen in ancient Chinese methods using animal fats for soot-based inks.^[49]^[50]

Slang and colloquialisms

Financial and bribery idioms

The idiom "grease someone's palm" refers to the act of bribing an individual, typically by discreetly offering money or a valuable item to influence their actions or decisions. This expression originated in 16th-century English, drawing from the literal practice of applying grease to hinges or mechanisms to ensure smooth operation, metaphorically extending to facilitating favorable outcomes through illicit means. The term "grease" in the sense of a bribe first appeared around the 1520s, while the full phrase "grease someone's palm"—implying placing the bribe directly into the recipient's hand—emerged by the 1580s.^[51]^[52] In financial slang, particularly within underworld and criminal contexts, "grease" evolved to denote money or payoffs used to secure protection, silence, or cooperation. This usage gained prominence in early 20th-century American slang during the Prohibition era (1920–1933), when bootleggers and gangsters routinely employed such terms to describe lubricating corrupt officials or informants to evade law enforcement. For instance, in noir and gangster vernacular, "grease" symbolized the essential "lubricant" for illicit operations, reflecting the era's widespread corruption in speakeasies and organized crime networks.^[53]^[54] Cultural depictions of this idiom appear in literature and modern media, underscoring its enduring association with corruption. William Shakespeare employed a variant, "grease the palms of," in his works to denote corruption through bribery, as seen in references to influencing others with underhanded payments. In contemporary crime films and television, the phrase recurs to illustrate shady dealings; for example, in the series Fargo (2014), a character notes, "It's all about knowing which palms to grease," highlighting strategic bribery in criminal enterprises. Similarly, The Lincoln Lawyer (2022) uses it to depict attempts to influence federal agents through illicit incentives.^[55]^[56]^[57] Globally, analogous idioms leverage the lubricant metaphor for bribery. In French, "graisser la patte" (literally "to grease the paw") conveys a similar meaning, implying the surreptitious offering of money to expedite or influence official actions, often in political or bureaucratic settings. This parallels the English usage and appears in discussions of corruption in Francophone contexts, emphasizing the cross-cultural persistence of grease as a symbol for smoothing illicit paths.^[58] Legally, these idioms tie into anti-corruption frameworks, notably the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) of 1977, which prohibits bribery of foreign officials by American entities while carving out an exception for "facilitating" or "grease payments"—small sums to expedite routine, non-discretionary government actions like processing permits. Following a temporary pause in new FCPA enforcement from February to August 2025, initiated by executive order, the Department of Justice resumed enforcement and issued guidelines in June 2025 prioritizing cases involving national security threats, economic harm to U.S. entities, cartels, or substantial bribes with corrupt intent. This reflects ongoing efforts to adapt anti-bribery laws while maintaining the idiom's relevance in legal discourse on corruption.^[59]^[60]^[61]

Other informal usages

In American slang, particularly within 1930s and 1940s gangster and street contexts, "grease" emerged as a verb meaning to kill or shoot someone, often linked to the nickname of the M3 submachine gun, known as the "grease gun" for its resemblance to a mechanic's tool. This usage reflected the violent underworld lingo of the era, where firearms were central to organized crime narratives.^[62]^[63] By the 1950s, "grease" took on connotations related to grooming and personal appearance, especially in the greaser subculture—a working-class youth movement characterized by slicked-back hairstyles achieved using pomade, hair oil, or other greasy products to create a shiny, combed look. This style, popularized alongside rock 'n' roll music and figures like Elvis Presley, symbolized rebellion against post-war conformity and was tied to the subculture's emphasis on customized cars and leather attire.^[64] Among miscellaneous informal terms, "greasy spoon" refers to a cheap, no-frills diner or restaurant known for serving fried, oily comfort food, with the phrase originating in early 20th-century American English to evoke utensils slick with cooking fat. Similarly, "greaseball" served as an outdated and derogatory ethnic slur, primarily targeting people of Italian, Mediterranean, or Latin American descent, implying unwashed or oily appearance; its use peaked mid-century but has since fallen into disfavor due to its offensive nature.^[65]^[66] Post-World War II, these slang usages evolved amid rising automotive culture, where young men in industrial areas worked as mechanics—handling literal grease—fostering the greaser identity and extending "grease" metaphors to everyday rebellion and manual labor. Linguistic analyses indicate a decline in such terms during the digital era, as social media and globalized communication favor shorter, meme-driven slang over regionally rooted expressions tied to mid-20th-century subcultures.^[67]^[68]^[69]

