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Charge

{{Look up|charge|in Wiktionary, the free dictionary}} ''Charge'' is the common English term for electric charge, a fundamental property of matter that causes it to experience a force in an electromagnetic field.^[1] For other uses, see the sections below.

Physical sciences

Electric charge

Electric charge is a fundamental physical property of certain subatomic particles that causes them to experience forces in the presence of electromagnetic fields.^[2] It is a conserved quantity, meaning the total charge in an isolated system remains constant over time.^[2] There are two types of electric charge—positive and negative—with like charges repelling and unlike charges attracting each other.^[3] The modern understanding of electric charge emerged in the 18th century. Benjamin Franklin introduced the convention of positive and negative charges in the 1740s through his static electricity experiments, proposing that electricity behaves like a single fluid where an excess represents positive charge and a deficit negative charge.^[4] In 1785, Charles-Augustin de Coulomb advanced the field by using a torsion balance to measure the electrostatic force between charged objects, establishing the inverse-square law governing their interaction.^[5] The SI unit of electric charge is the coulomb (C), defined as the quantity of charge transported by a constant current of one ampere in one second.^[6] The magnitude of the electrostatic force F between two point charges q_1 and q_2 separated by a distance r in vacuum is described by Coulomb's law:

F = k \frac{q_1 q_2}{r^2}

where k is the Coulomb constant, k \approx 8.99 \times 10^9 \, \mathrm{N \cdot m^2 / C^2}.^[3] Conservation of electric charge holds in isolated systems, as verified experimentally and theoretically in physics.^[3] In particle physics, this principle is evident in the composition of hadrons; for instance, a proton's charge of +1 e arises from two up quarks (each +2/3 e) and one down quark (-1/3 e), ensuring the total matches the observed hadron charge.^[7] Furthermore, electric charge is quantized, occurring in integer multiples of the elementary charge e \approx 1.602 \times 10^{-19} \, \mathrm{C}, the magnitude possessed by protons and electrons.^[8]

Formal charge

In chemistry, formal charge is a hypothetical charge assigned to an individual atom within a molecule or ion, calculated under the assumption that bonding electrons are equally shared between the bonded atoms.^[9] This concept provides a way to evaluate the electron distribution in Lewis structures without considering actual partial charges from electronegativity differences.^[10] The formal charge on an atom is determined using the formula:

\text{Formal charge} = V - N - \frac{B}{2}

where V is the number of valence electrons in the neutral atom (often the group number in the periodic table), N is the number of non-bonding (lone pair) electrons, and B is the number of bonding electrons assigned to that atom.^[9] For example, in the Lewis structure of carbon dioxide (CO₂), the central carbon atom has 4 valence electrons, 0 non-bonding electrons, and 8 bonding electrons (from two double bonds), yielding a formal charge of $4 - 0 - 4 = 0.^[11] The concept of formal charge was developed by Gilbert N. Lewis as part of his foundational work on covalent bonding and Lewis structures, introduced in his 1916 paper "The Atom and the Molecule."^[12] Lewis's approach emphasized shared electron pairs in bonds, with formal charge emerging as a tool to assess structure reasonableness within this framework.^[13] Formal charge is primarily used to predict the most stable Lewis structure among possible arrangements, identify resonance contributors, and explain deviations from the octet rule, thereby aiding in understanding molecular stability and reactivity.^[9] Structures with formal charges closest to zero (or minimized in magnitude) are generally preferred, as they indicate better electron distribution.^[14] For instance, in boron trifluoride (BF₃), the Lewis structure assigns a formal charge of 0 to the boron atom despite its six-electron valence shell, justifying the molecule's stability without an expanded octet.^[15] In organic chemistry, formal charge calculations help pinpoint electrophilic or nucleophilic sites by highlighting atoms with positive or negative formal charges, which often correlate with reactivity.^[9] A key application is in analyzing resonance structures of ions like the sulfate ion (SO₄²⁻), where multiple equivalent forms distribute the -2 charge across oxygen atoms; in each resonance contributor, the sulfur atom bears a +2 formal charge, while two oxygens have 0 and two have -1, emphasizing delocalization for overall stability.^[16] This conceptual tool, distinct from measurable electric charge, facilitates predictions of reaction pathways in complex molecules.^[10]

Engineering and technology

Explosive charge

An explosive charge refers to a precisely measured quantity of high explosive material, such as TNT or C-4, arranged and initiated to produce a detonation that generates a powerful shock wave for fragmenting or breaking solid materials in engineering applications like mining and demolition.^[17] These charges rely on the rapid chemical decomposition of the explosive, releasing high-pressure gases and heat to propagate the detonation front through the material.^[18] High explosives are preferred for their sensitivity to initiation and ability to sustain detonation without confinement, distinguishing them from low explosives that require containment to function effectively.^[19] Explosive charges are categorized into types based on their configuration and intended effect. Shaped charges incorporate a specially formed cavity, often lined with metal, to exploit the Munroe effect, discovered in 1888, which directs the explosive energy into a focused, high-velocity jet capable of penetrating dense materials like armor.^[20] In contrast, bulk charges consist of unmolded or simply placed explosive material in boreholes or open spaces, used primarily for non-directional blasting in mining to fracture rock masses over a broad area.^[21] Shaped charges are engineered for precision, while bulk charges prioritize volume and cost-efficiency in large-scale operations. Key engineering concepts govern the performance of explosive charges. Detonation velocity, the speed at which the reaction propagates, reaches about 8,000 m/s for PETN at densities around 1.7 g/cc, enabling efficient energy transfer in confined spaces.^[18] Brisance, the measure of an explosive's shattering capability, is primarily determined by its detonation pressure and is quantified through tests like sand crushing, with PETN exhibiting 131% the brisance of TNT.^[18] Charge weight is calculated using the Hopkinson-Cranz scaling law to predict blast effects, where the scaled distance Z = \frac{R}{W^{1/3}} relates the standoff distance R to the TNT-equivalent weight W in kilograms, ensuring safe and effective energy distribution.^[22] Historically, explosive charges evolved from black powder applications in 15th-century European mining for quarrying and tunneling, marking the shift from manual labor to mechanized extraction.^[23] By the 20th century, advancements led to shaped charges in World War II weaponry, such as the bazooka rocket launcher, which used them to defeat armored vehicles.^[24] These developments built on earlier mining practices, transitioning from low-velocity black powder to high explosives for greater control and power. Safety and design in explosive charges emphasize controlled detonation to minimize risks. Confinement, achieved through borehole stemming or casings, enhances detonation stability and directs energy, while improper confinement can lead to incomplete reactions or flyrock.^[25] Initiation typically involves detonators, such as electric or non-electric blasting caps, which provide a precise shock to start the main charge without premature activation.^[26] In the United States, the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF) classifies explosives as high (detonable unconfined), low (deflagrating when confined), or blasting agents (non-detonable by standard caps), mandating licensed storage in approved magazines, separation distances, and reporting of incidents to ensure public safety.^[19] Shaped charges also see brief reference in military contexts for penetrating munitions, but their engineering principles remain central to civilian blasting.

