Fact-checked by Grok 2 weeks ago

Stand

Stand is a polysemous word in the English language, functioning as both a verb and a noun, with the verb form documented as having 119 distinct meanings and the noun 56, many centered on concepts of upright posture, support, position, and resistance to change.^[1]^[2] The core verbal sense involves maintaining an erect position on one's feet or supporting an object without movement, as in "to stand still," while nominal uses include a platform or booth for display or sale, a declared opinion or policy, and a group of trees in forestry contexts.^[3] Originating from Old English standan, the word traces etymologically to Proto-Germanic *standaną and ultimately to the Proto-Indo-European root *steh₂- meaning "to stand" or "to place," reflecting its ancient association with stability and placement.^[1] As an irregular strong verb, it conjugates as stand, stood, stood, preserving Germanic ablaut patterns, and features extensively in phrasal verbs such as "stand up," "stand by," and "stand for," which extend its semantic range to include reliability, tolerance, and representation.^[4] Its versatility underscores its frequency in everyday speech and literature, embodying fundamental human experiences of posture, stance, and endurance.^[2]

General concepts

Physical posture and action

Standing refers to a bipedal posture in which the human body is held upright, with weight primarily supported by the feet and the center of mass projected over the base of support formed by the feet.^[5] This posture requires continuous neuromuscular control to maintain balance against gravitational forces, involving multi-joint coordination strategies that minimize muscular effort while ensuring stability.^[6] The spinal column's natural curvatures—cervical and lumbar lordosis, and thoracic kyphosis—facilitate load distribution and equilibrium during standing.^[7] The action of assuming a standing position, such as rising from a seated or supine state, entails a coordinated sequence of joint movements in the sagittal plane, including hip and knee extension driven by lower limb musculature.^[8] Key antigravity muscles, such as the erector spinae in the back and soleus in the calf, sustain this posture through tonic activity, countering perturbations via proprioceptive feedback from the vestibular, visual, and somatosensory systems.^[9] Biomechanical models demonstrate that effective standing optimizes the alignment of body segments to reduce joint torques and energy demands, with deviations leading to increased sway or fatigue.^[10] Physiologically, transitioning to standing reduces venous return due to gravitational pooling in the lower extremities, prompting baroreceptor-mediated adjustments in heart rate and vascular tone to preserve cerebral perfusion.^[11] Energy expenditure during quiet standing exceeds that of sitting by approximately 0.15 kcal per minute, equivalent to an additional 54 kcal over six hours for a 70 kg individual, primarily from heightened postural muscle activation.^[12] ^[13] Prolonged standing, however, imposes static loading on the musculoskeletal system, elevating risks of lower back pain, leg swelling, varicose veins, and muscular fatigue due to sustained isometric contractions and impaired circulation.^[14] ^[15] These effects arise from cumulative shear forces on intervertebral discs and venous stasis, contrasting with sitting's metabolic drawbacks but underscoring the need for dynamic posture alternation to mitigate orthopedic strain.^[16] Empirical studies link occupational standing exceeding four hours daily to heightened incidence of chronic venous insufficiency and joint disorders, independent of body mass index.^[17]

Attitudinal stance and position-taking

Taking a stand, in the context of attitudinal stance, denotes the deliberate adoption and defense of a firm position on a matter of principle, policy, or value, often entailing public commitment amid opposition or uncertainty. This involves aligning one's beliefs, statements, and actions with a reasoned evaluation, prioritizing consistency over accommodation.^[18] The phrase emphasizes resilience, as in "stand firm," distinguishing it from mere opinion-holding by requiring active assertion against counterpressures.^[1] Etymologically, "stand" traces to Proto-Indo-European *steh₂- ("to stand"), evolving through Old English standan ("to occupy a place, stand firm, oppose") to convey steadfastness in position, both literal and figurative. By the Middle English period, it extended to moral and rhetorical contexts, implying a defensive posture akin to physical bracing. In ancient Greek discourse, the concept parallels "stasis," a term for factional discord or "standing" disagreement in civic debates, where participants formalized positions to resolve conflicts through argumentation rather than evasion.^[19] Philosophically and rhetorically, taking a stand functions as a mode of practical reasoning, where one integrates empirical observation with axiomatic principles to justify a viewpoint, as seen in deliberative traditions from Aristotle onward.^[20] It contrasts with relativistic postures by demanding accountability; for instance, failure to stand invites exploitation of ambiguity, per analyses of communicative ethics.^[21] In political theory, it constitutes a discrete action type, prioritizing declarative commitment over negotiation, which can mobilize allies but risks isolation if unsubstantiated.^[18] Psychologically, attitudinal stances underpin attitude-behavior consistency, where cognitive and affective components solidify into behavioral intentions, as modeled in theories like the ABC framework (affective, behavioral, cognitive).^[22] Empirical studies show that publicly taking a stand enhances commitment via cognitive dissonance reduction, with individuals more likely to act in alignment post-declaration, though this varies by perceived legitimacy of the basis (e.g., evidence-based vs. emotive).^[23] In therapeutic or interpersonal contexts, client stances influence relational dynamics, with firm positions fostering affiliation when reciprocated authentically.^[24] Sources attributing undue neutrality to equivocal positions often reflect institutional incentives toward consensus over truth, as critiqued in rhetorical scholarship wary of bias in academic discourse.^[25]

Structural and environmental uses

Supports and fixtures

A stand, in the context of supports and fixtures, refers to a freestanding or base-mounted framework designed to bear the weight of objects, maintain their position, and provide stability against vertical and lateral forces. These structures are engineered for load-bearing capacity, often using materials like steel, aluminum, or reinforced composites to ensure durability in static or dynamic environments.^[26]^[27] Common types include adjustable support stands used in laboratory and industrial settings, featuring mechanisms such as telescoping poles or scissor lifts to allow height variation from under 1 meter to over 2 meters, enabling precise workpiece elevation for inspection or machining.^[27] In material handling, these stands incorporate booms or roller arms to extend reach, supporting loads ranging from lightweight tools to heavy equipment while minimizing operator strain.^[27] In testing and calibration applications, structural stands serve as fixtures to isolate test articles from extraneous vibrations; for instance, piano-wire-stinger-compatible stands reduce transverse force inputs during modal analysis, ensuring accurate measurement of mechanical properties.^[28] Similarly, in aerospace engineering, reflector support fixtures for satellite models, such as those developed for the Applications Technology Satellite-6 launched in 1974, provide rigid hubs to align parabolic antennas, withstanding launch stresses and orbital conditions.^[29] Display stands function as fixtures in retail and exhibition environments, with floor-standing variants supporting product arrays up to 100-200 kg per unit, constructed from modular aluminum frames or wood for aesthetic and functional integration.^[30] These are distinct from manufacturing fixtures, which prioritize workpiece clamping over elevation, though hybrid designs overlap in precision positioning.^[31] Environmental deployments, such as outdoor light stands, employ weighted bases or stakes to counter wind loads exceeding 50 km/h, ensuring operational integrity in variable conditions.^[32]