Arts, entertainment, and media

Stage musical and theatre

Grease is a musical with book, music, and lyrics by Jim Jacobs and Warren Casey, inspired by the 1950s working-class youth subculture in the United States. It originated in Chicago, premiering at the Kingston Mines Theater on February 5, 1971, where it ran for eight months despite mixed reviews. The production then transferred to New York, debuting off-Broadway at the Eden Theatre on February 14, 1972, before moving to Broadway at the Broadhurst Theatre on June 7, 1972. The original Broadway run lasted until April 13, 1980, accumulating 3,388 performances and becoming the longest-running musical in Broadway history at the time. The story is set in 1959 at the fictional Rydell High School, following a group of working-class teenagers as they grapple with romance, peer pressure, and social rebellion. Central to the narrative is the summer romance between Danny Zuko, the leader of the greaser gang known as the T-Birds, and Sandy Dumbrowski, a prim Australian transfer student who joins the Pink Ladies clique. As they navigate high school life, including school dances, drag races, and personal transformations, the characters confront themes of conformity versus individuality, emerging sexuality, and the tension between authentic self-expression and societal expectations. The score draws heavily from 1950s rock 'n' roll and doo-wop styles, capturing the era's energetic youth culture through upbeat ensemble numbers and character-driven solos. Key songs from the original production include "Summer Nights," which contrasts Danny and Sandy's perspectives on their vacation fling; "Greased Lightnin'," Danny's anthem celebrating his hot rod; and "We Go Together," a rousing finale uniting the cast in harmonious camaraderie. These tracks, along with others like "Those Magic Changes" and "Mooning," blend nostalgic pastiche with infectious rhythms that propelled the show's appeal. Major productions have sustained Grease's popularity on stages worldwide. The 1994 Broadway revival, directed by Tommy Tune and starring Rosie O'Donnell as Betty Rizzo, opened at the Eugene O'Neill Theatre on May 11, 1994, and ran for 1,505 performances until January 25, 1998, earning Tony Award nominations for Best Revival of a Musical, Best Featured Actress in a Musical (Marcia Lewis), and Best Choreography (Jeff Calhoun). In London, a significant revival premiered at the Dominion Theatre on July 15, 1993, under David Gilmore's direction, running for over six years across multiple venues and becoming a West End staple; a more recent revival returned to the Dominion Theatre in 2022, running through 2023 and highlighting the show's enduring appeal. More recent stagings include the North Shore Music Theatre's production in Beverly, Massachusetts, from August 12 to 24, 2025; Chanhassen Dinner Theatres' run in Minnesota through October 2025; and Broadway Rose Theatre Company's mounting in Tigard, Oregon, from April 10 to May 18, 2025.^[70] The musical's adaptability has led to extensive international tours and localized versions, with professional companies performing in countries including the United Kingdom, Australia, and Japan since the 1970s. A dedicated School Edition, edited for younger performers and audiences by abridging mature content while preserving core songs and plot, has made it one of the most frequently licensed titles for high school and community theaters globally. Although it received seven Tony nominations in 1972—including for Best Book of a Musical—the show did not secure wins in those categories, but its revivals have continued to garner acclaim for revitalizing its rebellious spirit.

