Fact-checked by Grok 2 weeks ago

National identification number

A national identification number is a unique alphanumeric code issued by a to its citizens and residents, serving as a foundational identifier for administrative, legal, and economic transactions across public and private sectors. These numbers, often embedded in identity documents or digital systems, enable efficient tracking of individuals for purposes including taxation, welfare distribution, , and access to services, with issuance typically occurring at birth, enrollment, or residency establishment. National identification systems trace their origins to 19th-century , with early implementations in and the for and , expanding globally during wartime for resource allocation and security, as seen in the and during . Today, such systems operate in over 150 countries, with mandatory enrollment in places like much of , , and , though coverage varies—reaching near-universal levels in nations like and , while gaps persist in others due to logistical or access barriers affecting up to 20% of adults in low-coverage states. Adoption has accelerated with digital integration, including in systems like India's or Estonia's e-ID, facilitating seamless verification but requiring robust infrastructure to minimize exclusion. Proponents highlight empirical benefits in reducing , streamlining service delivery, and enabling data-driven , as evidenced by improved and welfare targeting in implementing countries. However, critics, drawing from causal analyses of risks, argue that centralized numbering amplifies vulnerabilities to , , and state overreach, with historical precedents of misuse in authoritarian contexts underscoring the between administrative efficiency and individual . safeguards, such as data minimization and decentralized storage, remain essential yet inconsistently applied, as recent studies on systems like Nigeria's reveal persistent concerns over breaches and compelled linkage to personal records.

Conceptual Foundations

Definition and Core Characteristics

A national identification number is a unique numeric or alphanumeric identifier assigned by a to its citizens or residents for the purpose of distinguishing individuals in official records and transactions. Unlike temporary or context-specific identifiers, it serves as a foundational element in and systems, enabling linkage across databases for services such as taxation, healthcare, and distribution. Core characteristics include , ensuring a mapping to an individual with no duplicates permitted within the issuing , often enforced through centralized registries or algorithms that generate non-repeating sequences. Permanence is another key feature, with the number typically assigned once—frequently at birth, , or residency establishment—and retained lifelong, barring exceptional legal changes like or that may trigger reissuance under strict protocols. Assignment is managed by a designated national authority, such as a civil registry or identity commission, which verifies eligibility through biometric or to prevent . Formats vary by country but commonly consist of fixed-length digit strings, such as 11 non-intelligible digits in or 12 randomly generated digits in the , sometimes incorporating checksums for validation against errors or tampering. These numbers are designed to be non-derivable from personal attributes like birth dates to enhance security, though some systems embed partial demographic data for administrative efficiency. While not inherently tied to physical cards, they integrate with broader ecosystems, supporting without revealing sensitive details beyond the identifier itself.

Administrative and Legal Purposes

National identification numbers enable governments to uniquely track and verify individuals across administrative functions, including taxation, where they serve as taxpayer identification numbers (TINs) essential for income reporting, withholding, and compliance enforcement. In the United States, the (SSN) functions as the primary TIN for federal tax administration, originally established in 1936 for social welfare benefit disbursement but adopted by the in 1962 for broader tax tracking. Similarly, for non-eligible individuals, Individual Taxpayer Identification Numbers (ITINs) are issued solely for tax filing, without conferring eligibility for social benefits. In welfare and public service delivery, these numbers prevent by confirming eligibility for programs like pensions, healthcare subsidies, and aid, linking to centralized systems for efficient disbursement. Without such identifiers, individuals may be denied access to benefits, as seen in systems where ID possession is tied to enrollment in social assistance. Legally, national identification numbers underpin identity proofing for contracts, property transactions, banking (including KYC and anti-money laundering checks), and employment verification, with mandatory presentation often required to avoid service denials or fines. In jurisdictions with compulsory systems, such as parts of and , failure to produce an ID can lead to or barriers to , while globally, over 850 million people lack formal ID, hindering access to jobs, financial s, and legal rights. For law enforcement, they integrate with databases for criminal background checks, suspect , and controls, enhancing in investigations.

Historical Evolution

Early Precursors and National Systems

Early precursors to national identification numbers emerged from administrative needs for tracking populations, often tied to censuses, taxation, or mobility controls rather than unique lifelong identifiers. In ancient civilizations, such as the Babylonian Empire around 3800 BC, governments conducted censuses to enumerate citizens and assess resources, laying rudimentary foundations for record-keeping without standardized numbering. The Roman Empire advanced this with personalized birth registrations and citizenship documents used for legal entitlements, though these relied on descriptive records rather than numeric codes. By the early modern period, France under Napoleon Bonaparte introduced internal identity documents in 1803–1804, such as worker booklets (livrets de travail), to regulate labor mobility, clarify property rights, and centralize post-revolutionary governance; these contained personal details but not universal numbers. Similarly, the Ottoman Empire issued national ID cards in 1844 under Sultan Mahmud II, inspired by Napoleonic models, to consolidate state authority and track subjects amid modernization efforts. The transition to formalized national systems accelerated during the , driven by welfare, military conscription, and wartime exigencies, evolving toward unique numeric identifiers for efficient . In the United States, the (SSN) was established on November 24, 1936, under the of 1935, initially to track workers' earnings histories for retirement benefits distribution; it comprised nine digits allocated by geographic area and issuance date, without intent as a general identifier. During , the implemented a National Registration Act in 1915, assigning index numbers to households for identifying military-eligible males, though the system lapsed post-war without becoming permanent. By the late 1930s, amid rising , introduced a national ID system in 1938 that included residents' religion on cards, facilitating discriminatory policies under the Nazi regime; cards bore unique numbers for and control. The revived registration in 1939 via the National Registration Act, issuing cards with numbers for and , which persisted until 1952. These early implementations prioritized state administrative efficiency over privacy, often expanding from sector-specific uses like or defense to broader identification.