Natural and grouped formations

In ecology and forestry, a stand denotes a contiguous community of trees, shrubs, or other vegetation that exhibits relative uniformity in species composition, age, spatial arrangement, structure, and environmental conditions, enabling it to function as a distinct ecological or management unit.^[33] These formations arise naturally through processes such as seed dispersal, ecological succession following disturbances like fire or windthrow, and interspecies competition for resources including light, water, and soil nutrients.^[34] Foresters delineate stands by assessing attributes like tree density (typically measured in stems per hectare), basal area, and canopy layering to map homogeneous areas within larger forests.^[35] Stands are classified by attributes such as even-aged (where most trees originated from a single disturbance event, leading to synchronized growth phases) or uneven-aged (featuring multiple age classes from continuous recruitment and mortality), influencing their resilience to pests, climate variability, and harvesting.^[33] Pure stands consist predominantly of one species, as seen in monoculture-like conifer plantations or natural post-fire regenerations of species like lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta), while mixed stands integrate multiple species, fostering greater biodiversity and structural complexity through varied heights, diameters, and crown interactions.^[36] Natural stand development follows predictable dynamics: initiation via seedling establishment, stem exclusion as competition intensifies, understory reinitiation, and old-growth phases marked by gap dynamics and deadwood accumulation.^[34] Beyond forests, analogous stand formations occur in other ecosystems, such as grassland bunchgrass stands or wetland reed beds, where clonal growth or seed rain creates clustered, uniform patches adapted to local hydrology and soil.^[33] These grouped structures enhance ecosystem services like carbon sequestration—mature forest stands can store 200-500 metric tons of carbon per hectare—and habitat provision, though they remain vulnerable to fragmentation from climate-induced shifts, with studies documenting altered stand composition in response to droughts since the 1980s.^[35] Stand-level assessments, often using metrics like the Shannon diversity index for species evenness, underpin conservation efforts to maintain natural variability against homogenization pressures.^[37]

Domain-specific terminology

Sports and recreation

In spectator sports, "stands" denote the tiered seating structures or areas where audiences observe events, often providing elevated views of the playing field.^[38] These facilities, which may include fixed bleachers or grandstands, accommodate thousands of fans and are integral to venues like stadiums and arenas, with historical examples dating to ancient Roman circuses but modern forms emerging in the 19th century alongside organized athletics. In cricket, a "stand" specifically refers to the duration two batsmen remain at the crease together or the runs accumulated during that partnership, serving as a key metric for assessing batting resilience and collaboration.^[39] Notable records include the 624-run first-wicket stand by Sanath Jayasuriya and Marvan Atapattu for Sri Lanka against Zimbabwe in 2004, highlighting how prolonged stands can decisively influence match outcomes by building innings totals. Such partnerships are quantified in scorecards and analyzed for tactical implications, with averages exceeding 100 runs considered exceptional. Recreational hunting employs "stands" as elevated platforms, such as tree stands, positioned to overlook game trails for improved visibility and concealment, with usage peaking during seasons like deer hunting in North America where safety standards mandate harnesses to prevent falls. These structures, often portable and installed at heights of 15-20 feet, enhance success rates by minimizing ground-level disturbances, though data from wildlife agencies indicate they contribute to a significant portion of hunting injuries if improperly used.

Legal and procedural contexts

In legal proceedings, particularly trials, the term "stand" most prominently refers to the witness stand, a designated raised platform or enclosed area in the courtroom where witnesses provide sworn testimony under oath.^[40] The witness stand is typically positioned adjacent to the judge's bench to facilitate clear audibility and visibility for the court, jury, and attorneys, ensuring the witness faces the proceedings while being isolated from direct influence by parties involved.^[41] To "take the stand" means for a witness to be called by an attorney, approach the designated area, affirm or swear an oath to tell the truth—often on a religious text or via a secular affirmation—and then deliver testimony subject to direct examination by the calling party and cross-examination by opposing counsel. This procedure, rooted in common law traditions, applies in both civil and criminal cases across U.S. jurisdictions, with federal rules under the Federal Rules of Evidence governing admissibility and conduct to prevent coaching or undue influence during testimony.^[41] Witnesses remain on the stand until excused by the court, at which point they may be subject to recall later in the trial, and any communication with attorneys during breaks is restricted to avoid tainting the record.^[42] Defendants in criminal trials possess a constitutional right under the Fifth Amendment not to testify, invoking the privilege against self-incrimination; if they choose to take the stand, they waive this protection and become subject to full cross-examination, potentially exposing vulnerabilities in their defense.^[43] Courts instruct juries that no adverse inference can be drawn from a defendant's silence, a safeguard affirmed in cases like Griffin v. California (1965), yet strategic decisions often weigh the risks of perjury charges or inconsistent statements against the benefits of personal narrative.^[44] In appellate contexts, a lower court's ruling or decision "stands" if upheld, indicating it remains valid without modification, as affirmed by the reviewing court's affirmation of the original judgment.^[44]