Electrical charging

Electrical charging is the process of adding or removing electric charge from an object or device to establish a potential difference, facilitating energy storage or electrical functionality.^[27] This transfer of electrons occurs primarily through three mechanisms: conduction, where charge flows directly upon contact between objects; induction, where a charged object influences charge separation in a neutral one without contact; and friction, involving the rubbing of materials to redistribute electrons based on their positions in the triboelectric series.^[28] The triboelectric series ranks materials by their affinity for gaining or losing electrons, such as glass tending to lose electrons while rubber gains them, leading to net charge accumulation.^[28] Key mechanisms include capacitive charging, where charge accumulates on conductive plates separated by an insulator, governed by the equation

Q = C V

with Q representing the stored charge in coulombs, C the capacitance in farads, and V the applied voltage in volts.^[29] This process builds potential energy proportional to the voltage, commonly used in electronic circuits for temporary storage. Inductive charging provides a wireless alternative, employing electromagnetic fields generated by alternating current in a transmitter coil to induce current in a receiver coil, enabling contactless power transfer over short distances.^[30] In applications like battery charging, lithium-ion cells cycle through charging and discharging as lithium ions intercalate into and deintercalate from electrode materials, storing chemical energy convertible to electrical power.^[31] Fast charging protocols, such as USB Power Delivery 3.1, deliver up to 240 W by dynamically negotiating voltage and current, supporting rapid recharges for devices like laptops and smartphones as of 2025.^[32] Another application is in electrostatic precipitators for pollution control, where high-voltage electrodes charge particulate matter in industrial exhaust via corona discharge, electrostatically attracting particles to oppositely charged collection plates for removal from the gas stream.^[33] Historically, Alessandro Volta's 1800 invention of the voltaic pile marked the first practical chemical storage of electrical charge, stacking alternating zinc and copper discs separated by brine-soaked cardboard to generate a steady current.^[34] This paved the way for modern systems, including electric vehicle charging infrastructure standardized under SAE J1772, with Level 1 using 120 V AC for slow overnight charging (about 1.4–1.9 kW), Level 2 employing 240 V AC for faster rates (up to 19.2 kW), and Level 3 DC fast charging surpassing 350 kW to add significant range in minutes.^[35] Charging efficiency is influenced by Coulomb efficiency, defined as the ratio of output charge to input charge during a cycle, typically exceeding 99% in well-managed lithium-ion systems but degrading with repeated use due to side reactions.^[36] Heat dissipation becomes critical at high rates, as Joule heating from internal resistance can reduce overall energy efficiency and accelerate degradation, necessitating cooling mechanisms. Overcharge prevention relies on battery management systems (BMS), which monitor cell voltages, balance charges across cells, and terminate charging to avert thermal runaway or electrolyte decomposition.^[37]

Law

Criminal charge

A criminal charge is a formal accusation made by a prosecuting authority that an individual has committed a specific offense under criminal law, typically documented in writing to initiate legal proceedings. This accusation outlines the alleged facts and the relevant statutory violations, distinguishing between misdemeanors—lesser offenses punishable by fines or short imprisonment—and felonies, which involve more serious crimes warranting potential lengthy incarceration or other severe penalties. The charge serves as the foundation for arrest, indictment, or summons, compelling the accused to respond in court.^[38]^[39] The process of bringing a criminal charge begins with an investigation by law enforcement, where evidence is gathered to establish probable cause. Once sufficient evidence exists, a prosecutor reviews the case and files the charge, often as a complaint or information for misdemeanors or through a grand jury indictment for felonies. Following filing, the accused appears at an arraignment, where the charges are read, rights are explained, and a plea—guilty, not guilty, or no contest—is entered. Central to any valid charge are the elements of actus reus (the guilty act or omission) and mens rea (the guilty mind or intent), which the prosecution must prove to establish criminal liability. For instance, in assault cases, actus reus might involve physical contact, while mens rea requires intent or recklessness. Plea bargaining often occurs post-arraignment, allowing negotiated resolutions before trial.^[40]^[41]^[42] Key principles govern criminal charges to safeguard due process. The prosecution bears the burden of proof beyond a reasonable doubt—the highest standard in law—meaning the evidence must leave jurors firmly convinced of guilt without plausible alternatives. The Fifth Amendment's Double Jeopardy Clause prohibits retrying an individual for the same offense after acquittal, conviction, or certain mistrials, preventing multiple prosecutions for identical conduct. Additionally, statutes of limitations impose time bars on filing charges; federally, most non-capital offenses must be prosecuted within five years, while many state felonies carry limits of five to ten years, excluding serious crimes like murder with no deadline. These protections ensure timely and fair proceedings.^[43]^[44]^[45] Historically, criminal charges evolved from English common law, where accusations relied on writs and presentments by juries, emphasizing adversarial confrontation. This tradition influenced American law, but mid-20th-century reforms sought standardization amid fragmented state codes. The American Law Institute's Model Penal Code, finalized in 1962 after a decade of drafting, provided a comprehensive framework clarifying offenses, defenses, and sentencing, inspiring over half of U.S. states to revise their penal laws for consistency and clarity.^[46] Illustrative examples include assault charges: simple assault, a misdemeanor involving minor injury or threats without a weapon, contrasts with aggravated assault, a felony using deadly force or causing serious harm, such as striking someone with a bottle during an altercation. Fraud charges, like wire fraud, accuse deceptive schemes for financial gain, requiring proof of intent to defraud through false representations. Globally, variations arise between adversarial systems—prevalent in common law nations like the U.S. and UK, where prosecutors and defense advocate before a neutral judge—and inquisitorial systems in civil law countries like France and Germany, where judges actively investigate and direct proceedings to uncover truth.^[47]^[48]^[49]

