Fact-checked by Grok 2 weeks ago

Line

LINE is a cross-platform instant messaging application and social networking service primarily developed in Japan, enabling users to send text messages, voice and video calls, share multimedia, and utilize stickers and other expressive features, all while offering free basic communication over data networks.^[1]^[2] Launched on June 11, 2011, by NHN Japan—a subsidiary of the South Korean company Naver—in the aftermath of the Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami to restore disrupted communication channels, LINE rapidly gained traction as a reliable alternative when traditional networks failed.^[3]^[4]^[5] The app's core functionality expanded into a multifaceted "super app" ecosystem, incorporating services such as LINE Pay for mobile payments, LINE Music for streaming, LINE Manga for digital comics, and official accounts for businesses to engage users directly, thereby integrating communication with e-commerce, entertainment, and financial tools in markets like Japan, Taiwan, Thailand, and Indonesia.^[6]^[7] By early 2025, LINE boasted approximately 224 million monthly active users worldwide, with over 97 million in Japan alone—representing about 78% penetration of the population—and dominating as the leading messaging platform in the country ahead of global competitors like WhatsApp.^[5]^[8] Operated under LINE Corporation until its 2023 integration into LY Corporation—a joint entity with Yahoo Japan under A Holdings (a SoftBank-Naver venture)—the service has driven significant revenue through advertising, payments, and merchandise like LINE Friends characters, though it faced scrutiny for underinvestment in user interface improvements relative to peers.^[9]^[10]^[11] LINE's prominence has been marred by notable security incidents, including major data breaches in 2021 and 2023 that exposed user information due to vulnerabilities at affiliates and servers linked to Naver, raising Japanese government concerns over foreign data access and national security amid the app's critical role in domestic communication.^[12]^[13]^[14] These events escalated into diplomatic friction with South Korea, as Tokyo pressured for greater Japanese oversight of operations, prompting accusations of protectionism and threats to Naver's stake, while highlighting tensions over data sovereignty in cross-border tech ownership.^[15]^[16]

Geometry and mathematics

Fundamental properties

In Euclidean geometry, a line is a one-dimensional figure consisting of an infinite set of collinear points that extends without bound in both directions, possessing neither width nor thickness, often described as "breadthless length."^[17] It lies "evenly with the points on itself," meaning its points are arranged such that the path between any two is the straightest possible, without curvature or deviation.^[17] This evenness ensures uniformity in the distribution of points along the line, distinguishing it from curves where distances vary nonlinearly.^[18] A fundamental postulate states that a unique straight line can be drawn between any two distinct points, implying that exactly one line passes through any such pair, with no other line coinciding with both.^[19] Any finite segment of a line can be indefinitely extended in either direction, confirming its infinite extent and lack of endpoints.^[19] Points on a line satisfy betweenness: for any three distinct collinear points A, B, and C, B lies between A and C if the segment AB plus BC equals AC, enabling precise measurement and ordering. The line serves as the locus of points equidistant from a fixed point in certain constructions, such as the perpendicular bisector, but its core properties underpin axioms like the equality of right angles formed by a line perpendicular to another.^[17] In coordinate geometry, a line is represented parametrically or by the equation ax + by + c = 0, where its slope defines directionality, though these are derived from primitive geometric traits. These attributes ensure the line's role as the shortest path between points, verifiable by the triangle inequality in embedded metric spaces.^[20]

Advanced applications

In projective geometry, lines play a central role through concepts like the line at infinity, which unifies parallel lines by positing their intersection at a point on this line, enabling theorems such as Desargues' theorem that hold invariantly under projective transformations.^[21] This framework extends Euclidean geometry by treating lines as dual to points, facilitating applications in enumerative geometry where counts of lines satisfying incidence conditions, like those passing through given points or tangent to curves, solve problems in algebraic varieties. For instance, the variety of lines on a projective surface, such as a quadric, is analyzed to determine dimensions and degrees, aiding in the classification of rational curves and moduli spaces.^[22]^[23] Line arrangements, formed by the intersections of a finite set of lines in the Euclidean plane, exhibit combinatorial complexity of O(n²) for n lines in general position, dividing the plane into up to (n(n+1)/2 + 1) regions, with algorithms for their construction relying on incremental addition and topological sweeps.^[24] These structures underpin computational geometry tasks, including motion planning and visibility problems, where the arrangement's faces, edges, and vertices model feasible paths or obstacles; recent work on "plus-one generated" arrangements imposes combinatorial constraints, such as bounded multiple points, to classify realizability over the reals.^[25]^[26] In three-dimensional line geometry, lines are coordinatized via Plücker coordinates in the Klein quadric of projective space, allowing algebraic treatment of ruled surfaces and congruences of lines, with applications to kinematic chains in mechanisms where line incidences enforce mobility constraints.^[27] This approach resolves inverse kinematics for robots by parameterizing joint axes as lines and solving for configurations that align them with task lines, as demonstrated in formulations reducing degrees of freedom via line complexes.^[28] Such methods extend to reverse engineering, where scanned point clouds are fitted to reguli of hyperboloids defined by line sets.^[27]

Physical sciences and engineering

In physics

Field lines, also known as lines of force, are a conventional method for visualizing the direction and relative magnitude of vector fields in physics, such as electric, magnetic, and gravitational fields. The tangent to a field line at any point aligns with the direction of the field vector there, while the spatial density of lines—measured as lines per unit area perpendicular to the lines—proportional to the field's strength./University_Physics_II_-Thermodynamics_Electricity_and_Magnetism(OpenStax)/05%3A_Electric_Charges_and_Fields/5.07%3A_Electric_Field_Lines)^[29] These lines represent the trajectory a positively charged test particle (for electric fields) or a small north-pole magnet (for magnetic fields) would follow if released from rest, assuming negligible influence from other forces or the test particle's own field./University_Physics_II_-Thermodynamics_Electricity_and_Magnetism(OpenStax)/11%3A_Magnetic_Forces_and_Fields/11.03%3A_Magnetic_Fields_and_Lines) Field lines never intersect, as a crossing would imply contradictory field directions at that point, violating the uniqueness of field solutions from Maxwell's equations./University_Physics_II_-Thermodynamics_Electricity_and_Magnetism(OpenStax)/05%3A_Electric_Charges_and_Fields/5.07%3A_Electric_Field_Lines) The concept originated in the work of Michael Faraday, who introduced lines of force in the 1830s to describe magnetic fields around permanent magnets and current-carrying conductors, emphasizing their physical intuition over mathematical formalism.^[30] Faraday's approach, detailed in his Experimental Researches in Electricity (published serially from 1831 to 1852), portrayed fields as consisting of discrete, tension-bearing lines rather than continuous fluids, influencing later vector calculus formulations by James Clerk Maxwell.^[31] In electrostatics, electric field lines originate perpendicularly from positive charges and terminate on negative charges or extend to infinity, with the number of lines proportional to the charge magnitude via Gauss's law; for instance, around an isolated point charge q, the total flux through a closed surface equals q/ε₀, dictating line distribution./University_Physics_II_-Thermodynamics_Electricity_and_Magnetism(OpenStax)/05%3A_Electric_Charges_and_Fields/5.07%3A_Electric_Field_Lines)^[29] Lines are sparser in weaker regions, such as midway between equal opposite charges, and converge or diverge based on local field gradients. Magnetic field lines form continuous closed loops, reflecting the observed absence of magnetic monopoles; experimentally, no isolated north or south poles have been isolated despite extensive searches, consistent with ∇·B = 0 from Maxwell's equations./University_Physics_II_-Thermodynamics_Electricity_and_Magnetism(OpenStax)/11%3A_Magnetic_Forces_and_Fields/11.03%3A_Magnetic_Fields_and_Lines) ^[31] Externally, lines emerge from a bar magnet's north pole and re-enter at the south pole, with density highest near the poles where the field strength B peaks—for a dipole, B falls as 1/r³ at large distances r./University_Physics_II_-Thermodynamics_Electricity_and_Magnetism(OpenStax)/11%3A_Magnetic_Forces_and_Fields/11.03%3A_Magnetic_Fields_and_Lines) Around a straight current-carrying wire, lines are concentric circles, with right-hand rule determining direction: thumb along current, fingers curl in B direction, and spacing inversely proportional to radius per Ampère's law.^[31] Gravitational field lines analogously point toward massive bodies, converging radially for spherical masses like Earth, with line density scaling as g ≈ GM/r², but they are less commonly emphasized due to gravity's universal weakness compared to electromagnetic forces./University_Physics_II_-Thermodynamics_Electricity_and_Magnetism(OpenStax)/05%3A_Electric_Charges_and_Fields/5.07%3A_Electric_Field_Lines) Though heuristically powerful for intuition and sketching field patterns—such as denser lines between capacitor plates indicating uniform E ≈ σ/ε₀—field lines are not literal paths for particles with initial velocities perpendicular to the field, where Lorentz forces cause helical or cycloidal trajectories instead.^[29]^[31] In relativistic contexts, such as general relativity, "world lines" describe the timelike geodesics traced by particles in spacetime, reducing to straight lines in flat Minkowski space for inertial observers, but curving in gravitational fields per the equivalence principle; for example, light follows null geodesics, appearing as bent lines in Schwarzschild metric visualizations. This extends the classical notion, emphasizing causal structure over force visualization.

In engineering and measurement

In metrology, line standards define length as the distance between the centers of two parallel engraved lines on a rigid body, such as a steel rule or bar, enabling direct comparison for calibration purposes.^[32] This approach contrasts with end standards, which measure between physical surfaces, and was historically embodied in artifacts like the international prototype meter, an X-shaped platinum-iridium bar established in 1889 with transverse lines defining the meter as 1,650,763.73 wavelengths of the orange-red light from krypton-86.^[33] Line standards facilitate measurements over extended ranges, up to several meters, but introduce potential errors from line width variations (typically 0.1-0.2 mm), parallax in reading, and thermal expansion of the material, limiting precision to about 0.2 parts per million for high-quality scales.^[34] Engineering drawings employ standardized line types to convey measurements precisely, with dimension lines—thin, continuous lines broken by arrowheads or ticks—indicating linear distances, angles, or radii between features.^[35] Extension lines, projected perpendicularly from object edges to the dimension line without touching it, ensure clear projection of measurements, adhering to standards like ISO 129-1, which specifies line thicknesses from 0.1 mm for fine details to 0.7 mm for outlines.^[36] Center lines, composed of alternating long and short dashes, denote axes of symmetry for diametral measurements, while hidden lines (short dashes) reveal obscured features affecting dimensional accuracy.^[37] These conventions minimize ambiguity in fabrication tolerances, typically held to ±0.01 mm in precision contexts. In precision engineering, straightness measurement quantifies deviation of a line element (e.g., an axis or edge) from an ideal straight path, expressed as the maximum distance between the actual form and a reference line within a specified tolerance zone.^[38] Geometric dimensioning and tolerancing (GD&T) per ASME Y14.5 defines straightness for derived median lines or surfaces, critical for components like machine tool guides where deviations exceeding 5-10 μm per meter can cause alignment errors in assemblies.^[39] Assessment methods include contact profilometry with straight edges (e.g., granite or steel bars accurate to 2 μm/m), optical interferometry, or coordinate measuring machines (CMMs) scanning along the line to compute least-squares fits, with uncertainties as low as 0.5 μm for high-end systems.^[40] Such measurements ensure functional integrity in applications like rail alignment or shaft fabrication, where non-straightness induces vibrational wear or binding forces.^[41]