Films and adaptations

The 1978 film adaptation of Grease, directed by Randal Kleiser, closely follows the plot of the original stage musical while incorporating additional beach sequences to depict the summer romance between protagonists Danny Zuko, played by John Travolta, and Sandy Olsson, portrayed by Olivia Newton-John.^[71] Set in the 1950s at Rydell High School, the story explores themes of teenage love, peer pressure, and social cliques as Danny and Sandy navigate their unexpected reunion and the challenges of fitting into each other's worlds, culminating in the iconic school carnival finale.^[72] Produced by Paramount Pictures in association with the Robert Stigwood Organization (RSO), the film had a modest budget of $6 million but achieved massive commercial success, grossing approximately $396 million worldwide, making it the highest-grossing musical film at the time.^[73] Its cultural impact extended beyond the screen, sparking a revival of 1950s nostalgia in 1970s fashion, with elements like leather jackets, poodle skirts, and pompadours influencing youth trends and mainstream apparel.^[74] A sequel, Grease 2 (1982), directed and choreographed by Patricia Birch, shifts focus to a new story centered on Michael Carrington, a British exchange student played by Maxwell Caulfield, who arrives at Rydell High in 1961 and strives to win over Pink Ladies leader Stephanie Zinone, portrayed by Michelle Pfeiffer, by transforming into a greaser.^[75] Unlike the original, which emphasized Danny and Sandy's romance, this installment explores Michael's journey through school events like the talent show and a motorcycle rally, incorporating new songs while featuring returning cast members such as Didi Conn and Eve Arden in supporting roles.^[76] With a production budget of around $13 million, Grease 2 underperformed commercially, earning just $15 million at the box office and receiving mixed reviews for its lighter tone and deviations from the first film's formula. Beyond these American productions, Grease has inspired various international adaptations and televised specials. In India, the 1990 Hindi film Dil, directed by Indra Kumar and starring Aamir Khan and Madhuri Dixit, draws inspiration from the original's high school romance and musical elements, adapting the summer love story to a contemporary Indian college setting with song-and-dance sequences.^[77] On television, Fox's Grease: Live! (2016), a live-broadcast adaptation directed by Thomas Kail, featured Julianne Hough as Sandy and Aaron Tveit as Danny, recreating the musical's key scenes across multiple soundstages with an audience of over 23 million viewers.^[78] As of 2025, no major theatrical sequels or reboots of the Grease films have been released since 1982, though the franchise's enduring popularity is highlighted by the 2024 box office milestone when Wicked, another musical adaptation, surpassed the 1978 Grease's unadjusted domestic gross of $190 million to become the highest-earning Broadway-to-film musical in U.S. history.^[79] Critically, the 1978 Grease holds a 65% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 157 reviews, praised for its energetic performances and catchy soundtrack but critiqued for uneven pacing and stereotypical characterizations.^[72] In recent scholarship from the 2020s, the film has been analyzed for its portrayal of gender roles, with scholars noting how Sandy's transformation from demure to "bad girl" at the end reinforces 1950s ideals of female conformity to male expectations, while Danny's arc subtly critiques toxic masculinity within greaser culture.^[80] These interpretations, drawn from feminist film studies, highlight the tension between the movie's nostalgic charm and its reflection of era-specific social norms.^[81]