Legal charge

A legal charge is an encumbrance placed on a debtor's property to secure the repayment of a debt or the performance of an obligation, granting the creditor enforceable rights over the asset upon default by the debtor.^[50] This security interest allows the creditor to realize value from the property without transferring ownership, commonly exemplified by a mortgage over real estate as a fixed charge.^[51] Unlike unsecured debts, a legal charge provides priority in recovery during insolvency proceedings.^[52] Legal charges are categorized into fixed and floating types based on the nature of the secured assets. A fixed charge attaches to specific, identifiable assets, such as real estate or machinery, restricting the debtor's ability to dispose of them without the creditor's consent from the moment the charge is created.^[53] In contrast, a floating charge covers a class of fluctuating or shifting assets, like inventory or receivables, permitting the debtor to use or sell them in the ordinary course of business until a default event causes the charge to "crystallize" into a fixed one.^[54] Fixed charges generally receive higher priority in liquidation, often paid before floating charges, which may be subordinated to preferential creditors.^[55] Key principles distinguish between equitable and legal charges, particularly in jurisdictions like England and Wales. An equitable charge arises from contractual agreement without immediate transfer of legal title, functioning as an unregistered interest enforceable in equity, while a legal charge requires formal registration to confer full legal rights, such as under the UK's Land Registration Act 2002, which mandates entry on the property register for enforceability against third parties.^[56] Equitable charges may necessitate court intervention for realization, whereas legal charges enable direct action by the creditor.^[57] Enforcement typically involves appointing a receiver to manage and sell the charged assets or pursuing foreclosure through possession and sale, with priority determined by registration order and statutory rules favoring earlier perfected interests over subsequent creditors.^[58]^[59]^[60] The concept of legal charges traces its origins to Roman law's hypotheca, an early non-possessory security over property that influenced medieval European systems.^[61] In England, it evolved through 19th-century equity courts, where the Court of Chancery developed charges as flexible alternatives to rigid common law mortgages, culminating in statutory codification.^[53] Modern reforms, such as the US Uniform Commercial Code Article 9 adopted in the mid-20th century, standardized secured transactions by introducing a unified "security interest" framework for personal property, emphasizing attachment, perfection via filing, and priority rules to facilitate commercial lending.^[62]

Finance

Billing charge

A billing charge refers to a fee or price imposed by a service provider or merchant for goods, services, or credit extended in commercial transactions, encompassing both fixed amounts, such as subscription fees, and variable rates based on usage or transaction volume.^[63] These charges serve as compensation for the provider's costs and are integral to everyday billing practices in retail, hospitality, and financial services.^[64] Common types of billing charges include service charges, which are often added in hospitality settings like restaurants to cover gratuity or operational costs, typically ranging from 15% to 20% of the bill for large parties or events.^[65] Transaction fees, such as credit card surcharges, allow merchants to pass on processing costs to customers and are capped at a maximum of 4% of the transaction amount in the United States as of 2025, though network-specific limits like Visa's 3% may apply. In November 2025, Visa and Mastercard agreed to a settlement allowing surcharges up to 3% on credit card transactions as part of broader fee reductions.^[66]^[67] Late charges, functioning as penalty interest for overdue payments, are another prevalent type, commonly structured as either a flat fee of $25 to $50 or a percentage of 1% to 2% per month on the unpaid balance.^[68] In the United States, legal frameworks provide consumer protections for billing charges, particularly those involving credit. The Truth in Lending Act (TILA), enacted in 1968 and implemented through Regulation Z, mandates clear disclosures of finance charges, including interest rates, fees, and payment terms, to enable informed borrowing decisions.^[69] Usury laws at the state level further regulate these charges by capping maximum interest rates, with limits varying widely—such as 36% annual percentage rate (APR) under the federal Military Lending Act for servicemembers or state-specific caps like 18% in Florida for general loans—to prevent exploitative lending.^[70]^[71] The concept of billing charges traces its roots to medieval Europe, where tolls were levied on travelers for using roads, bridges, and passages to fund infrastructure maintenance, a practice documented as early as the Holy Roman Empire.^[72] This evolved through the Industrial Revolution into formalized fees in commerce, culminating in the digital era post-2000 with the rise of Software as a Service (SaaS) models, pioneered by companies like Salesforce in 1999 and expanded by Amazon Web Services around 2006, which introduced subscription-based and usage-tiered billing for cloud services.^[73] Billing charges can be calculated as flat fees, independent of transaction size—for instance, a $30 late penalty regardless of the original amount—or as percentages, such as 2% of a $1,000 invoice equaling $20, which scales with the bill. These methods highlight the balance between simplicity and proportionality in fee structures, influencing overall transaction costs for consumers.^[68]

Security charge

A security charge is a form of security interest in finance and law that grants a lender or creditor a proprietary right over a debtor's assets to secure the repayment of a debt, allowing the lender to seize, sell, or otherwise enforce against those assets in the event of default or non-payment. This mechanism includes various instruments such as pledges (transfer of possession), liens (statutory or contractual rights to retain property), and hypothecations (pledges without possession transfer), which collectively mitigate the lender's credit risk by tying the obligation to specific collateral.^[74]^[75]^[76] Key types of security charges include equitable charges and floating charges. An equitable charge provides the lender with a beneficial interest in the asset without transferring legal possession or title to the debtor, relying on principles of equity to enforce rights upon default. In contrast, a floating charge secures a class of present and future assets that the debtor can use or dispose of in the ordinary course of business until a default event triggers "crystallization," at which point it converts to a fixed charge, restricting the debtor's control over the collateral.^[77]^[78]^[79] Valuation and risk management in security charges involve assessing coverage through metrics like the loan-to-value (LTV) ratio, often maintained below 80% to ensure sufficient collateral value against the loan amount, alongside subordination clauses that establish priority among multiple creditors. In bankruptcy or insolvency scenarios, secured creditors holding charges typically receive priority over unsecured ones, with assets first applied to satisfy secured claims before distribution to others, though this can be affected by equitable subordination if misconduct is proven. These elements help lenders quantify exposure and enforce recovery efficiently.^[80]^[81]^[82] Globally, security charges are prevalent in common law jurisdictions like the UK and Australia, where they are regulated under frameworks such as the UK's Companies Act 2006, requiring registration of charges at Companies House to establish priority and public notice. In the United States, equivalent secured transactions are governed by Article 9 of the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC), which emphasizes a functional approach to security interests, filing perfection via centralized records, and differs from UK charges by focusing on the debtor's retention of property rights without distinguishing as rigidly between fixed and floating forms.^[83]^[84]^[85] As of 2025, recent developments in security charges extend to crypto assets under the European Union's Markets in Crypto-Assets (MiCA) Regulation, fully applicable since December 2024, which establishes a harmonized framework for crypto-asset services and public offerings to enhance market integrity and investor protection.^[86]^[87]