Computing and technology

Data and code structures

In computing, text data is commonly structured as sequences of lines, where each line consists of a string of characters terminated by a newline delimiter, such as the line feed character (LF, ASCII 10) or the carriage return-line feed pair (CR-LF, ASCII 13 followed by 10), depending on the operating system conventions like Unix-style versus Windows-style files. This line-oriented format enables efficient parsing and manipulation in applications such as log analysis, configuration files, and data interchange formats (e.g., CSV files where rows correspond to lines). Simple implementations store lines in arrays or lists of strings, allowing O(1) access to individual lines but incurring O(n) costs for insertions or deletions due to shifting elements.^[42] For large-scale text processing, advanced data structures optimize line handling to support efficient edits, searches, and rendering, particularly in text editors and version control systems. Gap buffers maintain a contiguous array with a "gap" for cursor-positioned insertions, minimizing reallocations for local changes but requiring line recomputation for global operations. Ropes, binary trees of concatenated strings, enable logarithmic-time splits and concatenations suitable for multi-line documents, as implemented in libraries like GNU's librope for handling gigabyte-scale files with frequent line-level modifications. Piece tables, used in editors like Emacs, represent text as append-only buffers with indirection to original and modified pieces, preserving lines during undo operations without full copies. These structures address the trade-offs in time and space for operations like inserting a line (O(log n) in ropes versus O(n) in arrays), as evaluated in benchmarks showing ropes outperforming arrays for texts exceeding 1 MB.^[42] Source code structures rely on lines as fundamental units for syntax, readability, and metrics. Programming languages typically delimit statements with semicolons or implicit line breaks, with line numbers assigned during lexical analysis for error reporting (e.g., "error at line 42"). Indentation-sensitive languages like Python enforce block structure via leading whitespace on lines, treating inconsistent indentation as syntax errors. Lines of code (LOC), counting non-blank, non-comment lines, serves as a proxy for program size and complexity, with studies correlating higher LOC to increased maintenance effort in projects exceeding 100,000 lines. Tools like compilers process code line-by-line for preprocessing (e.g., macro expansion) and optimization, while diff algorithms in Git compute changes at the line granularity for efficient versioning.^[43]^[44]

Software and applications

In computer graphics software, lines are rendered using algorithms that interpolate pixel positions between endpoints on raster displays. The Digital Differential Analyzer (DDA) algorithm calculates intermediate points by incrementing the coordinate with the larger slope difference, suitable for hardware implementation but prone to floating-point errors.^[45] Bresenham's line algorithm, devised in 1962, addresses these issues through integer-only decision variables, enabling efficient software rasterization without division or multiplication, and remains a staple in libraries like those for embedded systems and early graphics hardware.^[46] These methods underpin line drawing in applications from 2D games to visualization tools, where anti-aliasing techniques such as supersampling or Xiaolin Wu's algorithm may enhance smoothness on modern GPUs. Graphics APIs treat lines as fundamental primitives for rendering connected segments. In DirectX and similar frameworks, line strips connect vertices sequentially to form polylines, used in UWP applications for outlining shapes or paths without closing loops.^[47] Procedural tools like Cavalry's Line Primitive generate complex curves from base lines via layering and modifiers, applied in motion graphics for animations and vector art.^[48] Scientific visualization software employs stylized line primitives, such as streamlines, to depict vector fields in 3D data, aiding analysis in fluid dynamics and electromagnetism.^[49] Computer-aided design (CAD) applications rely on line tools as core primitives for precise drafting. AutoCAD's Line command creates straight segments by specifying start and end points, supporting options like close for polygons and essential for 2D schematics in architecture and engineering.^[50] Open-source options such as LibreCAD and QCAD provide similar functionality for 2D technical drawings, including snapping and constraints for accurate placement on Windows, macOS, and Linux platforms.^[51] ^[52] DraftSight, a professional 2D CAD tool, enables editing and markup of line-based DWG files, replacing manual drafting with parametric precision.^[53] These tools integrate lines with splines and points for hybrid modeling, verifiable in standards like ISO 10303 for product data exchange.

Communications and networks

Telephone and signal lines

Telephone lines, also known as subscriber loops or local loops, are physical connections that link customer premises to telephone exchanges, primarily using twisted-pair copper wiring to transmit analog voice signals over distances up to several kilometers.^[54] These lines originated in the late 1870s following Alexander Graham Bell's invention of the telephone in 1876, with the first commercial lines and switchboards operational by 1877-1878.^[54] ^[55] The twisted-pair design, consisting of two insulated copper conductors helically wrapped around each other, reduces electromagnetic interference and crosstalk by canceling induced noise through differential signaling, enabling reliable voice transmission at frequencies up to 4 kHz for standard telephony.^[56] Typical specifications include conductor diameters of 0.4 to 0.9 mm (26-22 AWG), loop resistance not exceeding 151 ohms per kilometer at 20°C, and support for Category 1 (Cat 1) cabling optimized for voice rather than high-speed data.^[57] Signal lines in telecommunications encompass transmission lines engineered to propagate electrical or electromagnetic signals with controlled impedance, minimizing losses from reflection and attenuation, and include twisted-pair for low-frequency applications as well as coaxial cables for higher-bandwidth signals like television or early data transmission.^[58] Coaxial signal lines, featuring a central conductor surrounded by a dielectric and outer shield, were deployed from the 1930s for long-haul telephony and broadband distribution, offering characteristic impedances of 50-75 ohms and lower susceptibility to external noise compared to unshielded pairs.^[59] In early systems, loading coils inserted at intervals of about 1.8 km along twisted-pair lines compensated for signal distortion at voice frequencies, extending usable range to 5-6 km before repeaters were needed, a technique patented by Michael Pupin in 1899 and widely adopted by 1900.^[60] These lines facilitated the first transcontinental call in 1915 and transatlantic radiotelephone service in 1927, bridging gaps via undersea cables and radio relays.^[60] ^[61] Modern adaptations of telephone and signal lines incorporate digital subscriber line (DSL) technology over existing twisted-pair infrastructure, achieving data rates up to 100 Mbps for asymmetric DSL2+ by modulating higher frequencies beyond voice bands, though attenuation limits effective distances to 5 km or less without amplification.^[62] Crosstalk remains a primary impairment, with near-end and far-end types mitigated by pair twisting lengths varying from 14-38 cm across adjacent pairs to decorrelate interference.^[63] Transition to optical fiber for signal lines since the 1980s has largely supplanted copper for core networks due to vastly higher bandwidth and lower loss (0.2 dB/km vs. 10-20 dB/km for copper at voice frequencies), but twisted-pair persists in access networks for cost reasons, serving over 80% of fixed-line broadband in many regions as of 2020.^[64]

Digital messaging services

LINE is a cross-platform instant messaging application primarily developed in Japan, offering text messaging, voice and video calls, file sharing, and multimedia stickers.^[10] Launched on June 23, 2011, by NHN Japan (later Line Corporation), the service gained rapid adoption following the Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami, which disrupted traditional communication networks and prompted the app's emphasis on reliable, low-bandwidth connectivity.^[5] By 2024, LINE reported approximately 97 million monthly active users in Japan alone, representing over 78% of the population, with significant usage in Taiwan, Thailand, and Indonesia.^[8] The platform integrates additional services such as LINE Pay for mobile payments, LINE Games for casual gaming, and LINE Today for news aggregation, evolving from a basic messenger into a multifaceted "super app" akin to WeChat.^[65] Its sticker system, featuring proprietary characters like Brown Bear, has become a hallmark, generating revenue through paid digital packs and merchandise via Line Friends.^[5] Voice over IP (VoIP) calls and group chats support up to 500 participants, with end-to-end encryption available via the "Letter Sealing" feature, though implementation has varied across versions.^[66] Ownership has undergone significant consolidation. Line Corporation merged with Z Holdings (encompassing Yahoo! Japan) in 2021 under LY Corporation, a joint venture equally controlled by SoftBank Group and Naver Corporation until recent shifts.^[10] By 2024, amid national security concerns in Japan, SoftBank pursued greater control, leading Naver to reduce its technical involvement following data breaches.^[67]^[68] LINE has faced multiple security incidents, including a 2021 cyberattack that compromised over 100 Taiwanese officials' accounts by disabling Letter Sealing on targeted devices.^[69] In November 2023, a supply-chain breach via an affiliate's malware-infected PC exposed over 440,000 personal records, including user IDs, emails, and employee data from subsidiaries.^[70]^[71] These events, linked to vulnerabilities in third-party dependencies, prompted Japanese regulatory scrutiny and accelerated efforts to localize data handling away from Naver's Korean infrastructure.^[72]^[13]

Military and strategy

Tactical formations

The line formation in military tactics involved infantry units arrayed in a continuous front, typically two to four ranks deep, to maximize the projection of volley fire from smoothbore muskets, which were the dominant infantry weapon from the late 17th to mid-19th centuries.^[73] This arrangement emerged as part of the broader Military Revolution spanning approximately 1550 to 1720, which emphasized drill, discipline, and centralized control to handle larger field armies, shifting from earlier pike-and-shot tercio formations to linear deployments that prioritized firepower over melee shock.^[73] Soldiers advanced in columns for maneuver before deploying into line, enabling coordinated salvos that compensated for the low individual accuracy and slow reload times of flintlock muskets, effective at ranges of 50 to 100 yards.^[73] Tactically, the line offered advantages in delivering massed fire, where the psychological and material impact of simultaneous volleys from hundreds of troops outweighed sporadic aimed shots, as undisciplined fire often missed due to powder fouling and aiming limitations.^[73] Rear ranks could reload while front ranks fired, maintaining a sustained rate of fire, and the formation's density facilitated rapid reconfiguration into defensive squares against cavalry charges, a persistent threat on open battlefields.^[74] Command visibility was enhanced for officers to enforce discipline via direct oversight, crucial in eras before radio or signals, though this density increased vulnerability to artillery and enfilading fire.^[74] During the American Revolutionary War and Napoleonic Wars, lines formed the core of infantry engagements, as seen in British tactics at battles like Saratoga in 1777, where disciplined volleys repelled assaults despite numerical disadvantages.^[73] In the American Civil War (1861–1865), both Union and Confederate forces initially adhered to linear tactics inherited from European manuals, deploying in lines supported by skirmishers, but suffered devastating losses from rifled muskets extending effective range to 300 yards or more.^[75] This mismatch prompted adaptations, including extended skirmish lines, breastworks, and shallower formations to leverage cover, marking an early shift away from rigid lines.^[75] By the late 19th century, repeating rifles, machine guns, and improved artillery rendered dense lines suicidal, favoring dispersed, fire-and-maneuver tactics that prioritized cover and suppression over frontal volleys.