Music and soundtracks

The music for Grease was primarily composed by Jim Jacobs and Warren Casey, who wrote the original songs for the 1971 stage musical, drawing heavily from 1950s rock and roll and doo-wop styles.^[82] Their score includes iconic numbers like "Summer Nights" and "Greased Lightnin'," which capture the era's youthful energy and rebellion. The original Broadway cast album, released in 1972 by MGM Records, features 21 tracks performed by the principal cast, including Barry Bostwick as Danny Zuko and Carole Demas as Sandy Dumbrowski.^[83] The 1978 film adaptation expanded the musical's sound with additional compositions, notably "Hopelessly Devoted to You," written specifically for Olivia Newton-John by her longtime collaborator John Farrar.^[84] The Grease: The Original Soundtrack from the Motion Picture, released on April 14, 1978, by RSO Records, topped the Billboard 200 chart for 12 non-consecutive weeks starting July 29, 1978, and has sold more than 30 million copies worldwide.^[85]^[86] Among its standout hits, "You're the One That I Want" by John Travolta and Olivia Newton-John reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100 for one week in June 1978.^[87] A standalone single, "Grease" performed by Frankie Valli and composed by Barry Gibb, served as the film's title track and peaked at number one on the Billboard Hot 100 for two weeks in August 1978.^[88] The soundtrack's blend of nostalgic rock revival and contemporary pop production influenced subsequent musical films and pop acts, inspiring covers across genres; for instance, Olivia Newton-John reinterpreted several tracks in her solo catalog, extending their reach into country-pop and adult contemporary styles.^[89] By September 2025, the album had accumulated over 53 million equivalent album units worldwide, including more than 1.6 billion streams on Spotify, reflecting a resurgence driven by streaming platforms and generational nostalgia.^[90] The landmark live television adaptation of Grease aired on Fox as Grease: Live! on January 31, 2016, directed by Tony Award winner Thomas Kail.^[91] The production starred Julianne Hough as Sandy Olsson and Aaron Tveit as Danny Zuko, alongside Vanessa Hudgens as Betty Rizzo and Keke Palmer as Marty Maraschino, and drew an audience of 12.2 million viewers for the live broadcast, with total viewership exceeding 23 million including replays, marking Fox's strongest performance in the adults 18-49 demographic that night with a 4.3 rating.^[78]^[92] Filmed on soundstages at Warner Bros. Studios in Burbank, California, the event incorporated a live audience and multiple camera setups to capture the musical's high-energy choreography and songs, earning praise for its technical execution despite minor technical glitches during broadcast.^[93] Elements of Grease have appeared in episodes of other television series, often through school productions or musical tributes that recreate iconic songs. In the Fox series Glee, the episode "Glease" (season 4, episode 6), which aired on November 15, 2012, centered on McKinley High School's staging of Grease, with cast members performing numbers like "You're the One That I Want" and "Summer Nights" to advance character arcs involving ambition and reconciliation.^[94] The episode highlighted the musical's enduring appeal in teen drama contexts, tying into Glee's format of blending contemporary covers with classic show tunes. Parodies of Grease have been a recurring feature in sketch comedy and animated programming, emphasizing the musical's campy romance and 1950s aesthetics for humorous effect. Saturday Night Live has included multiple Grease-inspired sketches since the late 1970s, shortly after the 1978 film's release; notable examples include a 1982 musical number hosted by Olivia Newton-John parodying "Summer Lovin'," a 2004 farewell segment with Jimmy Fallon and Tina Fey recreating the finale's transformation scene as a sing-along, and a 2013 sketch hosted by Justin Bieber that lampooned the film's high school dynamics.^[95]^[96]^[97] In animated series, Family Guy parodied Grease in the season 3 premiere "Let's Go to the Hop" (aired March 2, 2000), where Peter Griffin infiltrates a high school to combat a toad-licking fad, culminating in a spoof of "You're the One That I Want" retitled "Gotta Give Up the Toad," performed by the episode's characters to mock the original's duet structure.^[98]^[99] A dedicated Grease-related television series, the prequel Grease: Rise of the Pink Ladies, premiered on Paramount+ on April 6, 2023, exploring the origins of the Pink Ladies gang four years before the events of the original film, set in 1954 at Rydell High School.^[100] Created by Annabel Oakes and starring Marisa Davila, Cheyenne Isabel Wells, Ari Notartomaso, and Tricia Fukuhara, the musical comedy-drama series incorporated original songs alongside Grease influences, focusing on themes of female friendship and rebellion, but was canceled after one season in June 2023 as part of Paramount+'s cost-cutting measures.^[101]^[102] As of 2025, no ongoing Grease television series exists, though the franchise's revival interest has sparked discussions of potential streaming specials without confirmed productions.^[103]

Biology and medicine

Human physiology

Cerumen, commonly known as earwax, is a natural waxy secretion produced by ceruminous glands located in the outer third of the human external auditory canal, in conjunction with contributions from sebaceous glands and desquamated skin cells.^[104] Its composition is approximately 60% keratin derived from shed epithelial cells, with 20-25% consisting of lipids including cholesterol and squalene, alongside saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, alcohols, and peptides.^[105]^[106] Cerumen serves multiple protective functions in human physiology, including forming a hydrophobic barrier that repels water and prevents infection in the ear canal, while also lubricating the canal's skin to avoid dryness, itching, and cracking.^[104]^[107] It traps environmental debris, dust, and dead skin cells, facilitating their gradual migration outward through the canal's self-cleaning mechanism, and exhibits antimicrobial activity primarily via lysozyme, an enzyme that degrades bacterial cell walls.^[108]^[109] Although cerumen incorporates sebum from nearby sebaceous glands, its ear-specific formulation emphasizes canal protection over general skin lubrication.^[110] Human cerumen exists in two genetically determined types: wet (sticky and yellowish-brown) and dry (flaky and pale gray).^[111] The wet type predominates in Caucasian and African populations, occurring in nearly all individuals, while the dry type is prevalent in 80-95% of East Asians, reflecting a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the ABCC11 gene where the wet allele is dominant.^[111]^[112] Production occurs continuously at a low rate, varying by individual factors such as genetics and age, with the ear canal's epithelium migrating cerumen outward at about 1 mm per day to maintain clearance.^[113] Medically, excessive or hardened cerumen can lead to impaction, obstructing the ear canal and causing conductive hearing loss, tinnitus, vertigo, or ear fullness; this condition affects roughly 10% of adults overall, rising to 30% or more in those over 70 years due to age-related changes like drier skin and reduced glandular activity.^[114]^[115] Standard removal techniques for impaction include gentle irrigation with body-temperature water or saline to soften and flush the wax, and manual curettage using a curette or loop under otoscopic visualization, often preferred for hard or adherent buildup to minimize trauma.^[105]^[116] Emerging research has focused on the "cerumenome"—the comprehensive molecular and proteomic profile of cerumen—for non-invasive diagnostics, leveraging its stability to detect biomarkers of diseases, drugs, or metabolic disorders via techniques like mass spectrometry.^[117] By 2025, studies continue to validate earwax analysis for identifying conditions such as inborn errors of metabolism or exposure to substances, building on seminal work demonstrating its potential as a retrospective biomarker medium.^[118]^[117]