Military and iconography

Military charge

A military charge is an offensive maneuver in battle in which combatants advance toward the enemy at their maximum speed to engage in close-quarters combat and disrupt defensive lines.^[88] This tactic has been employed across eras, typically involving infantry with bayonets, cavalry on horseback, or later armored vehicles, aiming to exploit momentum and shock to break enemy formations.^[89] One prominent historical example is the Charge of the Light Brigade during the 1854 Battle of Balaclava in the Crimean War, where approximately 670 British cavalrymen advanced into a valley under heavy Russian artillery fire due to a miscommunication in orders.^[90] The assault resulted in about 110 killed and 160 wounded, representing a 40% casualty rate, yet it captured some guns before retreating, becoming a symbol of bravery despite its tactical failure. Another key instance is Pickett's Charge at the 1863 Battle of Gettysburg in the American Civil War, a failed Confederate infantry assault involving around 12,500 men advancing across open fields against entrenched Union positions on Cemetery Ridge.^[91] This one-mile advance under devastating artillery and rifle fire led to over 6,000 Confederate casualties in under an hour, marking a turning point that halted the Confederate invasion of the North.^[92] Tactics for a successful charge often begin with preparation, such as artillery barrages to soften enemy defenses and suppress fire, allowing the attacking force to close the distance with reduced opposition.^[93] Execution emphasizes speed and surprise to maintain momentum, with units advancing in compact formations like columns for rapid deployment or lines to maximize firepower upon contact.^[94] In modern variants, such as the German Blitzkrieg during World War II, tank-led charges integrated armored divisions with motorized infantry and air support to penetrate deep into enemy territory, as seen in the 1940 invasion of France where panzer units bypassed static defenses to reach the English Channel in days.^[95] The outcomes of military charges depend on factors like terrain, which can favor attackers on flat, open ground but expose them to enfilading fire in undulating landscapes, and troop morale, which sustains cohesion under fire and determines whether units hold formation or rout.^[91] High morale, bolstered by leadership and unit cohesion, has historically amplified the shock effect, while poor terrain or low spirits often led to high casualties and failure, as in the Light Brigade's exposed valley advance.^[96] Post-World War I, charges evolved from massed infantry assaults—proven costly in trench warfare—to mechanized operations emphasizing combined arms, with tanks and aircraft replacing horse cavalry to achieve greater speed and protection against machine guns.^[97] In iconography, military charges are frequently depicted in art and memorials to evoke heroism and sacrifice, such as Eugène Delacroix's 1830 painting Liberty Leading the People, which portrays a revolutionary charge across a barricade-strewn street, symbolizing dynamic advance amid chaos.^[98] Napoleonic-era charges inspired romanticized scenes in Delacroix's works, like his sketches of charging horsemen, capturing the fury and motion of cavalry assaults.^[99] Memorials, including the Balaclava monument commemorating the Light Brigade with sculpted cannons and plaques, preserve these events as enduring symbols of valor in public spaces.^[90]

Heraldic charge

In heraldry, a charge is any emblem, device, or graphic image—such as an animal, plant, object, or geometric figure—placed on the field of a shield or escutcheon to form a coat of arms.^[100] These elements serve as the core visual components, distinguishing one bearer's identity from another in a system that developed as a standardized language of symbolism.^[101] Charges are described using blazonry, a specialized terminology that specifies their position, posture, and tincture (color or metal), such as "gules a lion rampant or" for a golden lion on a red field.^[101] Charges are broadly categorized into ordinaries, which are simple geometric shapes like the bend (a diagonal band), chevron (an inverted V), or chief (a horizontal band at the top), and common or proper charges, which depict natural or representational objects such as animals (e.g., a lion or eagle), plants (e.g., a rose), or man-made items (e.g., a sword).^[101] Supporters, external figures like beasts or human forms placed beside the shield, enhance the composition but are distinct from central charges.^[102] Ordinaries often form the structural backbone of a design, while proper charges add specific meaning or allusion. Heraldry originated in medieval Europe during the 12th century, emerging from the need for personal identification in tournaments and warfare, with the earliest formal example recorded in 1128 when Henry I of England granted a shield to Geoffrey of Anjou featuring golden lions.^[103] The practice spread rapidly during the Crusades, particularly the Third Crusade in 1189, evolving from simple colors and shapes to complex charges by the 13th century.^[103] Standardization occurred through heralds who regulated designs for uniqueness; in England, this culminated in the founding of the College of Arms in 1484 by Richard III, which continues to oversee grants and recordings via visitations.^[103] Charges carry symbolic weight, representing virtues, alliances, or heritage; for instance, the lion rampant denotes strength, courage, nobility, and royal authority, as seen in the Royal Arms of Scotland.^[102] The fleur-de-lis, a stylized lily, symbolizes purity and light, often signifying French royal sovereignty or alliances, such as in the quartered English royal arms adopted by Edward III in the 14th century.^[102] Similarly, the eagle evokes power, vigilance, and nobility.^[102] Today, heraldic charges appear in national flags, institutional logos, and civic emblems, preserving their role in identity and tradition.^[104] A key rule governing charges is the rule of tincture, which prohibits placing one color (e.g., red or blue) upon another color or one metal (e.g., gold or silver) upon another metal, ensuring high contrast and visibility from a distance.^[100] This principle, documented in 14th-century treatises and formalized by the 19th century, allows rare exceptions like the arms of Jerusalem (silver with gold crosses) for historical or augmentative purposes.^[100] Tinctures are limited to five colors (gules, azure, vert, purpure, sable) and two metals (or, argent), with furs like ermine adding texture.^[100]

Sports

Charging in basketball

In basketball, a charging foul is an offensive violation that occurs when a player with the ball initiates illegal contact by moving into a defender who has established a legal guarding position. This position requires the defender to be stationary, with both feet on the floor, facing the offensive player, and positioned in the path of the dribbler before the contact happens; the defender's arms may be raised vertically but cannot displace the offensive player illegally.^[105]^[106] According to NBA and FIBA rules, such contact typically targets the defender's torso and results in the offensive team losing possession, with the ball awarded to the defense out of bounds; no free throws are granted unless the foul occurs during a shooting attempt.^[105]^[106] A charge is not called if the defender moves laterally or toward the ball handler after establishing position, as this shifts responsibility to the defense for a potential blocking foul.^[106] The rules governing charging have evolved to balance physicality and fairness, with block/charge calls in the NBA subject to instant replay review since the 2014-15 season to determine if the defender met the establishment criteria, such as being outside the restricted area under the basket.^[105] FIBA guidelines similarly emphasize the defender's verticality principle, where contact must remain upright and non-displacing. Historically, the charging foul was introduced in the 1930-31 season to curb rough play in the increasingly physical game, marking a shift from earlier rules that allowed more aggressive contact by offensive players. In 2022, FIBA updated its official interpretations to clarify pivot foot usage in establishing position, ensuring defenders cannot slide or readjust illegally after initial contact setup.^[107] Charging fouls significantly influence offensive strategy, particularly for drivers like James Harden, who exploit closeouts by initiating contact to draw fouls, though unsuccessful attempts risk a charge call that disrupts momentum and possession.^[108] Defenders, in turn, train to "take" charges by positioning early, a tactic that can deter aggressive drives and force turnovers. A notable example is Game 1 of the 2018 NBA Finals, where officials overturned an initial blocking foul on LeBron James—called when Kevin Durant drove into him—into a charge after replay review, sparking debate over James's foot placement relative to the restricted area and altering the game's flow in Golden State's favor.^[109]