Military and tactical terms

In military terminology, "stand" often denotes a state of readiness, a defensive posture, or a complete equipment set for combat. These usages emphasize tactical preparedness against threats, rooted in historical doctrines where forces assumed positions to counter low-visibility attacks or overwhelming odds.^[45]^[46] "Stand-to," short for "stand-to-arms," refers to a procedure where troops assume combat positions at dawn and dusk, times historically associated with heightened enemy activity due to reduced visibility. Originating at least as early as the Napoleonic Wars and formalized in World War I trench warfare, it involved soldiers standing with rifles at the ready, followed by inspections and rum rations before standing down once light improved. Tactically, it served to deter surprise assaults, with units maintaining vigilance until patrols confirmed safety; failure to stand-to could invite infiltration, as evidenced by British Expeditionary Force routines in 1914. Modern militaries, including the U.S. Army, retain analogous alerts for rapid response.^[45]^[47]^[48] A "last stand" describes a final defensive action by a outnumbered force holding a position against superior enemy numbers, typically to delay advance or protect retreat, with no expectation of relief or victory. This term encapsulates scenarios like the Battle of Little Bighorn on June 25-26, 1876, where U.S. 7th Cavalry elements under Lt. Col. George Custer were annihilated by Lakota, Northern Cheyenne, and Arapaho warriors, resulting in 268 American deaths amid tactical overextension. Such stands prioritize causal attrition on attackers through fortified terrain, though outcomes hinge on ammunition sustainability and morale; historical analyses note they often stem from command miscalculations rather than deliberate strategy.^[49]^[50]^[51] "Stand of arms" designates a full infantry kit for one soldier, comprising a musket or rifle, bayonet, ramrod, and accoutrements like a cartridge box, standardized for logistical efficiency in 18th- and 19th-century armies. U.S. contracts, such as Eli Whitney's 1798 production of 10,000 stands for the War Department, ensured interchangeable parts for rapid assembly and repair, addressing supply chain vulnerabilities exposed in the Revolutionary War. This unit of account facilitated militia equipping, where able-bodied men provided their own stand, enabling scalable mobilization without state armories.^[52]^[53] Complementary terms include "stand down," the cessation of alert status post-threat abatement, allowing rest while maintaining partial readiness, and "stand fast," an order to hold ground amid maneuver, preserving formation integrity against flanking. These reflect doctrinal emphasis on disciplined positioning over mobility in attritional warfare.^[54]^[55]

Technical and specialized applications

Photography and imaging

In photography and imaging, stands serve as essential supports for stabilizing cameras, lenses, and lighting equipment to minimize motion blur, enable precise positioning, and facilitate long-exposure shots. Tripods, featuring three extendable legs, provide the highest degree of stability by distributing weight evenly and allowing hands-free operation, making them ideal for landscape, macro, and astrophotography where shutter speeds below 1/60 second are common to avoid camera shake.^[56] Monopods, with a single adjustable leg, offer a compromise between stability and mobility, weighing up to 50% less than tripods and collapsing to shorter lengths for easier transport during wildlife or sports photography, though they require the photographer to hold the camera for full support.^[56] ^[57] Light stands, distinct from camera supports, are vertical poles designed to hold strobes, continuous lights, reflectors, or modifiers aloft, typically with load capacities ranging from 5 to 22 pounds depending on the model. Standard light stands, often air-cushioned to prevent abrupt drops that could damage gear, reach heights of 6 to 12 feet and are constructed from aluminum for durability or carbon fiber for reduced weight in field use.^[32] ^[58] C-stands, or century stands, feature a unique nested leg design for superior lateral stability and include a removable grip arm for overhead rigging, serving as the industry standard in professional studios since their development in early Hollywood for motion picture lighting.^[32] ^[59] Specialized variants include boom stands, which extend horizontally via a pivoting arm for positioning lights above subjects without obstructing the frame, and low-boy stands with shorter risers for tabletop or ground-level setups in product imaging.^[60] These stands often incorporate features like quick-release mounts and sandbag compatibility to counter wind or uneven surfaces, ensuring consistent illumination ratios critical for high-dynamic-range imaging.^[32] In digital imaging workflows, such supports integrate with tethered shooting rigs, where stability prevents misalignment during multi-frame composites for extended depth-of-field or HDR merging.^[59]

Other technical processes

In propulsion engineering, a test stand refers to a specialized fixture designed to secure and evaluate rocket engines or motors during static firing tests, measuring parameters such as thrust, pressure, and performance without full vehicle flight. These structures, often constructed from reinforced concrete or steel frameworks, accommodate vertical or horizontal orientations to simulate operational conditions while containing exhaust plumes and vibrations. For instance, NASA's A-2 Test Stand at Stennis Space Center supports vertical firing of liquid rocket engines under altitude-simulated vacuum environments to assess ignition, throttling, and shutdown sequences. In metallurgical processing, a rolling mill stand constitutes the core assembly within continuous rolling mills, housing pairs of work rolls and backup rolls that progressively reduce the thickness and shape metal billets, slabs, or coils through compressive forces. Each stand typically features adjustable housings, hydraulic screws for roll gap control, and cooling systems to manage heat generated during deformation, enabling high-throughput production of sheets, bars, or structural sections. Modern stands incorporate automated controls for precise gauge tolerance, with capacities handling forces up to several thousand tons per roll pair in tandem configurations.^[61] Laboratory retort stands, also known as support or ring stands, provide stable platforms for securing glassware, clamps, and sensors during chemical experiments, preventing spills and enabling precise positioning over heat sources or stirrers. Composed of a heavy cast-iron base for stability, a vertical stainless steel or enameled rod (typically 400–600 mm tall), and interchangeable rings or bosses, these stands facilitate setups for distillation, titration, or reflux operations by distributing loads evenly. Their design minimizes corrosion from reagents, with rod diameters standardized at 10–16 mm to accommodate universal clamps.^[62]