Logistics and supply

In military logistics, supply lines refer to the coordinated routes, transport networks, and distribution systems that deliver essential materiel—such as ammunition, fuel, food, medical supplies, and spare parts—from rear bases to forward-deployed forces, enabling sustained operations.^[76] These lines form critical arteries of strategy, as disruptions can halt advances or force retreats by depriving units of necessities; for instance, Carl von Clausewitz described supply considerations as directly influencing the strategic lines of campaigns and wars.^[77] Effective management of supply lines determines operational tempo and initiative, with maintenance often proving decisive over raw combat power alone.^[78] Historically, vulnerabilities in supply lines have altered battle outcomes through interdiction tactics. During the American Civil War, Union forces under Ulysses S. Grant severed Confederate supply routes to Vicksburg, Mississippi, in 1863, leading to the city's surrender on July 4 after a prolonged siege that starved defenders and isolated them from reinforcements.^[79] In World War II, Allied logistics in Europe relied on the Red Ball Express, a truck convoy system operational from August to November 1944 that transported over 12,000 tons of supplies daily across 6,000 vehicles, though it faced constant threats from Luftwaffe attacks on extended lines lacking air superiority protection.^[80] Such examples underscore how overextended lines amplify risks from ambushes, sabotage, or attrition, compelling commanders to balance offensive momentum with rear security. In contemporary strategy, supply lines integrate multimodal transport—air, sea, rail, and road—across theaters, but remain prime targets for asymmetric threats like drones and precision strikes, which exploit their linearity and predictability.^[81] U.S. doctrine emphasizes resilient, distributed logistics to counter this, assuming adversaries will prioritize interdiction to degrade sustainment; for example, operations in Iraq and Afghanistan highlighted the need for protected convoys stretching kilometers, with fuel tankers particularly susceptible due to their volume and flammability.^[82]^[83] Modern forces mitigate risks through forward stockpiling, aerial resupply, and rapid repair units, yet prolonged conflicts reveal inherent fragilities, as self-reliance in contested environments demands higher costs for armored escorts and redundant paths over sheer volume.^[84]

Transportation and infrastructure

Rail and road systems

In rail systems, a railway line consists of parallel metal rails fixed to sleepers and embedded in ballast, forming a permanent track for train transport.^[85] These lines enable efficient movement of passengers and freight, with the U.S. freight rail network handling 28% of national freight tonnage as of 2025 while maintaining low accident rates due to dedicated infrastructure.^[86] Key components include rails (typically steel, 39 feet long in standard sections), concrete or wooden ties spaced 19.5 inches apart, and crushed stone ballast for stability and drainage.^[87] Railway lines vary by gauge, purpose, and capacity: standard gauge (1,435 mm) predominates for interoperability, while narrow-gauge lines suit mountainous terrain; main lines support high-speed intercity travel up to 200 mph on dedicated tracks, branch lines connect rural areas to mains, and freight lines prioritize heavy loads with reinforced construction.^[88] Historically, systematic rail lines emerged in the early 19th century, with the Stockton and Darlington Railway opening in 1825 as the first public steam-powered line, spanning 26 miles and carrying coal and passengers.^[89] In road systems, lines primarily denote pavement markings that delineate travel paths, separate opposing traffic, and guide vehicles for safety and order.^[90] Centerlines, typically yellow, divide opposite-direction traffic on undivided roads, with solid lines prohibiting crossing and broken lines permitting it; white lane lines separate same-direction lanes, following similar solid/broken conventions.^[91] These markings adhere to standards like the U.S. Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD), which specifies widths (e.g., 4-6 inches for standard lines) and retroreflectivity levels for nighttime visibility, reducing lane departure crashes by aiding driver positioning.^[90] ^[92] Double yellow lines indicate no passing zones on two-lane roads, while edge lines (white or yellow) mark pavement boundaries to prevent run-off; transverse markings like stop bars reinforce intersections.^[93] Pavement lines evolved from early 20th-century painted divisions, with federal standardization accelerating post-1950s via the Interstate Highway System, where consistent markings supported higher speeds and volumes exceeding 100,000 vehicles daily on major routes.^[92] Materials include thermoplastic for durability (lasting 5-10 years) and paint for cost-effectiveness, with thermoplastics preferred on high-traffic roads to minimize repainting frequency.^[93]

Maritime and air routes

In maritime transport, a shipping line refers to a company that operates vessels on scheduled routes between specific ports, facilitating the bulk of global cargo movement, which accounts for over 80% of international trade volume in goods.^[94] These lines emerged in the early 19th century with packet services offering fixed timetables, evolving into modern containerized fleets that prioritize efficiency on established trade lanes, such as transatlantic or Asia-Europe corridors.^[95] Navigation in maritime contexts distinguishes between rhumb lines and great circle routes, both termed "lines" for their path-defining properties. A rhumb line, or loxodrome, maintains a constant compass bearing, simplifying steering for sailing vessels reliant on magnetic compasses, though it results in longer distances compared to spherical geometry.^[96] In contrast, a great circle route traces the shortest path between two points on Earth's surface, forming a circle whose plane passes through the planet's center; modern ships and aircraft favor this for fuel efficiency, with deviations only for obstacles or currents.^[97] Air routes, managed by airways or direct paths, similarly employ "line" terminology, with "airline" originally denoting a straight-line trajectory through the air, akin to direct rail alignments.^[98] Commercial aviation prioritizes great circle routes for minimal flight time and fuel use, as seen in transoceanic paths that appear curved on flat maps due to Earth's sphericity; for instance, flights from New York to Tokyo arc northward over the Arctic.^[99] Rhumb lines see limited use in aviation, as constant headings complicate instrument navigation, but historical airway systems relied on fixed beacons to approximate straight segments.^[96] Route planning incorporates jet streams and air traffic control, with global networks handling over 100,000 daily flights along these optimized lines.^[99]

Business and industry

Production and operations

In manufacturing, a production line, also known as an assembly line, consists of a series of sequential workstations designed to perform specialized tasks on workpieces that move progressively through the system, enabling mass production of standardized goods.^[100] This setup divides labor into discrete operations, with materials transported via conveyor belts or other mechanisms, minimizing worker movement and maximizing throughput.^[101] The modern assembly line originated with Henry Ford's implementation at his Highland Park plant on December 1, 1913, where the first moving line assembled Ford Model T automobiles, reducing chassis assembly time from approximately 12.5 hours to 93 minutes—a 93% efficiency gain.^[102] This innovation, inspired by earlier meatpacking disassembly lines and precursors like the Venetian Arsenal's shipbuilding process in the 16th century, facilitated economies of scale, dropping the Model T's price from $850 in 1908 to $260 by 1925 and enabling annual production exceeding 2 million units by the 1920s.^[103] Ford's approach emphasized task specialization, continuous flow, and interchangeable parts, fundamentally shifting operations from craft-based to industrialized methods.^[104] Operations management of production lines focuses on balancing workloads across stations to eliminate bottlenecks, using techniques like line balancing algorithms that distribute tasks evenly based on cycle times and worker capabilities.^[105] Key practices include implementing just-in-time inventory to reduce waste, cellular manufacturing for one-piece flow that replaces traditional lines with U-shaped cells promoting flexibility and reduced lead times, and monitoring key performance indicators (KPIs) such as overall equipment effectiveness (OEE), which targets above 85% through minimizing downtime and defects.^[106]^[107] For instance, optimizing cycle times— the duration for one unit to complete a station—can increase throughput by 20-30% in high-volume settings, as validated by RFID-tracked data analytics in assembly processes.^[108] Modern enhancements incorporate automation, such as robotic arms for repetitive tasks, yielding uptime improvements of up to 15% in machine-intensive lines, alongside predictive maintenance using sensor data to preempt failures and sustain efficiency above 90%.^[109] Lean principles guide operations by standardizing procedures, empowering cross-trained workers, and aligning equipment with demand forecasts, as evidenced in food manufacturing case studies where redesigned lines boosted output levels without proportional input increases.^[110] These methods prioritize causal factors like process variability reduction over superficial metrics, ensuring scalable, verifiable gains in output per labor hour.^[111]

Corporate entities

LINE Corporation, originally established in 2011 as a subsidiary of Naver Corporation, developed and operated the LINE mobile messaging application, which gained prominence after the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami for enabling communication amid disrupted networks.^[112] The company expanded into a multifaceted platform offering services like payments (LINE Pay), music streaming (LINE Music), comics (LINE Manga), and e-commerce, serving over 200 million monthly active users mainly in Japan, Taiwan, Thailand, and Indonesia.^[113] In October 2023, LINE merged with Z Holdings and Yahoo Japan Corporation to form LY Corporation, a joint venture under A Holdings controlled by SoftBank Group and Naver, shifting focus to integrated digital services including AI, fintech, and Web3.^[114] As of 2025, LY Corporation continues to manage LINE's ecosystem while addressing data privacy concerns stemming from its Korean parentage amid geopolitical tensions.^[115] Line 6, Inc., founded in 1996 in Calabasas, California, specializes in digital modeling of guitar amplifiers, effects processors, and wireless systems, pioneering amp simulation technology that emulates analog tones through software algorithms.^[116] The company produces products like the Helix series multi-effects units and POD modelers, targeting musicians and recording professionals for live and studio applications.^[117] Acquired by Yamaha Corporation in 2018, Line 6 maintains operations as a subsidiary, employing around 200-500 staff and emphasizing innovation in audio processing amid competition from analog revival trends.^[118]^[119]

Sports and recreation

Game boundaries and positions

In various sports, lines painted or marked on playing surfaces delineate the boundaries of the field, court, or rink, establishing the limits within which play occurs and determining whether a ball, puck, or player is in bounds. These markings ensure consistency, facilitate officiating, and prevent disputes over spatial limits; for instance, in association football (soccer), the ball is deemed out of play only when it has completely crossed the touchlines or goal lines, as specified in the Laws of the Game.^[120] In contrast, basketball and American football rules consider a ball or player out if any portion contacts the boundary line, emphasizing precision in boundary enforcement to maintain game integrity.^[120] Soccer fields further incorporate a halfway line dividing the pitch into halves, alongside penalty areas marked by lines that restrict certain actions like goalkeepers' distributions.^[121] Such boundary lines not only confine play but also influence strategic positioning by creating zones that dictate player movement and formations. In basketball, the sidelines and end lines frame the court, while internal lines like the three-point arc and free-throw lane boundaries compel offensive players to adjust shooting and defensive positioning to maximize scoring efficiency or contest shots legally.^[122] The lane lines, extending from the free-throw line to the baseline, restrict post players' positioning during free throws and rebounds, shaping defensive packing strategies.^[122] In sports like tennis or volleyball, service lines and net boundaries similarly enforce positional rules, such as requiring servers to remain behind the baseline, thereby integrating spatial constraints into tactical decision-making.^[120] Player positions explicitly tied to lines are most prominent in gridiron football, where the offensive line—comprising a center, two guards, and two tackles—aligns along the line of scrimmage to block defenders and facilitate runs or pass protection.^[123] The center initiates play by snapping the ball, while guards and tackles engage directly with the opposing defensive line, which mirrors this setup to disrupt plays and pursue the quarterback or ball carrier.^[124] These linemen positions demand physicality and leverage, with players typically weighing over 300 pounds to dominate at the scrimmage line, a neutral zone reset after each down that underscores the line's role in dictating the game's forward progress.^[123] In ice hockey, blue lines divide the rink into zones, influencing forward and defensive positioning by triggering offside infractions if attackers precede the puck across them, thus enforcing structured offensive builds.^[125]