Charging in other sports

In soccer, also known as football, charging is defined as reckless physical contact, typically shoulder-to-shoulder, made without attempting to play the ball, which can result in a direct free kick and potentially a yellow card for careless or reckless conduct under FIFA's Law 12 on Fouls and Misconduct.^[110] This contrasts with basketball's emphasis on the defender's established position, as soccer prioritizes fair play for the ball regardless of stance. Unlike permissible fair charges when contesting the ball, improper charging aims to impede the opponent unlawfully. In American football, excessive force by offensive players falls under unnecessary roughness penalties in NFL Rule 12, Section 2, where a player uses prohibited contact, such as cutting blocks below the waist or unnecessary contact after the play, resulting in a 15-yard penalty and possible ejection if flagrant.^[111] These rules trace back to the sport's evolution from 1890s rugby influences, where early codes sought to curb dangerous physicality to distinguish it from rugby's more fluid contact.^[112] Ice hockey treats charging as a high-speed body check where a player jumps, leaves their feet, or delivers excessive force, penalized under IIHF Rule 42 with a minor (2 minutes), major (5 minutes), or match penalty depending on intent and injury risk.^[113] Notable enforcement in the 2010s included NHL suspensions, such as James Wisniewski's eight-game ban in 2010 for a charging hit that injured Chicago Blackhawks defenseman Brent Seabrook.^[114] This rule emphasizes controlled body checking to prevent airborne or reckless impacts, differing from basketball's focus on verticality and positioning. Rugby defines charging under World Rugby Law 9 on Foul Play as prohibited pushing or contact except shoulder-to-shoulder when pursuing the ball, or illegal entry into rucks/mauls without binding, warranting a penalty kick; charging down kicks remains legal if not endangering the kicker.^[115] These provisions evolved from the sport's 19th-century origins at Rugby School in England, where initial lack of codified tackling led to formalizing safe contact to balance aggression and safety.^[115]

Arts, entertainment, and media

Films

Several films bearing the title "Charge" or close variants have explored themes of pursuit, conflict, and accusation, often drawing on historical or adventurous narratives. The silent short "The Charge of the Light Brigade" (1912), produced by Edison Studios and directed by J. Searle Dawley, dramatizes the infamous 1854 Crimean War cavalry charge against Russian forces, emphasizing the heroism and tragedy of the event through reenactments with a cast including W. Chrystie Miller as Lord Cardigan.) This early cinematic depiction ran approximately 12 minutes and captured the battle's chaos using practical effects for its time.^[116] A more ambitious adaptation, "The Charge of the Light Brigade" (1936), directed by Michael Curtiz for Warner Bros., stars Errol Flynn as Major Vickers in a romanticized tale of British officers entangled in Indian intrigue leading to the fateful charge, blending adventure with anti-war undertones. The production, budgeted at $1.2 million, earned an Academy Award for Best Assistant Director and a nomination for Best Sound Recording.^[117]^[118] The 1968 British film "The Charge of the Light Brigade," directed by Tony Richardson, offers a satirical take on the Victorian era's incompetence, starring Trevor Howard and John Gielgud, with animation sequences critiquing military folly; it received acclaim for its historical accuracy and wit, though it underperformed commercially compared to its predecessor.) In a different vein, the Japanese youth drama "Charge! Hooligans of Hakata" (1978), directed by Gakuryū Ishii, follows a gang of rebellious bikers in Fukuoka clashing with rivals in a raw, punk-infused style that parodies delinquent subcultures, marking Ishii's feature debut with low-budget energy and social commentary on 1970s Japanese youth.^[119] Common motifs across these works include relentless advances—whether literal military charges or metaphorical pursuits—highlighting human ambition's costs, with some variants inspiring brief television adaptations like episodic retellings of the Light Brigade story.^[120]

Music

In music, works titled "Charge" or incorporating the term often evoke themes of energy, confrontation, or emotional intensity, spanning genres from classical marches to contemporary hip-hop and rock. These compositions typically highlight dynamic rhythms and narrative elements, reflecting cultural moments of valor, personal reflection, or social commentary. Early examples draw from historical events, while later ones adapt the motif to personal or societal "charges" in modern life. One seminal piece is the "Charge of the Light Brigade March" composed by E.T. Paull in 1896, a piano march that musically depicts the infamous 1854 Crimean War cavalry charge immortalized in Alfred Lord Tennyson's poem. Published by the E.T. Paull Music Co. in New York, the work features brisk, galloping tempos and triumphant brass-like flourishes in its orchestration, capturing the valor and tragedy of the event with sections building to a climactic crescendo representing the advance into enemy fire.^[121] It became a popular parlor piece in the late 19th century, influencing military band repertoires and symbolizing British imperial heroism in American sheet music culture.^[122] In country music, "No Charge" by Melba Montgomery, released in 1974 on Elektra Records, stands as a poignant ballad written by Harlan Howard that topped the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart for one week and reached number 39 on the Billboard Hot 100. The song narrates a mother's lesson to her son about unconditional love through a child's scribbled "bill" for household chores, delivered with Montgomery's emotive vocals over gentle acoustic guitar and strings, emphasizing themes of familial sacrifice over monetary value. Its crossover success, including a number-one position on the Canadian RPM Country Tracks, underscored its emotional resonance in 1970s Americana.^[123] Shifting to hip-hop, "Charged Up" by Drake, from his 2015 mixtape If You're Reading This It's Too Late, serves as a sharp diss track aimed at rapper Meek Mill, peaking at number 61 on the Billboard Hot 100. Produced by Noah "40" Shebib and Oliver El-Khatib, the track features brooding synths, sparse beats, and Drake's introspective bars asserting dominance in the feud, with lines like "Trigger fingers turn to Twitter fingers" critiquing social media rivalries. It garnered approximately 25 million Spotify streams by 2025, highlighting its role in propelling rap beefs into mainstream discourse and influencing the genre's blend of personal vendettas with commercial production.^[124] Another rap example is "Take Da Charge" by Project Pat from his 2002 album Layin' Da Smack Down on Hypnotize Minds, a Memphis crunk track produced by DJ Paul and Juicy J that embodies street hustle with gritty basslines and call-and-response hooks. The lyrics portray a hustler's assertive lifestyle, sampling Roberta Flack and Donny Hathaway's "The Closer I Get to You" for a soulful contrast to its aggressive flow, contributing to the early 2000s Southern rap scene's raw energy and Three 6 Mafia-affiliated sound.^[125] In alternative rock, Elbow's "Charge" from their 2014 album The Take Off and Landing of Everything explores aging and irrelevance through frontman Guy Garvey's raw vocals over driving guitars and atmospheric builds, imagining an older self overlooked in a bar. Released as a Record Store Day single limited to 1,000 copies, the song's video, featuring British speedway racing, amplifies its themes of fleeting adrenaline, earning praise for its lyrical depth in NME and contributing to the album's Mercury Prize nomination.^[126] The evolution of "charge" in music traces from military-inspired instrumentals like Paull's march, symbolizing collective heroism, to introspective modern tracks in electronic and rap genres that personalize the concept as emotional or confrontational momentum. By 2025, streaming platforms have amplified this shift, with works like Drake's accumulating tens of millions of plays. Some film scores, such as Alan Silvestri's "Charge!" from Back to the Future Part III (1990), briefly reference similar energetic motifs in auditory storytelling.