Popular culture and media

Comics and animation

In Hirohiko Araki's manga JoJo's Bizarre Adventure, serialized in Weekly Shōnen Jump, a Stand is defined as the physical manifestation of an individual's life energy, serving as a versatile supernatural power unique to the series' narrative framework.^[63] These entities were first introduced in Part 3, Stardust Crusaders, which began serialization in March 1989 and ran until April 1992, marking a shift from prior supernatural techniques like Hamon to this ability-based system for depicting confrontations.^[64] Araki has stated that Stand abilities frequently form the initial concept in character development, with the entity's form and powers tailored to reflect the user's psyche and role in the story.^[65] Stands exhibit diverse characteristics, including humanoid forms with enhanced physical parameters—rated on scales for destructive power, speed, range, durability, precision, and developmental potential—or non-humanoid objects and phenomena with specialized effects, such as time manipulation or reality alteration.^[66] Core rules govern their operation: Stands are imperceptible and intangible to non-Stand users, inflict reciprocal damage on their user if harmed, operate within defined effective ranges (from close-quarters melee to remote or automatic activation), and cannot be directly copied, ensuring strategic asymmetry in engagements.^[67] Names derive predominantly from musical artists, albums, or songs, a convention Araki adopted to evoke thematic resonance and facilitate memorability.^[68] Subsequent manga parts expanded the system, introducing evolutions like Requiem Stands (achieved via specific artifacts granting near-omnipotent nullification of actions) and multi-stage or arrow-enhanced variants, while maintaining the emphasis on creative, ability-driven tactics over raw physicality.^[67] This framework has sustained the series' serialization across nine parts to date, influencing plot progression through escalating power interactions and user psychology. Anime adaptations by David Production, commencing with Parts 1 and 2 in October 2012 and extending to Stand-centric arcs from Stardust Crusaders in 2014, faithfully render these elements with fluid animation emphasizing Stand cries (vocalizations like "Ora!" or "MuDA!"), rapid combat sequences, and visual effects for abstract abilities. The medium amplifies the manga's stylized aesthetics, using dynamic camera work and particle effects to convey Stand parameters and clashes, as seen in battles like Jotaro Kujo's Star Platinum versus Dio Brando's The World.^[69] Later seasons, including Golden Wind (2018) and Stone Ocean (2021–2023), further integrate Stand evolutions, preserving Araki's original designs while adapting for episodic pacing and voice acting to personify user-Stand bonds.^[63] The system's adaptability has contributed to the anime's acclaim for innovative fight choreography, distinguishing it among shōnen battle formats.^[70]

Literature

The Stand is a post-apocalyptic novel by American author Stephen King, first published on October 3, 1978, by Doubleday.^[71] The narrative centers on a man-made superflu virus, known as Captain Trips, that escapes a U.S. government laboratory and kills over 99% of the world's population, leaving survivors divided between forces of good led by the elderly Mother Abagail and evil embodied by the demonic Randall Flagg.^[72] King's work explores themes of morality, survival, and apocalyptic judgment through an ensemble cast, drawing on biblical motifs such as the struggle between righteousness and sin.^[73] An expanded edition, The Stand: The Complete and Uncut Edition, was released in 1990 by Viking, restoring approximately 400 pages of material cut from the original for length, including additional backstory on characters and supernatural elements.^[73] This version extends the plot's scope, emphasizing psychic dreams that guide survivors to their respective camps in Boulder, Colorado, and Las Vegas. The novel's length—over 1,100 pages in the uncut form—reflects its epic structure, blending horror, fantasy, and speculative fiction to depict societal collapse and human resilience.^[72] King has described The Stand as his favorite among his works, citing its roots in a 1975 dream of a plague-ravaged world and influences from biblical apocalypse narratives.^[71] The book achieved commercial success, becoming a #1 bestseller, and is often ranked among King's most ambitious novels for its character-driven exploration of ethical choices in extremis.^[73]

Film

In film production, a stand-in is a substitute who replaces the principal actor during technical rehearsals to facilitate the setup of lighting, camera positioning, and blocking without requiring the actor's presence.^[74] Stand-ins are selected based on physical resemblance to the actor, such as matching height, body type, skin tone, and hair color, to ensure setups align precisely with the intended shot composition.^[75]^[76] This role emerged as a practical necessity in early Hollywood to streamline workflows, with stand-ins often working extended hours on rehearsals before principal photography begins.^[74] Unlike photo doubles, who appear in specific shots for visual continuity, or body doubles for stunts, stand-ins focus exclusively on pre-filming technical adjustments and do not deliver lines or perform actions.^[75] They are typically part of the "second team" on set, coordinating with the camera and lighting departments to test exposures and movements, which can involve holding poses for minutes at a time under hot lights.^[77] Stand-ins must maintain precise positioning, sometimes using marks on the floor, and may receive direction from the director or cinematographer to mimic the actor's intended posture.^[78] The term "stand-in" derives from the literal act of standing in the actor's place, a practice documented in production glossaries since at least the mid-20th century, though its use predates formalized credits.^[79] Compensation for stand-ins varies by union rates; for example, under SAG-AFTRA guidelines, they earn a base daily rate comparable to background actors but with premiums for overtime or specialized skills like matching wardrobe fittings.^[75] Notable stand-ins have occasionally transitioned to acting roles, though the position remains undervalued in credits, highlighting its behind-the-scenes nature.^[80] Films titled with "stand" often explore themes of resistance or endurance, such as Stand! (2019), a Canadian musical depicting the 1919 Winnipeg General Strike, where workers "stand" against exploitation.^[81] Similarly, Stand (2023), a documentary directed by Joslyn Rose Lyons, chronicles NBA player Mahmoud Abdul-Rauf's principled refusal to stand for the national anthem in 1996, leading to his league blacklisting amid debates over free speech and patriotism.^[82]^[83] These works use "stand" to symbolize defiance, drawing from historical events verified through archival footage and interviews.^[84]