Wagering and statistics

In sports wagering, a betting line refers to the numerical odds or point spread established by sportsbooks to reflect the anticipated outcome of a game, balancing public betting action while incorporating a commission known as the vigorish or "vig."^[126] Common formats include American odds (e.g., -110 indicating a bet of $110 yields $100 profit if successful), where the negative sign denotes the favorite and positive the underdog.^[126] Point spread lines handicap the favorite by assigning points they must exceed to "cover," such as -3.5 for a team expected to win by more than 3.5 points, while moneyline lines simply bet on the outright winner without adjustment.^[127] Over/under lines, or totals, set a combined score threshold for both teams, with bettors wagering on whether the actual total exceeds or falls short.^[128] Sportsbooks derive initial lines from statistical models incorporating historical data, team performance metrics, injuries, and algorithmic power ratings, then adjust via line movement in response to betting volume to approximate equal action on both sides and minimize risk.^[129] The vig, typically embedded as -110 odds, ensures a house edge of about 4.55%, requiring bettors to achieve over 52.4% accuracy long-term just to break even, as the payout structure favors the bookmaker regardless of outcome.^[126] Line movements occur dynamically; for instance, heavy public betting on a favorite may shift the spread from -3 to -4.5 to attract value bets on the underdog, reflecting market efficiency in aggregating dispersed information.^[129] Empirical data indicates high predictive accuracy for betting lines, with point spreads capturing approximately 86% of the variability in game median outcomes across major sports, and totals around 79%, based on analyses of thousands of professional contests.^[130] Shorter odds (under 2-1) align closely with true probabilities, though longer odds exhibit greater deviation due to outlier events.^[131] Analyses of over 800,000 lines across sportsbooks show low volatility in over/under markets, underscoring market efficiency, where consistent outperformance by bettors is rare—typically below 55% win rates even for sophisticated models, net of vig.^[132] A 70% win rate remains statistically improbable over large samples, as lines efficiently incorporate public and sharp money flows, rendering sustained profits elusive for most participants.^[132]

Arts, entertainment, and media

Films and literature

The 2009 action-crime film The Line, directed by James Cotten, centers on an American assassin portrayed by Ray Liotta who operates along the U.S.-Mexico border, highlighting tensions of cross-border violence and enforcement. Released internationally as La Línea, the film features an ensemble cast including Armand Assante and Esai Morales, and depicts the protagonist's entanglement in drug cartel conflicts while navigating the literal and metaphorical boundary of the border line.^[133] The 2023 drama The Line, marking the feature directorial debut of Ethan Berger, follows university fraternity members, led by Alex Wolff's character, as they escalate hazing rituals into life-threatening dares, testing personal and ethical boundaries. Starring Halle Bailey and John Malkovich, the film premiered at the Tribeca Film Festival on June 10, 2023, and received a 6.1/10 rating on IMDb from over 1,200 user reviews, with critics noting its exploration of youthful recklessness and consequence-free decision-making.^[134]^[135] In literature, The Line of Beauty (2004) by Alan Hollinghurst examines the integration of a young gay protagonist into a Conservative MP's family during 1980s Thatcher-era Britain, amid rising AIDS cases and social divides, using aesthetic and moral "lines" as motifs for class and sexual boundaries. The novel, published by Bloomsbury, won the Man Booker Prize in 2004 and spans 438 pages, drawing on real political events like the 1983 and 1987 elections. Line (2021) by Niall Bourke, published by Tramp Press, depicts a dystopian scenario where the 10-year-old narrator and his mother subsist within an endless queue stretching across a barren landscape, advancing sporadically toward an undefined goal, symbolizing endurance and societal inertia. The 184-page novel, blending speculative fiction with coming-of-age elements, received positive reviews for its minimalist prose and exploration of human persistence in queues as a microcosm of authoritarian control.^[136]

Music and performance

In musical notation, the staff consists of five horizontal lines and four spaces, with each line and space corresponding to specific pitches on a keyboard or other instrument, facilitating the representation of melody and harmony.^[137] Ledger lines, short horizontal extensions added above or below the staff, accommodate notes extending beyond this range, ensuring accurate transcription of higher or lower pitches without altering the core five-line structure.^[138] In theater and performance, a "line" denotes a single spoken phrase or sentence from a script, which actors commit to memory through repetition and cue association to maintain seamless delivery during live shows.^[139] This term underscores the precision required in rehearsal, where lapses—known as "dropping a line"—can disrupt pacing, often prompting understudies or prompters to intervene. A chorus line, by contrast, comprises a synchronized ensemble of dancers, frequently in musical theater, who execute uniform routines to support principal performers and amplify spectacle, as seen in productions blending dance with narrative elements. Line dancing emerged as a social performance form in the mid-20th century, evolving from folk and country traditions into choreographed sequences where participants align in rows, facing forward, and repeat steps synchronized to music without partner interaction.^[140] Popularized in the 1970s through dances like the Electric Slide, it emphasizes footwork patterns counted to beats, fostering group cohesion in venues from barns to modern clubs, with over 20,000 documented routines by the 2010s reflecting its adaptability across genres.^[141]

Television and podcasts

Line of Duty is a British police procedural television series that aired on BBC One from 2012 to 2021, created by Jed Mercurio and produced by World Productions. The show centers on the Anti-Corruption Unit AC-12 investigating institutional corruption within the police force, spanning six seasons with 36 episodes. It garnered praise for its tense plotting and character development, achieving an 8.7/10 rating on IMDb from 78,043 user votes as of 2024.^[142] The Onedin Line is a BBC historical drama series that ran from 1971 to 1980, comprising 91 episodes across eight seasons. Set in Liverpool from 1860 to 1896, it follows the expansion of the Onedin family shipping business amid industrial and social changes in Victorian Britain. The series starred Peter Gilmore as Captain James Onedin and was noted for its authentic depiction of maritime commerce. Whose Line Is It Anyway? originated as a British improvisational comedy panel show on Channel 4 from 1988 to 1999, hosted by Clive Anderson, featuring performers like Tony Slattery and Josie Lawrence in unscripted games. An American adaptation aired on ABC from 1998 to 2000, hosted by Drew Carey, and revived on The CW from 2013 to 2023 with Aisha Tyler as host, emphasizing audience-suggested scenarios and rapid-fire humor. The format relies on performers' quick thinking without prepared lines, influencing modern improv media. What's My Line? was an American panel game show broadcast on CBS from 1950 to 1967, hosted by John Charles Daly, with celebrity panelists guessing contestants' occupations through yes-or-no questions. The prime-time version ran for 25 seasons and 876 episodes, incorporating blindfolded "mystery guest" segments; a daytime edition continued until 1975. It exemplified mid-20th-century broadcast entertainment, drawing 20–30 million weekly viewers at its peak. In podcasts, The Line is a non-fiction audio series launched in 2021, hosted by Dan Taberski and produced by Apple TV+, examining the 2018 court-martial of Navy SEAL Eddie Gallagher for alleged war crimes in Iraq. Through interviews with over 50 special operators, it critiques blurred ethical boundaries in counterterrorism operations, earning a 4.5/5 rating from 3,656 Apple Podcasts reviews.^[143]^[144] The Fall Line is a true crime podcast debuted in 2016, hosted by Chrissy Harper and M. William Phelps, specializing in missing persons cases from the American South, such as cold cases involving marginalized victims. Episodes incorporate archival audio, expert analysis, and survivor accounts, with over 100 installments released by 2024, emphasizing investigative depth over sensationalism.^[145]

People and society

Notable individuals

Line Renaud (born July 2, 1928) is a French actress, singer, and philanthropist renowned for her contributions to post-World War II French entertainment. She began her career as a cabaret performer and gained international fame through films such as Moulin Rouge (1952) and later works including I Can't Sleep (1994) and Driving Madeleine (2022).^[146] Molly Line is an American broadcast journalist who joined Fox News Channel in January 2006 as a Boston-based correspondent, covering political events, breaking news, and regional stories. A Virginia Tech graduate with a Bachelor of Arts in mass communications (2000), she previously anchored at Fox 25 in Boston.^[147] Lorie Line (born 1958) is an American pianist, composer, and arranger based in Minneapolis, Minnesota, who has produced over 60 albums featuring original arrangements of popular and classical pieces. A child prodigy who began playing at age five, she was inducted into the Minnesota Music Hall of Fame in 2015 for her instrumental work and live performances.^[148] In many societies, the practice of forming lines, or queues, serves as a fundamental social mechanism for managing access to limited resources, reflecting norms of fairness, cooperation, and temporal discipline. Anthropological and sociological studies describe queues as emergent social systems governed by informal rules, such as first-come-first-served ordering and tolerance for "time-outs" (e.g., brief absences while maintaining position), which underscore the cultural valuation of time in Western contexts.^[149] These norms promote orderly behavior and minimize conflict, with deviations like line-cutting often eliciting social sanctions, as observed in empirical observations of retail and public service lines.^[150] Cultural variations in queuing highlight divergent attitudes toward waiting: monochronic cultures, such as those in Britain and Canada, emphasize strict linearity and patience as markers of civility, tracing back to historical practices during wartime rationing and reinforced by social expectations of restraint.^[151] In contrast, polychronic societies in parts of Latin America or the Middle East may prioritize relational or hierarchical access over rigid order, leading to clustered formations rather than single-file lines, which can reflect broader values of flexibility and personal connections.^[152] Long queues have also evolved into cultural events, as seen in fashion weeks or product launches where waiting signals exclusivity and communal experience, transforming drudgery into a performative social ritual.^[153] Picket lines represent a contentious social use of lines in labor and protest contexts, where participants form human barriers to disrupt operations and assert collective demands. In U.S. labor history, picket lines proliferated during the 1930s Great Depression amid mass strikes, symbolizing worker solidarity despite violent employer responses, including the 1937 Memorial Day Massacre where police killed ten demonstrators in Chicago.^[154] Such formations enforced social pressure through ostracism of strikebreakers and fostered intra-group cohesion, though they often incurred legal and physical risks, as evidenced by recurring bloodshed in the 1920s "American Plan" era opposing independent unions.^[155] Line dancing embodies a participatory cultural tradition, particularly in country and soul variants, where synchronized group movements along parallel lines build community and transmit heritage without partners. Originating in African and Caribbean circle dances adapted into linear forms during U.S. slavery and later popularized via 1990s country hits like "Achy Breaky Heart," it promotes social bonding across demographics, with recent TikTok revivals enhancing its appeal among youth for fostering inclusivity and rhythmic coordination.^[156] In traditional societies, the concept of "family line" or lineage structures social identity and inheritance, preserving cultural continuity through genealogical tracing that links individuals to ancestral narratives and communal roles.^[157]