Veterinary and ecological contexts

In veterinary medicine, mud fever, also known as grease heel or pastern dermatitis, is a common bacterial skin infection in horses, particularly affecting the hind legs where moisture from wet pastures or bedding creates ideal conditions for bacterial proliferation, such as Dermatophilus congolensis.^[119]^[120] This condition is exacerbated in draft breeds with dense feathering that traps dampness, leading to symptoms like red, oozing skin, crusting, swelling, and potential lameness if untreated.^[119] Treatment typically involves clipping the affected area, gentle cleansing, and topical or systemic antibiotics like trimethoprim-sulfa; antifungals may be added if secondary fungal infections are present, with corticosteroids used for inflammation in persistent cases.^[119] Grease ants, or thief ants (Solenopsis molesta), are small invasive household pests native to North America but widespread in urban and suburban environments, where they nest in soil or shallow cracks and feed preferentially on greasy, fatty foods and stolen insect larvae from other ant colonies.^[121] These omnivorous ants, measuring about 1.5-2 mm in length, pose challenges in pest management due to their tendency to raid neighboring nests, but control is effectively achieved through bait stations containing slow-acting toxins like borax mixed with oils, which workers transport back to the colony.^[122] Recent studies from 2024-2025 highlight their significant role in urban biodiversity, with S. molesta emerging as the most abundant arthropod species (1,313 individuals across multiple habitats) in Miami-Dade County's urban forests, underscoring their adaptability and contribution to local invertebrate diversity amid urbanization pressures.^[123] Similarly, 2025 research across U.S. cities links urban heat islands to shifts in ant communities, where S. molesta persists as a resilient generalist, influencing overall species turnover in temperate urban ecosystems.^[124] In ecological contexts, the grease moth (Aglossa cuprina), a pyralid moth species, has larvae that infest stored agricultural products by consuming fats, oils, dried grains, and detritus, producing silken webbing that contaminates commodities like flour, cornmeal, and oats, thereby impacting post-harvest agriculture through economic losses in food storage.^[125] These pale yellow larvae, up to 20 mm long, thrive in dark, humid environments such as warehouses, where they feed on organic debris including fungi and animal remains, potentially spreading contaminants in grain supplies.^[126] Greasewood (Sarcobatus vermiculatus), a salt-tolerant shrub native to arid and semi-arid western North American ecosystems, features fleshy, oily leaves and thorny stems that enable it to dominate saline, sodic soils in meadows and uplands, where it accumulates osmotically active salts for drought and flood tolerance up to 40 days.^[127] Ecologically, it stabilizes eroded soils, provides sparse cover for wildlife like birds and small mammals, and forms monodominant stands in alkaline habitats from Texas to North Dakota, though its oxalate content renders it toxic to grazing livestock, limiting forage value while influencing plant community succession in harsh environments.^[127]

Technology and computing

Thermal interface materials

Thermal grease, also known as thermal paste, is a viscous compound designed to fill microscopic air gaps and surface imperfections between heat-generating components such as central processing units (CPUs) and graphics processing units (GPUs) and their associated heatsinks, thereby enhancing thermal conductivity and heat dissipation.^[128] It typically consists of a silicone or synthetic oil base mixed with thermally conductive fillers, including metal oxides like zinc oxide, to achieve effective heat transfer.^[129] Common formulations exhibit thermal conductivities ranging from 1 to 8 W/m·K, enabling efficient cooling in high-performance electronics.^[128] Key properties of thermal grease include its non-curing nature, which allows it to remain viscous and conformable over extended periods without hardening, and its electrical insulating characteristics, particularly in ceramic-filled variants that prevent short circuits.^[130] It is applied in a thin layer, typically 0.05 to 0.1 mm thick, to optimize contact while minimizing excess material.^[131] Performance is quantified by thermal resistance, calculated as