Television

The word "stand" features prominently in television through adaptations of Stephen King's 1978 novel The Stand, which depicts a post-apocalyptic struggle between good and evil following a superflu pandemic that kills 99% of the world's population. The first major adaptation was a four-part miniseries directed by Mick Garris, airing on ABC from December 8 to 12, 1994, with a total runtime of approximately six hours. Starring Gary Sinise as Stu Redman, Molly Ringwald as Frannie Goldsmith, and Jamey Sheridan as Randall Flagg, it closely followed the novel's plot, emphasizing supernatural elements and moral dichotomies, and drew an average of 19.5 million viewers per episode.^[85] Critics praised its production values and cast, including cameos by King himself, though some noted pacing issues in condensing the 800-page book.^[86] A second adaptation, a nine-episode limited series created by Josh Boone and Benjamin Cavell, premiered on CBS All Access (later Paramount+) on December 17, 2020, concluding on February 11, 2021. Featuring Whoopi Goldberg as Mother Abagail, Alexander Skarsgård as Flagg, James Marsden as Stu, and Odessa Young as Frannie, it incorporated a new coda written by King and modernized elements like expanded backstories, but received mixed reception for narrative deviations and stylistic choices, including dream sequences and flashbacks.^[87] The series had a budget exceeding $100 million and aimed for a more serialized format, yet faced criticism for uneven pacing and perceived over-reliance on visual effects over character depth.^[88] Both versions underscore "stand" as a metaphor for moral resistance against evil, central to the story's theme of survivors aligning with divine forces or the Antichrist figure Flagg. Television has also popularized "stand-up" comedy, a performance format where comedians deliver monologues directly to audiences, originating from vaudeville but gaining mass exposure via early broadcasts. Pioneering appearances occurred on shows like The Ed Sullivan Show (1948–1971), where acts by performers such as Lenny Bruce in the 1950s tested censorship boundaries with social commentary.^[89] The genre exploded with late-night programs like The Tonight Show under Johnny Carson (1962–1992), which hosted over 200 stand-up debuts, launching careers of comics like Jay Leno and David Letterman. HBO's On Location series, debuting in 1975 with specials for Robert Klein and others, provided uncensored platforms, enabling raw routines on topics from politics to personal life, and by the 1980s, networks like Showtime followed suit with originals featuring Eddie Murphy and Robin Williams.^[90] This medium shifted stand-up from niche clubs to household entertainment, with streaming services like Netflix later amplifying it through specials viewed by millions, such as Dave Chappelle's 2017 The Age of Spin, which garnered 2.1 million views in its first month.^[91]

Music

Albums

"Stand!" is the fourth studio album by the American funk band Sly and the Family Stone, released on May 3, 1969, by Epic Records. The album, written and produced primarily by bandleader Sly Stone, incorporates elements of psychedelic soul, funk, and rock, and includes the singles "Stand!" (which reached number 22 on the Billboard Hot 100) and "I Want to Take You Higher" (peaking at number 24 on the Hot 100 and number 9 on the R&B chart). It achieved commercial success, reaching number 13 on the Billboard 200 and receiving platinum certification from the RIAA for sales exceeding one million copies in the United States. Critics have retrospectively praised it as a pinnacle of the band's output, highlighting tracks like "Sing a Simple Song" and "Everyday People" for their innovative fusion of social commentary with upbeat rhythms. Other albums titled "Stand" include the sixth studio release by the contemporary Christian vocal group Avalon, issued on January 24, 2006, by Sparrow Records.^[92] This 11-track project features the single "Love Won't Leave You," which peaked in the top 20 on the Billboard Hot Christian Songs chart, emphasizing themes of faith and perseverance within the adult contemporary Christian music genre.^[92] The Christian rock band Newsboys released "STAND" on October 1, 2021, via Capitol Christian Music Group.^[93] The 10-song album, produced with an emphasis on post-pandemic encouragement, includes the radio single "Magnetic," which entered the top 25 on Christian AC charts, alongside tracks like "Ain't It Like Jesus" and "I Still Believe You're Good" blending worship elements with pop-rock arrangements.^[94]

Songs

"Stand!" is a funk-soul song by Sly & the Family Stone, serving as the title track of their fourth studio album released on May 3, 1969.^[95] The track, written and produced by Sly Stone, peaked at number 22 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart on May 17, 1969.^[95] Its lyrics urge listeners to assert themselves against adversity, reflecting the band's socially conscious themes amid the civil rights era.^[96] "Stand" by R.E.M. appears on the band's 1988 album Green and was issued as the second single on January 23, 1989.^[97] It reached number 6 on the Billboard Hot 100, marking the alternative rock group's second top-10 hit on that chart.^[98] The upbeat, jangly track, co-written by band members Michael Stipe, Peter Buck, Mike Mills, and Bill Berry, contrasts with R.E.M.'s typically introspective style and was crafted partly to appeal to radio play.^[98] "Stand" by Poison, from their 1993 album Native Tongue, was released as the lead single in January 1993.^[99] Written primarily by guitarist Richie Kotzen prior to his joining the band, it peaked at number 50 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number 15 on the Mainstream Rock chart.^[99] The hard rock anthem emphasizes resilience and self-reliance, aligning with the group's shift toward grittier themes post-hair metal era.^[99]

Artist	Release Year	Album	Billboard Hot 100 Peak
Sly & the Family Stone	1969	Stand!	#22
R.E.M.	1989	Green	#6
Poison	1993	Native Tongue	#50