Places and geography

Urban projects

The Line is a proposed linear smart city within the NEOM development in Tabuk Province, Saudi Arabia, conceptualized as a 170-kilometer-long vertical structure designed to house up to 9 million residents on a compact 34-square-kilometer footprint.^[158] This design eliminates traditional roads and cars, relying instead on high-speed rail for 20-minute maximum commutes and ensuring all daily services are accessible within a 5-minute walk, with the goal of achieving zero-carbon emissions through renewable energy and minimal infrastructure sprawl.^[159] Announced in January 2021 by Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman as part of Saudi Arabia's Vision 2030 diversification strategy, the project integrates advanced technologies for urban living, including AI-driven systems for resource management and vertical farming to promote sustainability and human-nature harmony.^[158] Construction efforts, overseen by the Public Investment Fund, began with foundational work in the early 2020s, but as of October 2025, progress remains limited to a 2.4-kilometer initial module, with concrete foundations and some vertical elements under development amid scaled-back ambitions from the original full-length vision.^[160] ^[161] In July 2025, NEOM initiated a strategic review involving external consultants to assess feasibility, cost efficiencies, and phased implementation, reflecting challenges such as escalating expenses—estimated at over $500 billion for NEOM overall—and logistical hurdles in the remote desert terrain.^[162] ^[163] Despite these setbacks, officials maintain that The Line prioritizes operational continuity and acceleration of viable segments, with early modules targeting 300,000 residents and integration into broader NEOM infrastructure like Oxagon port.^[164] Critics, including urban planning experts, question the project's realism given engineering complexities of a 500-meter-tall continuous structure and potential environmental impacts from displacing local ecosystems, though proponents cite its potential to redefine compact, emission-free urbanization if executed in modular phases.^[165] Saudi state-backed sources emphasize empirical benefits like reduced urban heat islands and 95% nature preservation, but independent analyses highlight risks of over-reliance on unproven mega-scale tech without peer-reviewed long-term data.^[158] ^[166]

Natural and demarcated features

Fault lines represent natural linear fractures in the Earth's crust where tectonic forces cause rocks on either side to displace relative to one another, often resulting in seismic activity. These features form due to stress accumulation from plate movements, with types including normal, reverse, and strike-slip faults based on the direction of motion. The San Andreas Fault in California exemplifies a major strike-slip fault, spanning approximately 1,200 kilometers and responsible for significant earthquakes, such as the 1906 San Francisco event measuring 7.9 on the moment magnitude scale.^[167]^[168] Ecological boundaries like the tree line and snow line delineate natural altitudinal or latitudinal limits shaped by climatic factors such as temperature and precipitation. The tree line marks the elevation beyond which trees fail to form continuous stands, typically occurring at 1,700–2,400 meters in the Arctic and up to 4,500 meters in equatorial highlands, driven primarily by growing season length and frost exposure. Similarly, the snow line indicates the permanent snow accumulation threshold, rising from polar lows of around 500 meters to tropical elevations exceeding 5,000 meters, correlating with thermal gradients that prevent melt.^[169] Demarcated lines in geography often involve human-defined boundaries that follow or approximate natural features for territorial separation, such as rivers or ridges serving as natural borders between states. For instance, mountain ranges or river courses provide defensible, pre-existing linear divisions, as seen in borders utilizing the Pyrenees between France and Spain or the Rio Grande between the United States and Mexico, where the waterway's thalweg (deepest channel) precisely marks the line. These are physically surveyed and marked with monuments to enforce delineation, contrasting with purely artificial straight lines like the 49th parallel segment of the U.S.-Canada border, which ignores topography for simplicity post-1818 treaty.^[170]^[171]

Other uses

Everyday objects and concepts

A fishing line consists of a long, thin cord or filament attached to a hook and rod for angling.^[172] Power lines, also known as electrical transmission lines, are overhead or underground cables that conduct high-voltage electricity from power plants to distribution substations, typically consisting of conductors supported by poles or towers.^[173] A clothesline is a rope or wire stretched taut between two points, used outdoors or indoors for air-drying laundry by hanging garments with clips or pegs; its length varies from 10 to 50 feet depending on household needs, promoting energy efficiency over mechanical dryers. Telephone lines refer to wired connections, historically copper wires linking telephones to central exchanges for voice transmission via electrical signals, though largely supplanted by digital and wireless systems since the 1990s.^[172] In manufacturing, an assembly line arranges workstations in sequence where semi-finished components move continuously, allowing workers to add parts efficiently; pioneered by Ransom E. Olds in 1901 for automobiles and refined by Henry Ford in 1913, it reduced Model T production time from 12 hours to 93 minutes. A measuring line or plumb line is a cord with a weight at one end, used to determine vertical alignment or depth, as in construction for ensuring walls are straight or in nautical contexts for sounding water depths.^[172] Everyday concepts include a line of people, denoting a queue where individuals stand in sequence awaiting service, such as at checkout counters or ticket booths, to maintain order and fairness in resource allocation.^[174] A product line comprises a group of related items marketed under one brand, like a clothing line offering variations in sizes, styles, and colors to target consumer segments; companies such as Levi Strauss & Co. use this to streamline inventory since the 1850s.^[172] The bottom line signifies the final net profit or loss on a financial statement after all expenses, originating from accounting ledgers where it appeared at the page's bottom; in casual use, it means the essential outcome or key takeaway.

Historical and miscellaneous

The English word line originates from Middle English line or lyne, derived from Old English līne (meaning cable, rope, series, or rule) and Old French ligne, both tracing to Latin līnea ("linen thread, string, or line"), from līnum ("flax").^[175] ^[172] This etymology underscores its ancient association with physical threads or cords, initially used for practical purposes like marking boundaries or measuring distances, evolving by the medieval period to encompass abstract concepts such as rows or guidelines.^[176] In historical measurement systems, a "line" served as a small unit of length, typically reckoned as one-twelfth of an inch (approximately 2.117 mm), employed in fields like tailoring, typography, and surveying from the Middle Ages through the 19th century.^[176] Ancient and medieval builders utilized flaxen plumb lines—weighted cords—to ensure vertical alignment in structures, a technique documented in Egyptian and Greek engineering practices for constructing pyramids and temples.^[176] By the 17th century, "line" also denoted military formations, as in line infantry tactics where troops aligned in extended ranks to maximize musket fire, dominating European warfare until the mid-19th century with the advent of rifled weapons and dispersed formations.^[176] Among miscellaneous senses, "line" has denoted a dog's leash or hawk's jess in falconry since at least the 14th century, reflecting its cord-like origins in restraining animals during hunts.^[176] In poetic and literary traditions, a "line" refers to a single row of verse, a usage solidified in English by the 16th century with the rise of iambic pentameter in works like those of Shakespeare.^[176] The phrase "bee-line," first attested in 1830 American English, describes the straight path bees take to their hive, symbolizing directness and borrowed into idiomatic use for efficient routes.^[177]