Television

In television, productions titled "Charge" or variations thereof often explore themes of financial responsibility, personal empowerment, and legal accountability, reflecting the multifaceted nature of the term in episodic formats. These works span sitcoms, youth programming, docuseries, and specialized networks, with broadcast histories tied to public service channels, cable, and digital platforms.^[127] The CHARGE! network, launched on March 28, 2017, by Sinclair Broadcast Group, stands as a dedicated digital multicast channel focusing on police procedurals and action dramas, where law enforcement "charges" into investigations of crime and justice. Available over-the-air in over 60 U.S. markets and reaching approximately 40 million households as of 2025, it features reruns of seminal series like Law & Order: Criminal Intent, CSI: Miami, and Criminal Minds, emphasizing serialized narratives of pursuit and resolution. The network's programming highlights legal motifs, such as wrongful accusations and trial dynamics, without standalone episodes but through ongoing marathons that average 500,000 weekly viewers in key demos. A pioneering example is the British sitcom Charge!, which aired on BBC One from February 28 to March 21, 1969, consisting of five 30-minute episodes centered on financial "charges" in the form of credit investigations. Created by and starring Robert Morley as Herbert Todhunter, a bumbling finance company investigator probing clients' debt risks, the series satirized mid-20th-century consumer credit culture through humorous episodic cases, such as suspecting a vicar of overspending. Directed by John Dexter and others, it drew an estimated 8-10 million viewers per episode, typical for BBC comedy at the time, and showcased guest stars like John Nettleton, underscoring themes of economic accountability in a pre-digital era.^[128] From 2007 to 2012, Charge served as a youth-focused web and TV series on the UK's Community Channel (now part of Sky), broadcasting weekly episodes that highlighted user-generated content from young creators addressing social issues like financial independence and community action. The program, produced by The Media Trust, empowered participants through short-form videos on topics such as budgeting and activism, with an episodic structure encouraging viewer submissions and averaging 100,000 streams per season across digital platforms. It emphasized "taking charge" of one's narrative, aligning with educational motifs in public broadcasting.^[129] Energy-related themes appear in Charge Around the Globe, a 2024 three-part docuseries released on November 18 via Amazon Prime Video, chronicling adventurer Lexie Alford's attempt to circumnavigate the world in a pre-production Ford Explorer electric vehicle. Produced by WracK Media and sponsored by Ford, the episodes trace her 27-country journey, exploring EV charging infrastructure, battery limitations, and global adoption challenges, with each 50-minute segment focusing on regional tech hurdles like sparse stations in remote areas. It builds on historical exploration motifs while addressing modern sustainability, attracting over 1 million views across platforms in its first month.^[130] Episodic examples include "Charge" from The Donna Reed Show (season 8, episode 6, aired October 21, 1965, on ABC), a 30-minute comedy where the Stone family is denied a department store credit card due to no prior history, sparking a lighthearted quest for financial credibility; it drew about 7.5 million viewers, reflecting 1960s suburban consumer norms. Similarly, "Charge" from What's Happening!! (season 3, episode 7, aired November 23, 1978, on ABC) follows teen Rerun's credit card spending spree leading to debt chaos, viewed by roughly 12 million, underscoring 1970s youth and economic folly. These standalone episodes exemplify recurring financial and legal undertones in titled works.^[131]^[132]

Businesses and organizations

Companies

ChargePoint, founded in 2007 and headquartered in Campbell, California, operates the largest EV charging network in North America and Europe, providing access to over 1.25 million charging ports worldwide as of 2025. The company went public in 2021 through a SPAC merger on the New York Stock Exchange under the ticker CHPT, with a market capitalization of approximately $220 million in November 2025. ChargePoint's platform includes hardware for Level 2 and DC fast chargers, cloud-based software for network management, and a mobile app that serves 4.1 million EV drivers, enabling features like station location, payment, and session scheduling.^[133]^[134]^[135]^[136] The company's operations have expanded significantly, including entry into European markets in 2020 through acquisitions and partnerships to support cross-continental roaming. ChargePoint faced operational challenges from global semiconductor shortages between 2022 and 2024, which disrupted EV supply chains and delayed charger deployments across the industry, though the firm mitigated impacts via diversified sourcing. By 2025, ChargePoint has delivered over 367 million charging sessions, equivalent to 17 billion electric miles driven and 646 million gallons of gasoline avoided, underscoring its pivotal role in accelerating the green energy transition by facilitating widespread EV adoption and reducing transportation emissions.^[135] Charge Enterprises, established in 2019 and based in New York City, specializes in integrated infrastructure for telecommunications and EV charging, focusing on hybrid solutions that combine 5G network deployments with electric vehicle support services. The company provides end-to-end project management, including site acquisition, engineering, and installation for EV charging stations and broadband infrastructure, serving utilities, municipalities, and enterprises. In the trailing twelve months ending in early 2024, Charge Enterprises reported revenue of approximately $641 million, driven by growth in its high-margin infrastructure segment amid rising demand for electrification projects. The company filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy on March 7, 2024, with reorganization proceedings ongoing as of 2025.^[137]^[138]^[139]^[140] Historically, early charge card ventures in the 1950s laid groundwork for modern payment systems, with Diners Club launching the world's first multipurpose charge card in 1950 after its founder forgot his wallet at a restaurant. This precursor model, acquired and evolved by Diners Club, influenced the shift from cash-only transactions to deferred payment options, setting the stage for today's credit ecosystems.^[141]

Other organizations

The CHARGE Syndrome Foundation is a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization dedicated to supporting individuals with CHARGE syndrome, a rare genetic disorder, and their families through education, research, advocacy, and resource provision.^[142] Founded in 1993 and headquartered in Buffalo Grove, Illinois, the foundation organizes annual conferences, funds medical research, and maintains a comprehensive resource library to improve diagnosis and quality of life for those affected.^[143] The CHARGE Family Support Group, established in 1987 in the United Kingdom, serves as a parent-led network providing emotional support, information sharing, and advocacy for families of children with CHARGE syndrome.^[144] Operating primarily through online forums and regional meetups, the group facilitates connections among affected families and collaborates with medical professionals to raise awareness about the condition's challenges, including developmental and sensory issues.^[144] The Charge Foundation is a non-profit organization focused on promoting electric vehicle (EV) adoption by addressing infrastructure gaps and equity in access to charging stations.^[145] Launched to support underserved communities, it partners with policymakers and utilities to advocate for expanded EV charging networks, emphasizing environmental sustainability and reduced transportation emissions as key goals. The CHARGE Partnership is a collaborative initiative uniting community health centers, energy providers, and non-profits to enhance energy access and affordability for low-income populations.^[146] Formed to address the intersection of health and energy burdens, it implements programs like solar installations and energy efficiency upgrades at health facilities, aiming to lower operational costs and improve patient care environments.^[146] AAMC CHARGE, an initiative of the Association of American Medical Colleges' Center for Health Justice Equity and Evaluation, fosters collaborative efforts in health equity research, policy, and programming.^[147] Established to tackle systemic disparities in healthcare, it engages a network of researchers, advocates, and institutions through polling, grants, and ambassador programs to drive evidence-based solutions for equitable health outcomes.^[148]