References

[1]
stand, v. meanings, etymology and more | Oxford English Dictionary
There are 119 meanings listed in OED's entry for the verb stand, 33 of which are labelled obsolete. See 'Meaning & use' for definitions, usage, and quotation ...
[2]
stand, n.¹ meanings, etymology and more | Oxford English Dictionary
There are 56 meanings listed in OED's entry for the noun stand, 18 of which are labelled obsolete. See 'Meaning & use' for definitions, usage, and quotation ...
[3]
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/stand
[4]
stand verb - Definition, pictures, pronunciation and usage notes
Stand usually means 'to be in a standing position' but can also mean 'to get into a standing position'. Stand up can be used with either of these meanings, but ...
[5]
Biomechanics of standing posture - OUHSC.edu
An ideal posture is stable; postural alignment maintains the body's mass over its base of support. minimizes stress and strain on tissues statically; at rest ...
[6]
Human standing posture: multi-joint movement strategies based on ...
We developed a theoretical framework for studying coordination strategies in standing posture. The framework consists of a musculoskeletal model of the human ...
[7]
Posture - Physiopedia
In humans, three physiological spinal curves create balance: cervical lordosis, thoracic kyphosis, and lumbar lordosis. These curves form and stabilise in ...
[8]
Analysis of standing up and sitting down in humans - PubMed
Abstract. A formal definition of human standing up and sitting down movements based on sagittal plane goniometric and force plate data from 20 normal subjects ...
[9]
Human Postural Control - PMC - PubMed Central - NIH
Mar 20, 2018 · The basis of habitual sitting or standing human posture is postural tone of skeletal muscles. Phasic activity is often voluntary (though it may ...
[10]
multi-joint movement strategies based on biomechanical constraints
This chapter discusses a theoretical framework for studying coordination strategies in standing posture. The framework consists of a musculoskeletal model ...
[11]
Physiological response to changes in posture
Dec 18, 2023 · Standing from a supine position decreases venous return and therefore cardiac output. At the same time, hydrostatic pressure in the brain ...
[12]
Differences of energy expenditure while sitting versus standing
The mean difference in energy expenditure between sitting and standing was 0.15 kcal/min (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.12–0.17). The difference among women ...
[13]
Abstract 20539: Difference of Energy Expenditure While Standing ...
Nov 14, 2017 · By substituting sitting with standing for 6 hours per day, a person weighing 70 kg will expend additional 54 kcal per day.
[14]
Evidence of Health Risks Associated with Prolonged Standing at ...
Prolonged standing at work has been shown to be associated with a number of potentially serious health outcomes, such as lower back and leg pain, ...
[15]
Working in a Standing Position - Basic Information - CCOHS
Working in a standing position on a regular basis can cause sore feet, swelling of the legs, varicose veins, general muscular fatigue, low back pain, stiffness ...Can working in a standing... · How can work practices... · What is an example of a...
[16]
Negative Impacts of Prolonged Standing at Work on Musculoskeletal ...
Jun 1, 2021 · Prolonged standing at work leads to low back pain (LBP), 4 pain in the thoracic region, 5 lower limb discomfort, 6 vascular disorders, 2 , 3 and MSDs.
[17]
Musculoskeletal disorders and prolonged static standing - EU-OSHA
May 4, 2020 · Prolonged standing can cause fatigue, leg cramps and backache. In the longer term, this may damage the ankle, knee and hip joints and make muscles ache.Introduction · Extent of the problem · Health effects of prolonged... · Workers at risk
[18]
Stands in Politics - jstor
More particularly, my first thesis is that taking a stand is a distinct proj- ect of political action. One of its more remarkable features is its emphasis.
[19]
https://nextbigideaclub.com/magazine/ancient-greek-strategy-staying-sane-todays-post-truth-world-bookbite/48452/
[20]
[PDF] Reason and Law
The activity of the philosopher, master of wisdom and guide for actions, consists in taking a stand correlative to his vision of the world; it is based on ...
[21]
Against Debate | The Partially Examined Life Philosophy Podcast
Sep 11, 2014 · The issue is whether it is possible to define and to justify our rights without taking a stand on the moral and even sometimes religious ...
[22]
Attitude in Psychology—Definition, Formation, and How They Change
Oct 16, 2025 · In psychology, an attitude refers to a set of emotions, beliefs, and behaviors toward a particular object, person, thing, or event.Missing: stance | Show results with:stance
[23]
The role of perceived attitudinal bases on spontaneous and ...
We examine how one's perceived attitudinal base (affective or cognitive) influences intentions to engage in each type of advocacy.
[24]
Client Attitudinal Stance and Therapist-Client Affiliation: A View from ...
We show that therapist responses to client attitudinal stances play an important role not only in securing affiliation and positive relational bonds with ...
[25]
[PDF] Rhetorical Argumentation: The Copenhagen School
types actually used in the debate—without taking a stand on the issue itself. The need to look critically at both sides in a debate, without assuming that ...
[26]
STAND Definition & Meaning | Dictionary.com
stands, a raised section of seats for spectators; grandstand. a framework on or in which articles are placed for support, exhibition, etc.. a hat stand.
[27]
Support Stands Selection Guide: Types, Features, Applications
Adjustable height or length support structures include telescoping, crank-up, extending, roller, scissor, and rack & pinion devices. · Booms or gliding arms can ...
[28]
Structural Test Support Fixtures and Accessories Rental
The stand is also ideal when using a tensioned piano wire stinger, greatly reducing unwanted transverse force input into the test article. Note: Unlike ...
[29]
Stand, Reflector Support Fixture, Model, Satellite, Applications Tech ...
Stand, Reflector Support Fixture, Model, Satellite, Applications Tech, ATS 6 ... The structural hub served as the "eye" of the parabolic reflector, the ...
[30]
What Are the Different Types of Display Stands and Their Uses?
Jul 24, 2025 · Common retail display stands include floor-standing units, countertop stands, gondolas, slatwall systems, banner stands, and literature holders.
[31]
The Difference Between Jigs and Fixtures - Protolabs
Apr 7, 2017 · Rather than guiding a manufacturing tool, fixtures hold a workpiece in a secure position, orientation, or location. A prime example, and one ...Missing: stand | Show results with:stand
[32]
Light Stand Buying Guide | B&H eXplora
The two most common light stands are the general-purpose stand and the C-stand that is the industry standard for filmmaking and commercial photo studio use.
[33]