References

[1]
LINE｜always at your side.
Messenger APP. New communication app which allows you to make FREE voice calls and send FREE messages whenever and wherever you are, 24 hours a day! Services.
[2]
LINE: Calls & Messages - Apps on Google Play
Rating 3.4 (14,087,813) · Free · AndroidWith voice and video calls, messages, and a limitless variety of exciting stickers, you'll be able to express yourself in ways that you never thought possible.<|separator|>
[3]
Line: A guide to Japan's messenger giant - BBC News
Jul 13, 2016 · Line dates back to 2011 when, in the wake of the devastating Japanese tsunami, many of the normal channels of communication had broken down. The ...
[4]
Welcome to Line, Japan's everything app - Rest of World
Apr 28, 2023 · Line launched in 2011, three months after the Tohoku earthquake hit Japan. Employees of South Korean web giant Naver, based in the country at ...
[5]
Line Revenue and Usage Statistics (2025) - Business of Apps
Jan 22, 2025 · Title 2. Launch date, 11 June 2011 ; Revenue ($bn). 2012, 0.05 ; Net income ($mm). 2016, 65 ; Users (mm). 2014, 83 ; Users (mm). 2014, 44.
[6]
Why LINE is the Most Popular Social Media App in Japan
Chat, voice & video calls LINE lets you create online chats with text, stickers, photos, videos, calls, and send/request money, all in one app.Missing: description | Show results with:description
[7]
What is LINE? Japan's super app explained - Nativex
Jan 4, 2024 · Communication. At its core, LINE is a messaging app enabling one-on-one chats and group texts, along with free voice and video calls.Missing: description | Show results with:description
[8]
LINE user trends 2025: The largest messaging app in Japan - TAMLO
LINE is the most popular messaging app in Japan, with 97 million monthly active users as of August 2024. It covers more than 78% of Japan's total population.
[9]
Corporate Information - LY Corporation
LY Corporation is one of Japan's largest tech companies formed in October 2023 through the reorganization of Group companies including LINE Corporation and ...
[10]
LY Corporation
LY Corporation's corporate website. Yahoo Japan Corporation, LINE Corporation, and other Group companies were reorganized into LY Corporation in October ...About LY Corporation · Corporate Information · LINE Corporation press releases
[11]
Why is LINE so underdeveloped in comparison to other messenger ...
Dec 11, 2023 · I'd think that LINE has lots of skilled people to make the app more user friendly, esp given how big the company is. Why do you think that is?Missing: description | Show results with:description
[12]
Popular Line App is Breached By Affilate-Related Attack - Verimatrix
Jan 18, 2024 · Line, launched in Japan in June 2011, has become a vital communication tool in Asia, boasting over 176 million monthly active users globally.<|separator|>
[13]
Line app sparks tension between Japan and South Korea - Verdict
Jun 27, 2024 · Issues surrounding Line's nationality resurfaced due to national security concerns following two major data breaches in 2021 and 2023.
[14]
LINE, a messaging app to use with caution
Aug 8, 2024 · LINE, a messaging app mostly used in Asia, offers end-to-end encryption but also presents back-end security concerns and a history of data ...Missing: controversies | Show results with:controversies
[15]
Why Line, a superapp, sparked a diplomatic dispute
Jun 5, 2024 · Why Line, a superapp, sparked a diplomatic dispute. Tensions rise as Japan's Line app decision strains relations with South Korea.
[16]
Why Japan and South Korea are fighting over this messaging app
Jun 24, 2024 · The dispute involves Line, a popular app allowing message and sticker sharing, created by South Korean company Naver but widely used in Japan.<|control11|><|separator|>
[17]
Euclid's Elements, Book I - Clark University
When a straight line standing on a straight line makes the adjacent angles equal to one another, each of the equal angles is right, and the straight line ...
[18]
https://mathresearch.utsa.edu/wiki/index.php?title=Lines_%26_Angles
[19]
The Axioms of Euclidean Plane Geometry - Brown Math
1. A straight line may be drawn between any two points. · 2. Any terminated straight line may be extended indefinitely. · 3. A circle may be drawn with any given ...<|separator|>
[20]
[PDF] Guide to Geometry - Digital Commons at Pittsburg State University
Oct 8, 2020 · A 'straight' line is defined as the shortest distance from one point to another. In Euclidean geometry, this distance will always be a line ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[21]
[PDF] Basics of Projective Geometry - UPenn CIS
Given any two distinct lines D and D0 in the real projective plane RP2, a projectivity f : D → D0 is a perspectivity iff f(O) = O, where O is the intersection.
[22]
[1009.3637] Lines on projective varieties and applications - arXiv
Sep 19, 2010 · The first part of this note contains a review of basic properties of the variety of lines contained in an embedded projective variety and passing through a ...
[23]
Lines on projective varieties and applications
Aug 9, 2011 · The first part of this note contains a review of basic properties of the variety of lines contained in an embedded projective variety and ...
[24]
[PDF] Arrangements of Lines
The complexity of an arrangement of n lines is O(n2). Theorem (combinatorial complexity of arrangement of lines). Let A(L) be an arrangement of lines, n = ...
[25]
[PDF] CMSC 754: Lecture 13 Line Arrangements and Applications
We will begin by discussing the basic geometric and combinatorial properties of arrangements and an algorithm for constructing them. Later we will discuss ...
[26]
On combinatorics of plus-one generated line arrangements - arXiv
Nov 26, 2024 · In this note we focus on combinatorial aspects of plus-one generated line arrangements. We provide combinatorial constraints on such arrangements.
[27]
An introduction to line geometry with applications - ScienceDirect
We presented an introduction to line geometry along with applications in constraint solving, reverse engineering and robot kinematics. For this, we enriched the ...
[28]
An introduction to line geometry with applications - Academia.edu
The general concepts of specific applications in Line geometry investigates the set of lines in three-space. areas such as robot kinematics and surface ...
[29]
Electric Field Lines - The Physics Classroom
Electric field lines always extend from a positively charged object to a negatively charged object, from a positively charged object to infinity, or from ...
[30]
Electric Field Lines Attraction and Repulsion - BYJU'S
Electric field lines always point away from a positive charge and towards a negative point. In fact, electric fields originate at a positive charge and ...
[31]
20.1 Magnetic Fields, Field Lines, and Force - Physics | OpenStax
Mar 26, 2020 · Describe and interpret drawings of magnetic fields around permanent magnets and current-carrying wires; Calculate the magnitude and direction of ...
[32]
[PDF] Metrology Standards and Comparators - WordPress.com
The various standards known for linear measurements are (i) Line Standard, (ii) End Standard and (iii) Wavelength standard. Line Standard. According to it, ...
[33]
[PDF] 1.6 Standards of Measurement - Rohini College
1.6.5 Line Standards. When the distance between two engraved lines is used to measure the length, it is called line standard or line measurement. The most ...
[34]
Line Standards and End Standards: Measurements | Blog
May 12, 2014 · Line Standards. In the line standards the unit of length is defined as the distance between the centres of engraved lines as in a steel rule.Missing: metrology | Show results with:metrology
[35]
Different types of lines in engineering drawing - LinkedIn
Oct 15, 2023 · Lines in engineering drawings serve as a visual language, conveying crucial information about the design, dimensions, and features of a structure or component.
[36]
The Language of Lines – Basic Blueprint Reading
There are 11 basic types of lines in blueprints, including object, hidden, section, center, dimension, extension, leader, cutting plane, break, phantom, and ...
[37]
2.1: Line styles and types - Workforce LibreTexts
May 28, 2023 · Technical drawings use lines with definite patterns and thicknesses. Common types include object, hidden, center, dimension, and leader lines, ...
[38]
Measuring Straightness | GD&T Fundamentals - Keyence
When measuring straightness, you are checking how accurately straight a target is. This indication applies to straight lines and not to planes.
[39]
Practical GD&T: Straightness Measurement - Basic Concepts - Redlux
Straightness, from a GD&T perspective, is a control which requires either surfaces or axes to follow a straight line within a specified tolerance.
[40]
[PDF] Straightness and Parallelism - Taylor Hobson
The movement of the stylus is controlled in a linear manner, the vertical and radial displacements can be recorded and analysed as a straightness measurement.
[41]
Straightness in GD&T: Measurement and Fundamental Guide
Oct 27, 2024 · Straightness is a geometric tolerance that defines the condition of a line or surface being perfectly straight within specified limits. In GD&T, ...
[42]
[PDF] Data Structures for Text Sequences 1 Introduction - UNM CS
Jun 10, 1998 · This paper investigates and evaluates the range of possible data structures for text sequences. The ADT interface to the text sequence component ...
[43]
Lines of Code (LOC) in Software Engineering - GeeksforGeeks
Jul 23, 2025 · Lines of Code (LOC) measures the volume of code by counting all non-comment and non-blank lines, including variable declarations and statements.
[44]
Code structure - The Modern JavaScript Tutorial
May 29, 2021 · The first thing we'll study is the building blocks of code. Statements Statements are syntax constructs and commands that perform actions.
[45]
DDA Line generation Algorithm in Computer Graphics
Jul 23, 2025 · DDA (Digital Differential Analyzer) is a line drawing algorithm used in computer graphics to generate a line segment between two specified endpoints.
[46]
Line drawing 1 - Bresenham's Algorithm - Mark Wrobel
Aug 5, 2022 · Jack Elton Bresenham invented an algorithm for drawing lines in 1962, and it's one of the earliest algorithms in the field of computer graphics.
[47]
Line strips - UWP applications - Microsoft Learn
Oct 20, 2022 · A line strip is a primitive that is composed of connected line segments. Your application can use line strips for creating polygons that are not closed.Missing: software | Show results with:software
[48]
Check Out Cavalry's Line Primitive and How to Use It - Lesterbanks
Aug 22, 2020 · Check out Cavalry's Line Primitive, a procedural gnerator that lets you create complex lines with only a few layers.<|separator|>
[49]
[PDF] Visualization with stylized line primitives - TU Dresden
Line primitives are a very powerful visual attribute used for scien- tific visualization and in particular for 3D vector-field visualization.
[50]
The Line Command | Free AutoCAD Tutorial - Noble Desktop
The Line Command in AutoCAD draws straight lines, customized by distance and angle. The Command Line is activated by choosing the Line tool. A 'Close' option ...
[51]
LibreCAD - Free Open Source 2D CAD
LibreCAD is a free, open-source 2D CAD application for Windows, Apple, and Linux, with no license costs and cross-platform support.Forum · User Manual · Wiki · Translate
[52]
QCAD - QCAD: 2D CAD
With QCAD you can create technical drawings such as plans for buildings, interiors, mechanical parts or schematics and diagrams. QCAD works on Windows, macOS ...
[53]
DraftSight® 2D CAD Drafting and 3D Design Software
30-day returnsDraftSight is a professional-grade 2D CAD software that can be used to create, edit, view, and markup any kind of 2D drawing or DWG file.Downloads · Affordable CAD Software with... · CAD Certification · Free Trial FormMissing: line | Show results with:line
[54]
1870s – 1940s: Telephone | Imagining the Internet - Elon University
In 1877-78, the first telephone line was constructed, the first switchboard was created and the first telephone exchange was in operation. Three years later, ...
[55]
History of Phones
1874: Alexander Graham Bell discovers the principle of the telephone. He experiments with Thomas Watson to create the first telephone connection.
[56]
A Guide to Twisted Pair Cables - RS Components
Sep 18, 2024 · A twisted pair cable is, simply, two individually insulated metal wires twisted together. These wires carry a signal in opposite directions.
[57]
[PDF] TELEPHONE CABLES | Anixter
Two cores twisted to form pair, 12.5mm R/H lay. • -40 to +70º C temperature range. • Conductor resistance (Max @ 20ºC) 151 ohms per loop km.
[58]
What Is a Transmission Line? | Real-Life RF Signals
A transmission line is a cable (or simply a pair of conductors) that must be analyzed according to the characteristics of high-frequency signal propagation.
[59]
Exploring the role of 4 transmission lines in telecommunications
Telecommunication networks, the backbone of digital communication, are supported by four main types of transmission lines: Coaxial, Optical Fiber, Twisted Pair ...
[60]
From the Transatlantic Telephone to the iPhone | Origins