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[PDF] Tactical Surprise: Beyond Platitudes, - DTIC
Exploiting Surprise. Speed in execution is essential not only to creating surprise, but also to exploiting surprise. The enemy is capable of rapid response ...Missing: charge | Show results with:charge
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Infantry Tactics and Combat : Lines : Columns : Squares : Skirmishers
Column was the simplest of all battalion formations and the fastest to advance and maneuver, an excellent device for bringing men more rapidly into action. The ...
[94]
Blitzkrieg (Lightning War) | Holocaust Encyclopedia
These forces would drive a breach in enemy defenses, permitting armored tank divisions to penetrate rapidly and roam freely behind enemy lines, causing shock ...Missing: charges | Show results with:charges
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[PDF] MORALE AS A PRINCIPLE OF WAR
High morale is the most important quality of a soldier. It is a quality of mind and spirit which combines courage, self-discipline, and endurance.
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Warfare 1914-1918
Mar 24, 2021 · The armies of 1918 were structured differently than those of 1914, incorporated new weaponry and operated according to tactical and operational doctrines.
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Eugène Delacroix, Liberty Leading the People - Smarthistory
Eugène Delacroix, Liberty Leading the People (July 28, 1830), September–December 1830, oil on canvas, 260 x 325 cm (Musée du Louvre, Paris)
[98]
Moroccan horsemen in military action Painting by Eugene Delacroix
Feb 14, 2011 · A group of riders on horseback energetically engage in a charge against the backdrop of a setting sun. Smoke billows in the distance as the ...
[99]
The Rule of Tinctures - Heraldica
The so-called rule of tinctures is usually stated as follows: "colour cannot be placed upon colour, nor metal upon metal."
[100]
A Grammar of Blazonry - SCA Heraldry
The medieval herald was expected to apply the Rule of Tincture to the blazons, and understand that gold charges couldn't possibly be on an argent field, nor red ...
[101]
[PDF] Heraldry-For-Beginners.pdf
Consider also an heraldic sealion: half rampant lion, half fish. In their ... lions with France's lilies (fleur-de-lis), their royal emblem. He did not ...<|separator|>
[102]
Heraldry: The beginnings
Heraldry began with personal signs, moved to shields, and was first formally seen in 1128. Troubadours and heralds were early messengers. The 12th century ...
[103]
The History of Coats of Arms and Heraldry - Historic UK
A coat of arms is a hereditary device, borne upon a shield, and devised according to a recognised system. This system was developed in northern Europe in the ...
[104]
RULE NO. 12: Fouls and Penalties - NBA Official
The technical foul must be charged to an individual. A technical foul cannot be assessed for physical contact when the ball is alive. EXCEPTION: Fighting fouls ...Comments on the Rules · Free Throws · RULE NO. 13: Instant Replay
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[PDF] 2024 Official Basketball Rules
Oct 1, 2024 · FIBA Central Board. Mies, Switzerland, 26th April 2024. Valid as of 1st October 2024 v 1.0a. Page 3. October 2024. OFFICIAL ... RULE SIX – FOULS ...
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[PDF] OBRI – OFFICIAL INTERPRETATIONS - basketref.com
The interpretations presented in this document are the FIBA Official Interpretations of the FIBA Official Basketball Rules 2022 and are effective as of 1st ...
[107]
James Harden's foul-drawing mastery is unstoppable - ESPN
Nov 30, 2018 · Harden possesses a deep bag of tricks, all designed to drive defenders crazy and get the reigning MVP to the line at an historic clip.Missing: strategy | Show results with:strategy
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Toumani Camara finished the 2024-2025 season with more charges ...
Apr 17, 2025 · Toumani Camara finished the 2024-2025 season with 31 total charges drawn. That's more than: 76ers (30), Magic (28), Rockets (27), Pistons (26), Cavaliers (25), ...
[109]
Why Refs Changed Foul Block-Charge Call on LeBron James in ...
Jun 1, 2018 · Tyronn Lue and the NBA world are baffled by the controversial foul change on LeBron James in Game 1 of the Finals · J.R. Smith had a perplexing ...
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Law 12 - Fouls and Misconduct - The FA
Law 12 covers fouls like direct/indirect free kicks, handballs, and indirect free kicks for dangerous play, dissent, and other offenses.
[111]
[PDF] 2025 OFFICIAL PLAYING RULES OF THE NATIONAL FOOTBALL ...
... unnecessary roughness rules applicable to all player positions. If the passer stops behind the line to clearly establish a passing posture, he will then be ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[112]
2025 NFL Rulebook - NFL Football Operations
The game shall be played upon a rectangular field, 360 feet in length and 160 feet in width. The lines at each end of the field are termed End Lines.Rule Changes · Playing Field Details · Order of the Rules
[113]
[PDF] IIHF Official Rulebook 2024/25
The rules of ice hockey start with respecting the sport itself. This means ... RULE 48 ILLEGAL CHECK TO THE HEAD OR NECK. 48.1. ILLEGAL CHECK TO THE ...
[114]
NHL suspends Wisniewski eight games - Sportsnet
Mar 18, 2010 · The NHL came down hard on James Wisniewski, handing the Anaheim Ducks defenceman an eight-game suspension Thursday for his hit on Chicago's Brent Seabrook.<|control11|><|separator|>
[115]
9 Foul play - World Rugby Passport
9.1 When a player and an opponent are running for the ball, neither player may charge or push the other except shoulder-to-shoulder. Sanction: Penalty. Videos.
[116]
Evaluating the Impact of Video Assistant Referee Implementation in ...
Apr 23, 2025 · The results revealed significant reductions in fouls, yellow cards, and offsides (p < 0.001), and a significant increase in penalties awarded (p ...
[117]
NFL-League heralds helmet technology for reduction in concussion ...
Feb 5, 2025 · Concussions fell to a record low this season, down 17% from the previous campaign, amid improvements to helmet technology and after the league ...<|control11|><|separator|>
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The Charge of the Light Brigade (Short 1912) - IMDb
Rating 6.2/10 (73) Retelling of the famous incident in the 1854 Crimean War when a British cavalry unit, because of a mix-up in orders, charged an almost impregnable Russian ...
[119]
The Charge of the Light Brigade (1936) - Box Office and Financial ...
Financial analysis of The Charge of the Light Brigade (1936) including production budget, domestic and international box office gross, DVD and Blu-ray sales ...