Forest Stands - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
A forest stand is a dynamic entity where tree species, plants and other organisms compete for light, air, water, heat and nutrients.
[34]
What is a stand? Assessing the variability of composition ... - USGS
The forest stand typically represents relatively homogenous forest conditions; the forest stand is generally the unit at which forest attributes are ...
[35]
What is a Forest Stand (and Why do Foresters… | Articles
In assaying wooded land, foresters observe, measure, describe, and map the forest, delineating it into smaller areas – or management units – known as stands. ...
[36]
Glossary of Technical Terms for Forestry Operations - Mass.gov
Stand structure - The physical and temporal distribution of trees and other plants in a stand. Stand structure is commonly classified by species composition and ...<|separator|>
[37]
Forest and woodland stand structural complexity: Its definition and ...
Stand structural complexity is considered to be a measure of the number of different attributes present and the relative abundance of each of these attributes.
[38]
STAND definition and meaning | Collins English Dictionary
A stand at a sports ground is a large structure where people sit or stand to watch what is happening. [British]. In American English, stands is used with same ...
[39]
stand | Definition from the Cricket topic
5 → the stands6 → the stand7 cricket the period of time in which two batsmen are playing together in a game of cricket, or the points that they get during this ...
[40]
https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/category/legal-process
[41]
U.S. Attorneys | Discovery | United States Department of Justice
What the witness actually says in court is called testimony. In court, the witness is called to sit near the judge on the witness stand. In order to testify ...
[42]
Restrictions on Lawyers Communicating with Witnesses During ...
Jul 7, 2009 · If a witness talks to the lawyer who called him or her to the stand before the cross examination has been completed, the cross examining lawyer ...
[43]
Should You Testify at Your Criminal Trial?
You have the right to remain silent, and you have the right not to testify against yourself in court. However, if you take the stand, you waive these rights and ...<|separator|>
[44]
Glossary of Legal Terms - United States Courts
In the practice of the court of appeals, it means that the court of appeals has concluded that the lower court decision is correct and will stand as rendered by ...
[45]
Encyclopedia - Stand-To - First World War.com
Short for 'Stand-to-Arms', the process of Stand-To was observed morning and evening by both sides of the war in the trenches, most notably on the Western Front.
[46]
U.S. Army STAND-TO! | About
written, ...
[47]
Standto - Spartacus Educational
At dawn we 'stand to arms', every one turning out. When it is light, all rifles are cleaned and inspected, and the men have a tot of rum. Then breakfast, after ...
[48]
Stand to! Stand To! When and how did it start? | Army Rumour Service
Jan 15, 2019 · It was used in the Peninsular Campaign during the napoleonic Wars, when the troops would stand to just before dawn and would not stand down until the light was ...<|separator|>
[49]
Last Stand Definition & Meaning | YourDictionary
Last Stand definition: A military encounter, especially against superior odds. Generally as a last resort, whether to save another army or city, ...
[50]
Last stand - Idioms by The Free Dictionary
last stand. 1. A final defensive military effort against overwhelming odds, typically done in order to defend a particular location against invading forces.
[51]
"Custer's Last Stand" - (AP US History) - Fiveable
Definition. Custer's Last Stand refers to the Battle of Little Bighorn, fought on June 25-26, 1876, where Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer and his ...
[52]
Arms Production | The Eli Whitney Museum and Workshop
A "stand of arms" included the musket and its bayonet and ramrod, both of which also had to fit securely and smoothly to the weapon and be durable in use.
[53]
What is a "stand" of arms? | Small Arms & Ammunition - Civil War Talk
May 20, 2013 · In the context of the question posed in the heading, a "stand of arms" means the rifle, bayonet and accoutrements. For a good look into just how ...
[54]
STAND TO Definition & Meaning - Dictionary.com
Stand to definition: (adverb) military to assume positions or cause to assume positions to resist a possible attack. See examples of STAND TO used in a sentence
[55]
Military Terms, Military Jargon, Slang
Feb 9, 2024 · Charlie Foxtrot -- Commonly used expression utilizing the military alphabet to stand for clusterf***. Chem-Light Batteries -- A mythical ...
[56]
How to Choose Between a Tripod and Monopod | B&H eXplora
Dec 4, 2024 · Sure, a tripod offers more stability and allows you to step away from the camera, but a monopod typically weighs less, takes up less space, and ...
[57]
Monopod vs Tripod - Which One is Better?
Sep 8, 2025 · Monopods and tripods provide stable camera support when shooting in a fixed position. The main difference (and the only one) is the design of the legs.
[58]
The best light stands in 2025: solid support for studio flash heads ...
Apr 28, 2025 · Give a firm footing to studio lights, reflectors, backgrounds, and other accessories, with the best light stands on the market.Best budget light stand · Best compact light stand · Best light stand for backdrops
[59]
The Different Types of Studio Light Stands and Which Are Right for ...
Aug 27, 2021 · This helpful video tutorial will show you four commonly used types of studio light stands, when they are appropriate, and how to use them.
[60]
https://cinelight.com/en/blog/18_the-simple-guide-of-light-stands.html
[61]
Key Components of Mill Stands and Their Functions - Steefo Industries
Nov 13, 2024 · A mill stand is the fundamental structural unit that houses and supports the rolls, which are used to shape and reduce the thickness of steel materials.<|separator|>
[62]
https://www.hbarsci.com/blogs/articles/lab-stand-guide-metal-retort-stands-rods-and-clamps
[63]
Stand - JoJo's Bizarre Encyclopedia | JoJo Wiki
A Stand (スタンド, Sutando) is a physical manifestation of a person's "life energy".[5] It is a power unique to the JoJo's Bizarre Adventure series.List of Stands · List of Unnamed Stands · Stand Types · Stand Stats
[64]
Stardust Crusaders - JoJo's Bizarre Encyclopedia
It was originally serialized in Weekly Shonen Jump from March 1989 to April 1992 under the title of JoJo's Bizarre Adventure Part 3 Jotaro Kujo: Heritage for ...Anime · Stardust Crusaders ★ Chapter... · JoJo's Bizarre Adventure
[65]
Stand | JoJo's Bizarre Wiki - Fandom
Stands are connected to an alien virus contained in the rock of a meteorite that fell in Cape York, Greenland tens of thousands of years ago. It is explained ...Stand Types · Stands · List of Unnamed Stands · Notorious B.I.G
[66]
Stand Stats - JoJo's Bizarre Encyclopedia
Oct 12, 2025 · A list of stats for each Stand in JoJo's Bizarre Adventure. Example of Stand parameters (Star Platinum's) displayed in JOJOVELLER.