R_{th} = \frac{d}{k \cdot A},

where d represents the bond line thickness, k is the thermal conductivity, and A is the contact area; lower resistance values correspond to better heat transfer efficiency.^[132] In practical applications, thermal grease is indispensable for PC assembly and overclocking, where it sustains lower operating temperatures to boost system stability and component lifespan.^[128] Premium formulations, such as those with silver particles, demonstrate longevity exceeding eight years by resisting dry-out and maintaining consistent performance under thermal cycling.^[133] Thermal greases are categorized into types like metal-based (e.g., silver-filled for conductivities over 10 W/m·K, suited to demanding cooling needs) and ceramic-based (e.g., boron nitride fillers for safe, non-conductive use in sensitive electronics).^[134] By 2025, innovations in phase-change thermal interface materials have emerged, integrating into grease-like compounds to provide adaptive heat absorption and release, thereby reducing junction temperatures in electric vehicle power electronics and data center servers.^[135] However, challenges such as pump-out—where the material migrates away from the interface due to repeated heating and cooling—can degrade long-term efficacy, underscoring the need for reapplication every few years.^[128] Optimal application employs the pea-sized dot method, placing a small amount (about 3-4 mm in diameter) at the center of the CPU's integrated heat spreader to ensure even distribution under heatsink pressure without excess spillover.^[136]

Software tools and systems

GREASE is an open-source software tool developed by Galois, Inc., released in 2025, designed for binary reverse engineering through under-constrained symbolic execution. It analyzes binaries to uncover hidden vulnerabilities and verify properties, such as detecting bugs in functions by symbolically executing them with initial under-constrained inputs and iteratively refining preconditions using heuristics. The tool supports architectures including AArch32, PPC32, PPC64, and x86_64 on Linux ELF binaries, as well as LLVM bitcode, and is available as a command-line interface, a Ghidra plug-in, and a Haskell library. In cybersecurity applications, GREASE aids in malware detection and analysis of commercial off-the-shelf software by identifying hard-to-spot bugs, such as those leading to CVEs like CVE-2018-13785 in libpng, enhancing assurance in high-security systems.^[137]^[138] Another notable system named GREASE is a Gradle plug-in for creating fat Android Archive (AAR) files, facilitating the distribution of multiple modules in a single package for software development workflows. This tool streamlines build processes in Android project automation, reducing complexity in dependency management for developers. In DevOps contexts, such tools automate repetitive tasks like module packaging and deployment integration, improving efficiency in continuous integration pipelines.^[139] Historically, Greasemonkey, introduced in 2004 as a Mozilla Firefox extension, enabled users to run custom JavaScript userscripts that modify web page content and behavior on-the-fly. It pioneered userscript management, allowing customization of websites for enhanced functionality, ad blocking, or interface tweaks, and influenced subsequent tools like Tampermonkey, which extend similar capabilities across multiple browsers. While spelled differently, Greasemonkey's legacy persists in modern browser automation and extension ecosystems.^[140]^[141] In database operations, SQL Grease, a query optimization tool introduced around 2019, serves as a query optimization tool providing real-time and historical performance data to diagnose and resolve complex SQL issues. It analyzes execution plans and suggests improvements for high-impact queries, supporting DevOps practices in data-intensive environments by automating tuning for scalability.^[142]^[143] Related to industrial applications, systems like ABB's Greacel automate grease production processes through integration with programmable logic controllers (PLCs), enabling batch and in-line manufacturing control, including metering, saponification, and milling for multiple grease types. These PLC-based frameworks ensure precise scheduling and quality in chemical engineering contexts, distinct from general computing software.^[144]

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Remove cerumen using suction or a curette (for soft cerumen) or a loop or hook (for firm cerumen). If needed, extract cerumen using an alligator forceps.
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Solenopsis molesta, also known as the Thief Ant, is a common ant that nests in soil, steals food, and is a household pest. It is omnivorous and predaceous.
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Medium (0.05–0.1 mm), Medium to High, Stays in place, minimal pump-out, easy to apply. Tight-Fit Heatsinks, Small (<0.05 mm), Low to Medium, Flows easily into ...
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:: PCSynapse :: Arctic Silver 5 High-Density Thermal Compound
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roughly the size of a grain of rice or a pea — onto the center of the integrated heat spreader. Install CPU cooler. Use ...
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Greacel™ is able to be integrated with the majority of PLCs or controllers. With Greacel™ you will achieve the total pro- cess control and plant scheduling ...