Dec 17, 2016 · Yes, Alexander Graham Bell had invented the telephone in 1876, and in 1915 he made the first transcontinental telephone call over AT&T wires ...
[61]
Today in History: The First Transatlantic Phone Call | UTA Libraries
Jan 7, 2021 · The first official transatlantic phone call took place 94 years ago, on January 7, 1927. The call was held between the President of America's AT&T company, ...
[62]
Telecommunications: Types, Fundamentals, and Applications
Apr 22, 2025 · ... transmission lines that conduct electrical signals over long distances. This includes telecommunications types such as: telephone, fiber ...
[63]
The Types of Crosstalk in Signal Transmission Lines
Feb 24, 2022 · Crosstalk refers to any undesired influence on the signal due to the communication lines running adjacent to it.
[64]
(PDF) Transmission Lines in Modern Communication Systems
Jul 25, 2024 · 1. Introduction. Transmission lines are fundamental components in the distribution and transmission of electrical power and signals over long ...
[65]
LINE Statistics and User Count for 2025 - DMR
May 29, 2025 · Here is everything you need to know about the messaging app Line including number of users, stickers, revenue and LINE Pay data.
[66]
Line Revenue and Usage Statistics in 2025 - Dev Technosys
As of 2021, LINE has over 187 million monthly active users worldwide. The app is most popular in Japan, Taiwan, Thailand, and Indonesia. LINE offers various ...
[67]
SoftBank in talks with Naver over control of Line operator LY
May 9, 2024 · After merging Line with Yahoo Japan in 2019, Naver and SoftBank now hold 50% each in the joint venture which controls LY Corp, through a 65 ...
[68]
Naver pulls back from messaging app Line following data breach
Apr 2, 2024 · Naver will reduce its cybersecurity ties with Line following the messaging app's massive data breach in October.
[69]
100 Taiwan Officials Compromised Following Japanese Messaging ...
Aug 2, 2021 · The hackers disabled Line's end-to-end encryption feature called 'Letter Sealing' so that victim messages could be read.
[70]
Line app owner flags data breach that may involve 440000 items of ...
Nov 27, 2023 · More than 440,000 items of personal data, including some linked to the Line messaging app, may have been leaked in a security breach, Japanese ...
[71]
Cyberattack on Japan firm managing Line app was 'supply chain ...
Nov 28, 2023 · Cyberattack on Japan firm managing Line app was 'supply chain attack' targeting weakness. TOKYO -- The leak of over 400,000 items of personal ...
[72]
Drawing the Line: Japan's Crackdown on Messenger App Signals ...
May 17, 2024 · International rules can help sort out disagreements on protectionism and security, and avoid a spiral of accusations and retaliation.
[73]
Quantity of Soldiers—not Quality of Their Aim—Won Battles
In linear formations, infantry troops, armed beginning in the late 17th century with bayoneted flintlock muskets, marched in columns until they were ordered by ...
[74]
This is why old armies used to fight in lines - We Are The Mighty
Oct 22, 2020 · Line formation warfare was developed during antiquity and used most notably in the Middle Ages, the Napoleonic Wars, and the Battle of the ...
[75]
[PDF] The Evolution of Infantry Tactics During the American Civil War
Sep 28, 2024 · Behind a line of pickets or skirmishers, the rest of the line fell out of ranks to collect fallen logs, rocks, and any fence material available ...
[76]
Logistics - Supply Chain, Distribution, Logisticians | Britannica
Supply is the function of providing the material needs of military forces. The supply process embraces all stages in the provision and servicing of military ...
[77]
The Art of Military Logistics - Communications of the ACM
Jun 1, 2001 · Von Clausewitz, in his renowned text On War, refers to logistics and supply lines as centers of gravity, or targets that if destroyed can defeat ...
[78]
https://aerialresupplycoffee.com/blogs/the-resupply-blog/14-quotes-about-military-logistics-that-cement-its-importance
[79]
Logistics Challenges of the Army of Northern Virginia in the ...
Aug 24, 2023 · The Confederacy struggled with manpower shortages, supply line constraints, and limited access to industrial and transportation infrastructure.
[80]
U.S. Army History: Red Ball Express - Transportation Corps
Having lost air superiority to the Allies, outnumbered Luftwaffe pilots avoided dogfights against Allied squadrons but targeted vulnerable supply lines and ...<|separator|>
[81]
The Art of Supply Chain Interdiction: To Win Without Fighting
May 26, 2023 · The U.S. Army looked on with apprehension as small and cheap drone weapons proliferated within the ranks of insurgents in the Middle East.
[82]
Power Projection and the Logistics of Modern War - CSIS
Sep 16, 2025 · Assume supply lines will be targeted. Attacks on logistics and supply degrade opponents' ability to wage war, and these types of attacks ...
[83]
Supply lines vulnerable to attack - Taipei Times
Mar 27, 2003 · Commanders had already beefed up protection around the supply convoys, which can stretch for kilometers. The fuel tankers make especially ...
[84]
Asymmetric Advantage or Achilles Heel: Logistics in the U.S. Military
Jun 14, 2022 · The U.S. military must prioritize effectiveness (even at greater cost) to develop logistics systems and processes that are more self-reliant.
[85]
RAILWAY definition in American English - Collins Dictionary
railway in British English · 1. a permanent track composed of a line of parallel metal rails fixed to sleepers, for transport of passengers and goods in trains.
[86]
Freight Rail Overview | FRA - Federal Railroad Administration
Feb 24, 2025 · The U.S. freight rail network is the largest, safest, and most cost-efficient, moving 28% of freight, and is cost-effective for almost any ...
[87]
Main parts of a railroad track | Rails, Sleeper, Railroad Switch ...
A railroad track is mainly composed of rails, railroad ties (sleepers), fasteners, railway switch, ballast, and subgrade.
[88]
Different Types of Railway Tracks: 4 perspectives - Adortech
Sep 10, 2024 · Discover the different types of railway tracks based on gauge, purpose, construction, and capacity, and how they impact rail efficiency and ...Different Types of Railway... · 1- Railway Tracks by Gauge · 3- Railway Tracks by...
[89]
RAILWAY LINE definition | Cambridge English Dictionary
a particular route between two points on a railroad: The railway line was built in 1849 at the height of the Victorian railway boom. The railway line runs along ...
[90]
Chapter 3B. Pavement and Curb Markings - MUTCD
Pavement markings include yellow centerlines, white lane lines, white transverse markings, and edge lines. Yellow centerlines separate opposite directions, ...
[91]
Chapter 2: Pavement Markings | Driver and Vehicle Services
Yellow lines divide traffic going opposite directions, white lines divide same-direction traffic. Broken lines can be crossed, solid lines generally cannot, ...
[92]
[PDF] Evolution of the U.S. Pavement Marking System
“The Secretary of Transportation shall revise the MUTCD to include a standard for a minimum level of retroreflectivity that must be maintained for traffic signs ...
[93]
Types of Highway Line Markings - Rua Seguridad
Jul 8, 2024 · Highway markings include solid/broken white center lines, double yellow lines, solid/broken yellow lane dividers, solid horizontal lines, and ...
[94]
Review of Maritime Transport 2021 - UNCTAD
Maritime transport is the backbone of international trade and the global economy. Over 80% of the volume of international trade in goods is carried by sea, ...Missing: line | Show results with:line
[95]
Shipping | Definition, Importance, History, Environmental ... - Britannica
Oct 13, 2025 · Shipping, the transporting of goods and passengers by water. Described as the backbone of global trade, maritime shipping is responsible for the transport of ...
[96]
Comparison of Rhumb Lines and Great Circles - MATLAB & Simulink
While rhumb line paths are longer than great circle paths, the constant bearing makes rhumb line paths easier to navigate. Great Circles. A great circle is the ...
[97]
Understanding Great Circles And Rhumb Lines - October 24, 2025
Sep 10, 2024 · A Great Circle route requires changing course frequently, making navigation more complex. In contrast, a Rhumb Line maintains a constant course, ...
[98]
5.4 – Maritime Transportation | The Geography of Transport Systems
Maritime transportation concerns the movement of passengers and freight over water masses, from oceans to rivers.
[99]
Great Circle Routes & Flight Paths | Aviation Market Analysis - OAG
Nov 6, 2019 · Great Circle Routes are fundamental to understanding how airplanes fly between two points. Find out why flights follow a certain route.What Is The Mercator... · Time To Get The String Out · Which Airport Hubs Have A...
[100]
Assembly Line: Definition, History, and Advantages - Inbound Logistics
Jun 23, 2024 · Before assembly lines transformed manufacturing, factories relied heavily on skilled laborers to handcraft entire products from start to finish.Missing: key facts
[101]
The History and Future of the Assembly Line - Tulip Interfaces
Feb 4, 2021 · Assembly expedited the entire manufacturing process by conveying semi-finished products from process to process. This was a massive improvement ...Missing: key facts
[102]
Ford's assembly line starts rolling | December 1, 1913 - History.com
On December 1, 1913, Henry Ford installs the first moving assembly line for the mass production of an entire automobile. His innovation reduced the time it ...<|separator|>
[103]
Assembly Line | A Brief History
Sep 1, 2021 · The Venetian Arsenal began to produce ships via an assembly line down a canal and found great success with it. The ship being built would make ...Missing: operations key facts
[104]
History of the Assembly Line: Evolution of Efficiency - Crest Capital
From Song-dynasty porcelain to AI-driven smart factories, trace the assembly line's evolution, its productivity leaps, and its financing milestones.Missing: key | Show results with:key
[105]
Productivity improvement through assembly line balancing by using ...
Line balancing, a critical aspect of assembly line efficiency, involves distributing workload evenly among tasks within a cell or value stream. This practice is ...
[106]
Lean Thinking and Methods - Cellular Manufacturing | US EPA
Mar 27, 2025 · This one-piece flow method includes specific analytical techniques for assessing current operations and designing a new cell-based manufacturing ...
[107]
12 Manufacturing KPIs to Maximize Production Efficiency | Evocon
May 16, 2025 · Shorter cycle times mean faster output, higher throughput, and better responsiveness. It also makes scheduling and forecasting more reliable.
[108]
Production efficiency analysis based on the RFID-collected ...
The analysis uses RFID data to assess production efficiency through data cleansing, processing, KPI estimation, and analytics, focusing on speed and quality.
[109]
Manufacturing Efficiency: Improving Machine Efficiency
Explore strategies to enhance machine efficiency in manufacturing. Dive into productivity vs. efficiency, and discover key improvement tactics.Productivity vs. Efficiency in... · How to Improve Manufacturing...
[110]
[PDF] Production System Evolution In A Food Manufacturer ... - UIC Indigo
ing precise procedures for the production processes. This involved redesigning activities to incorporate best practices and optimize production levels. The ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[111]
5 Key Operational Management Best Practices
Oct 17, 2022 · Operational management ties together all the details of staffing, procedures, materials, equipment, inventory and technology.
[112]
About | LINE Plus Corporation
LINE aims to surprise, inspire and make the daily lives of our users better using our technology and services. LINE was launched as a messaging app in June ...Missing: description | Show results with:description
[113]
LINE - LinkedIn
LINE, with some 200 million monthly active users around the world, is a leading messenger and “life platform” in Japan, Taiwan, Thailand, while maintaining a ...
[114]
Line's merger with Yahoo Japan creates new company
Sep 28, 2023 · Line Corporation and Yahoo Japan Corporation will merge to become a single company on October 1, 2023, and the company's name will be changed to LY Corporation.
[115]
LY Corporation - Wikipedia
'Line Yahoo Corporation'), trading as LYC, is a Japanese internet company owned by A Holdings, a joint venture between SoftBank Group of Japan, and Naver ...Line Corporation · Yahoo Japan Corporation · Z Holdings
[116]
LINE Plus Corporation
LINE is broadening its range of mobile-first services to include lifestyle, fintech, Web3, contents, e-commerce, gaming, entertainment, AI, and more.LINE Plus Privacy · 개인정보처리방침 · About · Press Releases
[117]
Line 6 | Amp and Effects Processors, Effects Pedals, Guitar Amps ...
Feb 10, 2021 · Line 6 is a music instruments manufacturing company that specializes in guitar amp and effects modeling, and makes guitars, amps, ...Helix FamilySoftwareContact UsGuitar AmpsMy Account
[118]
Line 6 - Crunchbase Company Profile & Funding