[67]
Stand Types - JoJo's Bizarre Encyclopedia - JoJo Wiki
Oct 12, 2025 · In JoJolion, the process of Equivalent Exchange can be used to evolve a Stand, through the fusion of two Stand Users. When Josefumi Kujo ...Missing: entry | Show results with:entry
[68]
List of Stands - JoJo's Bizarre Encyclopedia
This article lists every Stand to appear so far in JoJo's Bizarre Adventure and related media. Descriptions for Stands with names that have not been revealed ...List of Unnamed Stands · Star Platinum · Echoes · Tusk
[69]
JoJo's Bizarre Adventure: Stardust Crusaders - JoJo Wiki
It is an adaptation of Part 3 of the manga, Stardust Crusaders. It was first announced in Weekly Shonen Jump on October 16, 2013.
[70]
JoJo's Bizarre Adventure: Hamon and Stands, Explained - Game Rant
Feb 12, 2023 · Besides that, Stand(s) gave Araki creative freedom to build a majestic and incredible world out of his beautiful mind which is the JoJo universe ...
[71]
The Stand - Stephen King
The Stand is a story of dark wonders and irresistible terror, an epic of final confrontation between Good and Evil.
[72]
The Stand: King, Stephen - Amazon.com
A patient escapes from a biological testing facility, unknowingly carrying a deadly weapon: a mutated strain of super-flu that will wipe out 99 percent of the ...
[73]
The Stand by Stephen King - Penguin Random House Canada
#1 BESTSELLER • Stephen King's apocalyptic vision of a world blasted by plague and tangled in an elemental struggle between good and evil remains as ...
[74]
What is a Stand-In Actor — Job Description Explained - StudioBinder
Dec 31, 2023 · A stand-in is a person who substitutes for an actor before filming for the purpose of setting up the scene's lighting and camera setup.
[75]
What Is a Stand-In Actor? | Backstage
Jul 20, 2022 · A stand-in is the person who takes the place of an actor to help the camera department light the set, as well as tweak their blocking, composition, framing, ...What is a stand-in actor? · What do stand-ins do? · What skills do stand-ins need?
[76]
What is a Stand-In? | Central Casting
Oct 15, 2025 · A stand-in takes the place of a principal actor for rehearsals, camera blocking and lighting setups. From the possibility of consistent work ...Missing: definition | Show results with:definition
[77]
21 Production Terms Every Background Actor Should Know
Aug 17, 2025 · Stand-ins are often referred to as the second team and take the place of the principal actors during rehearsals, camera blocking and ...
[78]
Terminology – Stand-In Central
Mar 14, 2022 · Terminology a Stand-In Will Hear on Set The following glossary includes basic terms you'll hear when you're working on a TV or film set.
[79]
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/stand-in
[80]
Stand-Ins: The Secret Stars of Film Sets - YouTube
Jan 25, 2024 · In this video we're talking about stand-ins and how important they are in film production. They ... Film Set Terminology Explained (A Filmmaker's ...<|separator|>
[81]
Stand! (2019) - IMDb
Rating 6.1/10 (76) The movie STAND! is based on the stage musical STRIKE! based on the milestone event of the Winnipeg General Strike, a groundbreaking happening for the Union ...
[82]
Stand (2023) - IMDb
Rating 7.5/10 (407) Stand: Directed by Joslyn Rose. With Mahmoud Abdul-Rauf, Stephen Curry, Mahershala Ali, Ice Cube. A documentary of Extraordinary Journey of Pioneer Activist ...
[83]
STAND - Watch Full Movie on Paramount Plus
Jan 1, 2023 · STAND. SHOWTIME 2023 TV-MA 1H 46M. Try It Free · Showtime. The life of basketball star and social justice activist Mahmoud Abdul-Rauf. Read more.
[84]
Stand! (2019) - Rotten Tomatoes
Rating 67% (6) Discover reviews, ratings, and trailers for Stand! (2019) on Rotten Tomatoes. Stay updated with critic and audience scores today!
[85]
The Stand (TV Mini Series 1994) - IMDb
$$39.98 Rating 3.6 (40,524) The Stand: With Gary Sinise, Molly Ringwald, Jamey Sheridan, Laura San Giacomo. After a deadly plague kills most of the world's population, the remaining ...Full cast & crew · Episode list · The Stand (1994) · Parents guide
[86]
https://www.avclub.com/the-stand-stephen-king-adaptations-doomed-to-fail
[87]
The Stand (TV Mini Series 2020–2021) - IMDb
Rating 5.7/10 (32,518) The Stand: Created by Josh Boone, Benjamin Cavell. With Whoopi Goldberg, Alexander Skarsgård, James Marsden, Odessa Young. After the world is in ruins, ...The Stand · The Stand: Das letzte Gefecht · Full cast & crew · User reviews
[88]
The Stand – Limited Event Series Based On The Novel By Stephen ...
Dec 16, 2020 · The Stand is Stephen King's apocalyptic vision of a world decimated by plague and embroiled in an elemental struggle between good and evil.S1 E1: The End · S1 E4: The House of the Dead · Episode Guide · News
[89]
Stand-up comedy | History, Artists, & Facts - Britannica
Oct 11, 2025 · It began to emerge as populist entertainment in vaudeville in the early decades of the 20th century. While comedy was a staple of every ...
[90]
The History of Stand-Up
The history of stand-up covers its evolution from pre-vaudeville practitioners like Artemus Ward and Mark Twain to present-day comedians.<|separator|>
[91]
Stand-up Comedy Through the Ages - Entertainment Junkie Blog
May 28, 2021 · The popular stand-up comedians of the early 20th century included people like Frank Fay, Jack Benny, Moms Mabley, Bob Hope, Milton Berle, George Burns and Fred ...
[92]
Stand - Avalon | Album - AllMusic
Rating 6.8/10 (4) Stand by Avalon released in 2006. Find album reviews, track lists, credits ... Release Date. January 24, 2006. Duration. 40:15. Genre. Religious. Styles. CCM ...Missing: band | Show results with:band
[93]
When did Newsboys release Stand? - Genius
Newsboys released Stand on October 1, 2021.
[94]
Newsboys Release Single, “Stand” | Capitol Christian Music Group
As they ready their October 1st album release, STAND, which features the chart rising single “Magnetic,” that currently sits in the top 25 on the radio. The ...
[95]
Sly & the Family Stone's Biggest Billboard Hits
Jun 9, 2025 · “Stand!” · Hot 100 peak position: No. 22. Peak date: May 17, 1969 ; “Time for Livin' ” · Hot 100 peak position: No. 32. Peak date: Aug. 31, 1974 ; “ ...
[96]
Sly & the Family Stone – Stand! Lyrics - Genius
“Stand!” is a 1969 song by the soul/rock/funk band Sly and the Family Stone. The song's title and lyrics are a call for its listeners to “stand” up for ...<|separator|>
[97]
STAND – R.E.M. | Official Charts
Latest chart stats about STAND - peak chart position, weeks on chart, catalogue number, week-by-week chart placement and latest news.
[98]
R.E.M. – Stand Lyrics - Genius
“Stand” was R.E.M.'s second single from Green and second consecutive #1 on the then-new US Alternative Songs Chart. It was also their second top 10 US Pop Chart ...
[99]
When Poison's New Guitarist Gave Them Their Last Hit, 'Stand'
Jan 13, 2023 · “Stand” was the first single to be released from Poison's fourth album, arriving in January 1993 and eventually reaching No. 50 on the Hot 100 ...