[120]
The Charge of the Light Brigade (1936) - IMDb
Rating 7/10 (5,742) A major countermands orders and attacks to avenge a previous massacre of men, women, and children.
[121]
Charge! Hooligans of Hakata (1978) - Gakuryu Ishii - Letterboxd
Gakuryū Ishii's first feature-length film, Charge! Hooligans of Hakata, is best viewed as the embodiment of independent filmmaking and punk sensibilities ...
[122]
The Charge of the Light Brigade | Errol Flynn, Battle of ... - Britannica
American historical film, released in 1936, that was loosely based on the futile British cavalry charge against heavily defended Russian troops at the Battle ...
[123]
Charge of the Light Brigade March ... - Levy Sheet Music Collection
Composer/Artist. by E.T. Paull. ; Publisher. E.T. Paull Music Co., 44 West 29th St. ; Publisher Location. New York ; Publication Date. 1894 ; Form of Composition.
[124]
Charge of the Light Brigade march, by E. T. Paull | The Online Books ...
Title: Charge of the Light Brigade march ; Author: Paull, E. T., 1858-1924 ; Note: E.T. Paull Music Co., 1896 ; Link: page images at HathiTrust.
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Melba Montgomery's Only No. 1 Hit, A Mother's Love, “No Charge”
Jul 30, 2019 · This song was written by Harlan Howard. Popularized by Melba Montgomery and was a no.1 hit in 1974 in both U.S. and Canada.
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Drake - Charged Up - Spotify Chart History - Kworb.net
Spotify Chart History Title: Charged Up Artist: Drake Show: Weekly · Daily | Positions · Streams · Both. Date, CA. Total, 30,594. Peak, 181 (30,594).
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Project Pat – Take Da Charge Lyrics - Genius
Take Da Charge Lyrics [Verse 1] She's a freaky young gal, a bisexual But a hustler though, that'll sell some snow Wit' that juicy, fat thang, I can't let you ...
[128]
Charge by Elbow - Songfacts
This Take Off and Landing of Everything track finds Elbow frontman Guy Garvey picturing himself in a couple of decade's time as an old rocker.Missing: details | Show results with:details
[129]
CHARGE! TV - Shows, Schedules, Find CHARGE! in Your Area
As one of the fastest growing free TV networks, CHARGE! is all-in on police drama every day, including exciting weekend marathons you'll love to binge.Schedule · Shows · Watch Live · Advertise on CHARGEMissing: titled | Show results with:titled
[130]
Charge! - BBC1 Sitcom - British Comedy Guide
Charge! TV sitcom; BBC One; 1969; 5 episodes (1 series). Created by and starring actor and wit Robert Morley, Charge! follows Herbert Todhunter, ...
[131]
Charge (TV Series 2007– ) - IMDb
Charge: Featuring empowering videos and media projects made by young people.Missing: titled | Show results with:titled
[132]
A&E's Groundbreaking Documentary Series "Accused: Guilty or ...
May 3, 2022 · “Accused: Guilty or Innocent?” was a Top 10 True Crime series in 2021.1 The series reached 5.6 million Total Viewers in its second season.2.
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'Charge Around the Globe' Journeys to Amazon Prime | Ford of Europe
Nov 18, 2024 · The “Charge Around the Globe” documentary series spans three episodes with running times of around 50 minutes each and will be available to ...
[134]
"The Donna Reed Show" Charge (TV Episode 1965) - IMDb
Rating 7.6/10 (18) Charge ... Donna applies for a credit card at a department store and is denied. It turns out that the Stone's have never charged anything and thus have no credit ...
[135]
"What's Happening!!" Charge (TV Episode 1978) - IMDb
Rating 7/10 (39) Charge: Directed by Mark Warren. With Ernest Thomas, Haywood Nelson, Fred Berry, Danielle Spencer. Rerun goes on a spending spree with his new credit card.
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ChargePoint Holdings, Inc. (CHPT) Stock Price, News, Quote & History
ChargePoint Holdings, Inc. was founded in 2007 and is headquartered in Campbell, California.Missing: headquarters stations
[137]
ChargePoint (CHPT) - Market capitalization - Companies Market Cap
As of November 2025 ChargePoint has a market cap of $0.22 Billion USD. This makes ChargePoint the world's 8365th most valuable company by market cap according ...
[138]
Making Electric Easy for Everyone | ChargePoint
**Summary of ChargePoint (https://www.chargepoint.com/about):**
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https://stockanalysis.com/stocks/crgeq/statistics/
[140]
Charge Enterprises - Valuation, Investors, Acquisition - PitchBook
When was Charge Enterprises founded? Charge Enterprises was founded in 2019. ; Where is Charge Enterprises headquartered? Charge Enterprises is headquartered in ...
[141]
Charge Enterprises - Overview, News & Similar companies - ZoomInfo
Charge Enterprises is a group of companies that build, design, and operate seamless infrastructure for electric vehicles and high-speed broadband.<|separator|>
[142]
Charge Enterprises (CRGEQ) Statistics & Valuation - Stock Analysis
May 6, 2024 - CRGEQ was delisted (reason: shares cancelled) ... In the last 12 months, CRGEQ had revenue of $641.37 million and -$41.35 million in losses.
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History and Legacy - Diners Club International
1950. We become the world's first multipurpose charge card, launched by Frank McNamara after he forgot his wallet at a New York restaurant.
[144]
About the Foundation
The CHARGE Syndrome Foundation, Inc. is a 501(c)(3) charitable organization that is governed by a Board of volunteers composed of up to 12 members.<|separator|>
[145]
CHARGE Syndrome Foundation, Inc.
Its mission is to establish, maintain, and distribute information about CHARGE syndrome and provide support to affected families. The foundation supports the ...Missing: named | Show results with:named
[146]
CHARGE Family Support Group
The CHARGE Family Support Group was set up in 1987 when a doctor passed the name of Sheila Draper onto other families with a CHARGE child.
[147]
Charge Foundation
Charge Foundation is a non-profit organization dedicated to accelerating EV adoption and expanding charging infrastructure. We are not affiliated with or ...About Us · Our Team · Get Involved · Blog
[148]
CHARGE Partnership
The CHARGE Partnership is a nationwide energy program for Community Health Centers. Motivated by the urgent need to tackle issues at the intersection of ...
[149]
AAMC CHARGE | AAMC Center For Health Justice
AAMC CHARGE cultivates the health equity community by advancing collaborative research, policy, and programmatic solutions to health and health care ...
[150]
Join AAMC CHARGE
AAMC CHARGE cultivates the health equity community by advancing collaborative research, policy, and programmatic solutions to health and health care ...<|control11|><|separator|>