Line 6 is a audio technology company that specializes in amplifiers, software, instruments, and several music related technologies.
[119]
Line 6 - LinkedIn
Website: http://line6.com. External link for Line 6 ; Industry: Musicians ; Company size: 201-500 employees ; Headquarters: Calabasas, CA ; Type: Privately Held.<|separator|>
[120]
Line 6 2025 Company Profile: Valuation, Investors, Acquisition
Manufacturer of guitar and audio equipment intended to serve musicians and recording artists. The company specializes in the sale of wireless and custom tone ...
[121]
Understanding the Rule of Lines in Different Sports
In basketball and football, touching the line is out of bounds. In soccer, the ball must wholly cross the line. In tennis, volleyball, baseball, and softball, ...
[122]
Field Guide For Soccer Markings
Soccer field markings include touchlines, goal lines, a center line, a center circle, and build-out lines. These lines define the field and provide structure.
[123]
Court Lines & Areas - HoopTactics
Lane lines are boundaries running from the free throw line to the baseline. The width and shape of the lane lines vary on different levels of the game. The lane ...
[124]
American Football Positions Explained | Under Armour
An offensive line consists of five players: the center, two guards, and two tackles. The center snaps the ball to the quarterback, while the guards and tackles ...
[125]
https://shawfieldlinemarking.co.uk/the-impact-of-precise-line-markings-on-athletic-performance-what-facility-managers-need-to-know/
[126]
The Impact of Precise Line Markings on Athletic Performance
Aug 5, 2024 · Precise line markings define boundaries, ensure fair play, help athletes move and make strategic decisions, and influence game strategy.
[127]
Sports Betting Odds: How They Work and How to Read Them
How Do Odds Impact Payout? Simply put, the greater the odds against a team, the larger the payout will be for anyone who bets on that team and wins.Moneyline Odds · Fractional Odds · Decimal Odds · Types of Bets
[128]
Sports Betting FAQs | The GIST
A line actually refers to the point spread, or the specific number of points the sportsbook uses to determine the odds between an underdog and a favorite.
[129]
Sports Betting Lines Explained | How to Read the Odds - Oddschecker
Oct 23, 2024 · A betting line tells you how much money you can make from placing a wager. The sportsbook sets the line and indicates how much profit you can make from your ...
[130]
How Do Betting Odds Work? A Look at How to Read Betting Lines
The line is used as a reference point for people placing bets on the event and can be used to calculate the potential payout for a given bet based on the odds ...
[131]
A statistical theory of optimal decision-making in sports betting - PMC
Jun 28, 2023 · It is found that the point spreads and totals proposed by sportsbooks capture 86% and 79% of the variability in the median outcome, respectively ...
[132]
How accurate are the odds quoted by bookmakers?
Odds shorter than around 2-1 do tend to be reasonably accurate. However, bets placed at longer odds – say, 14-1 or worse – become progressively unreliable.
[133]
Why is a 70% Win Rate Unrealistic When Betting on the NFL?
Jun 21, 2025 · We analyzed the probability that a sports bettor can win 70% of all wagers to illustrate just how unrealistic this is.
[134]
The Line (2009) - IMDb
Rating 5.1/10 (4,043) The Line, or La Linea as it was released under, is a downbeat little film about American assassin Mark Shields (Ray Liotta), following him as he navigates the ...
[135]
The Line (2023) - IMDb
Rating 6.1/10 (1,203) The Line: Directed by Ethan Berger. With Alex Wolff, Bo Mitchell, Halle Bailey, Austin Abrams. A university student lives life without fear of consequences.
[136]
'The Line' Review: Frat House Drama Starring Alex Wolff, Halle Bailey
Jun 11, 2023 · A review of the Tribeca Film Festival entry, The Line which stars Alex Wolff, Halle Bailey, John Malkovich and others in deadly serious ...
[137]
Join the Queue - DRB - Dublin Review of Books
May 1, 2021 · Line, by Niall Bourke, Tramp Press, 184 pp, €13.99, ISBN: 978-1916291423. Willard and his mother stand in a queue of people that stretches ...
[138]
The Staff, Clefs, and Ledger Lines - musictheory.net
The modern staff comprises five lines and four spaces. Every line or space on the staff represents a white key on the keyboard.
[139]
Ledger Lines in Music | Definition, Notes & Examples
A ledger line is a short, horizontal line either above or below the staff. Like the rungs of a ladder, ledger lines indicate how far above or below the staff ...
[140]
12 Tips for Learning Lines - Drama Resource
5 There are several apps which can help with learning lines. Here are some I recommend: With Line Learner you record all the lines including those of other ...Missing: performance | Show results with:performance
[141]
The History of Line Dancing | Grizzly Rose
Nov 12, 2017 · One of the most iconic parts of any proper country hoedown is the line dance. Learn about the history of line dancing and where it originated.
[142]
The History and Format of Line Dancing - LiveAbout
May 5, 2019 · The movements of a line dance are marked as "counts," where one count generally equals one musical beat. A particular movement or step takes ...
[143]
Line of Duty (TV Series 2012–2026) - IMDb
Rating 8.7/10 (78,043) Reviewers say 'Line of Duty' is acclaimed for its gripping plot, stellar acting, and intricate storytelling. The show's complex characters and unexpected twists ...Full cast & crew · Episode list · Series 6 Trailer · User reviews
[144]
The Line - Podcast - Apple Podcasts
Rating 4.5 (3,656) Through intimate conversations with over 50 special operators, the series explores just how blurred the line between right and wrong has become in the forever ...
[145]
The Line Podcast - Apple TV+ Press
“The Line” presents two non-fiction series – a six-part narrative non-fiction audio series hosted and executive produced by Dan Taberski (“Running from COPS ...
[146]
Latest Podcasts from The Fall Line
The Fall Line: True Crime ... 80-year-old Rose Goodman was a fixture of her Southwest Philadelphia neighborhood—a mother and grandmother who'd been a leader in ...
[147]
Line Renaud - Biography - IMDb
Line Renaud was born on July 2, 1928 in Nieppe, Nord, France. She is an actress and writer, known for I Can't Sleep (1994), Driving Madeleine (2022) and Welcome ...Missing: reputable | Show results with:reputable
[148]
Molly Line | Fox News
Molly Line joined Fox News Channel (FNC) as a Boston-based correspondent in January 2006. She serves as a regular co-anchor of FNC's FOX News Live.Read More.
[149]
About Lorie
Lorie Line was inducted into the Minnesota Music Hall of Fame in 2015. She joins the ranks with Bob Dylan, Prince and Judy Garland. Lorie grew up in Reno, ...
[150]
Queue Culture: The Waiting Line as a Social System
The long, overnight queue is seen as a miniature social system faced with the problems of every social system, formulating its own set set of informal rules ...<|separator|>
[151]
[PDF] Cutting in Line: Social Norms in Queues - Wharton Faculty Platform
Although the norm in many retail banks is to serve customers on a first-come, first-served basis, some customers try to cut the line, usually by providing ...
[152]
A Quick Queue … or a Long One: Waiting in Line Around the World
Aug 10, 2021 · Some cultures see needing to wait as almost always negative, while in other societies, seeing there's a line can actually boost the product's ...
[153]
queuing culture - Success Across Cultures
Nov 15, 2019 · Polychronic cultures do not queue orderly, if at all. They crowd and scrap their way to the front of the line. In fact, cutting in line is ...Missing: uses | Show results with:uses
[154]
The 'fun' queue: how standing in line became an event in itself
Jul 2, 2018 · Speaking at Tbilisi fashion week in May, he said: “People have a longing to stand in line and meet one another and the occasion for that today ...
[155]
Labor Wars in the U.S. | American Experience | Official Site - PBS
When the picketers refuse to disperse, members of the Chicago Police Department deploy tear gas and shoot and kill 10 demonstrators on the picket line.
[156]
Deadly Picket-Lines in US Labour History - jstor
Picket line bloodshed spiked as US employers fought to implement their 'American Plan' for company as opposed to independent unions; and again in the throes of ...
[157]
Soul Line Dance Makes Black History - Peekskill Herald
Jul 18, 2025 · Far from being an invention of lonely cowboys out on the range, soul line dance is an extension of a long history of African and Caribbean ...
[158]
The Role of Genealogy in Understanding Family Identity
Apr 14, 2023 · Genealogy is a valuable tool for exploring family history and cultural identity. By tracing family lineage and exploring cultural heritage, individuals can ...
[159]
THE LINE: a revolution in urban living - NEOM
THE LINE will eventually accommodate 9 million people and will be built on a footprint of just 34 square kilometers. This will mean a reduced infrastructure ...Announced · Port of NEOM · NEOM and Samsung C&T... · Get in touch
[160]
The Line
The Line is a revolutionary city launched in 2021, designed for human comfort, 170km long, with 20 minute max commute, and 95% nature reserve.Missing: details facts
[161]
https://www.dezeen.com/2025/04/25/concrete-construction-progress-the-line-megacity/
[162]
Photos show concrete works underway at The Line megacity - Dezeen
Apr 25, 2025 · Recently shared photos show concrete works progressing on The Line megacity, which is being built as part of Neom in northwest Saudi Arabia.
[163]
Saudi Arabia's 'The Line' at Neom is reviewed as it considers its ...
Jul 18, 2025 · The public investment fund has tapped consulting firms to conduct a strategic review into the feasibility of the 105-mile linear city, located at Neom.Missing: urban | Show results with:urban
[164]
Saudi Arabia's $500B 'The Line' project is under review
Jul 22, 2025 · “The Line remains a strategic priority and Neom is focused on maintaining operational continuity, improving efficiencies and accelerating ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[165]
New Project Update From World's Largest Construction Site
Sep 1, 2025 · The start of a new phase at Neom's Oxagon seaport project has been announced, highlighting rapid progress at what is set to become one of ...
[166]
Neom's The Line: Sustainable architecture, or grim dystopian future?
Mar 24, 2025 · Originally announced in 2021, The Line aimed to connect the Red Sea coast with the northwest region of Saudi Arabia, capturing the imagination ...
[167]
Saudi Arabia's The Line City: Key Facts, Vision, & Progress
Aug 12, 2025 · The Line will be a zero-carbon city, due to its unique design that eliminates unnecessary infrastructure, roads, and vehicles. It will operate ...
[168]
Fault Lines: Facts About Cracks in the Earth | Live Science
Feb 8, 2023 · Faults in the Earth are categorized into three general groups based on the sense of slip, or movement, that occur along them during earthquakes.
[169]
What Is a Fault Line? - World Atlas
A fault line is a geological fracture where the movement of masses of rock have displaced parts of the earth's crust.
[170]
Global Treeline Position | Learn Science at Scitable - Nature
Treeline positions follow a similar trend to the permanent snow line (not shown), suggesting a common physical driver (e.g., temperature).Missing: fault | Show results with:fault
[171]
Boundary Demarcation Line - (AP Human Geography) - Fiveable
In some regions, natural features such as rivers or mountain ranges serve as Boundary Demarcation Lines, making them crucial for both geographical and political ...
[172]
[PDF] Delimitation and Demarcation of Boundaries in Africa - Peaceau.org
1 Other boundaries were demarcated according to river courses or imprecise, perfunctory, or out-dated boundary-marking techniques. Sometimes, boundary com-.
[173]
https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/us/definition/english/power-line
[174]
power line noun - Definition, pictures, pronunciation and usage notes
Definition of power line noun in Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary. Meaning, pronunciation, picture, example sentences, grammar, usage notes, ...
[175]
line noun - Definition, pictures, pronunciation and usage notes
[countable] a long, thin mark on a surface. a straight/solid/dotted/dashed line; a wavy/diagonal line; a vertical/horizontal line; parallel lines ...
[176]
Line - Etymology, Origin & Meaning
Originating from Middle English, merging Old English and Old French roots from Latin linea, the word means a cord, guideline, or to cover inside with linen.Bee-line · Line-up · Deadline · Linen
[177]
line, n.² meanings, etymology and more | Oxford English Dictionary
... word line appears in many road-names in both countries. The term may be of English dialectal origin. 1828. A teamster by the name of M'Pherson from the ...
[178]
Bee-line - Etymology, Origin & Meaning
Beeline (1830, American English) originates from bee + line, meaning the straightest line between two points, inspired by bees' direct homing flight.