Mid-20th Century Expansion

The mid-20th century witnessed accelerated adoption and expansion of national identification number systems, propelled by wartime exigencies and subsequent demands for efficient post-war governance, including welfare distribution, taxation, and population management. catalyzed widespread implementation across , where governments mandated registration to enforce , track , and monitor civilian movements. In the , the National Registration Act of September 29, 1939, required every resident to obtain an identity card bearing a unique , enabling centralized tracking of over 40 million people for resource allocation and security. Similar compulsory systems emerged in , , and between 1938 and 1940, integrating numerical identifiers into identity documents to support military and economic mobilization. Post-war retention and innovation varied by region, with some European systems dismantled amid privacy concerns while others evolved into permanent fixtures for rebuilding efforts. The UK's wartime scheme endured until 1952, when a ruling declared its continuation illegal without parliamentary renewal, reflecting resistance to peacetime despite administrative utility. In contrast, continental Europe saw expansions tied to social insurance and reconstruction; for example, formalized its personnummer system in 1947 through the Tax Authority, assigning sequential birth-date-based numbers to streamline taxation and amid economic recovery. Outside Europe, decolonization and state-building drove rapid proliferation, particularly in Latin America and Asia, where numerical IDs facilitated sovereignty assertion and demographic control. Argentina pioneered a comprehensive national system with the Documento Nacional de Identidad in 1947, issuing unique numbers to citizens for civil registration and electoral purposes. Hong Kong introduced mandatory identity cards with numbers in 1949 to regulate immigration from mainland China and bolster colonial administration. In the United States, the Social Security Number—originally created in 1936 for benefit tracking—expanded in the 1950s for broader federal uses like income tax withholding and employment verification, assigning numbers to nearly all workers by decade's end and laying groundwork for its de facto national role. This era's developments underscored causal links between centralized numbering and scalable state functions, enabling data-driven policies but raising early debates over individual autonomy versus collective efficiency, with adoption rates reflecting geopolitical stability and bureaucratic capacity. By the , over two dozen countries had institutionalized such systems, marking a transition from wartime tools to enduring administrative .

Digital and Biometric Advancements (1980s–Present)

The 1980s marked the onset of digital enhancements in national identification systems, with the introduction of smart cards featuring embedded microchips for secure data storage and processing. Countries including , , the , and adopted these technologies by the late 1980s, enabling rudimentary electronic verification beyond paper-based numbers. This shift facilitated centralized digital databases, allowing governments to link identification numbers to computerized records for improved administrative efficiency, though initial implementations focused on chip-enabled cards rather than full . By the early , biometric integration transformed national ID numbers into multifaceted digital identifiers, incorporating physiological traits like fingerprints and iris patterns for de-duplication and . Estonia pioneered a comprehensive digital ID system in 2002, issuing mandatory ID cards with cryptographic chips that supported electronic signatures and secure online access to government services, laying the groundwork for its infrastructure. In , the Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI) was established in 2009, issuing the first number on September 29, 2010, to resident Ranjana Sonawane; the system mandates biometric enrollment—including ten fingerprints and two iris scans—for generating a unique 12-digit number, now covering over 1.3 billion individuals to enable direct benefit transfers and service delivery. Subsequent adoptions accelerated globally, with launching its Smart ID card in 2013 as a biometric-enabled replacement for green bar-coded documents, incorporating fingerprints and facial images stored on an chip to enhance fraud resistance and border control. Peru's Documento Nacional de Identidad Electrónico (DNIe), introduced in the early 2010s, similarly embeds biometric fingerprints and facial recognition , verifying through a combination of photo, prints, and chip-based digital certificates for electronic transactions. These advancements, driven by security imperatives and technological maturity, have linked national numbers to vast biometric repositories, enabling real-time while raising challenges in and across systems.

Technical Design Elements

Numbering Formats and Generation

National identification numbers adopt varied formats to balance uniqueness, administrative utility, and security, typically comprising 9 to 16 digits or alphanumeric characters. Semantic formats encode demographic details such as birth date (often in YYMMDD structure), , or geographic , followed by a sequence; these predominate globally, used by at least 54 countries in mixed forms combining coded attributes with sequential elements. Purely random formats, employed by only 21 countries, generate pseudo-random sequences via algorithms to avoid information leakage and vulnerabilities, necessitating larger numeric ranges for collision avoidance. occurs at registration—frequently from birth or upon legal adulthood—via centralized ensuring sequential or hashed assignment, with batching by issuance date or region to manage volume and prevent predictability. Check digits, appended in most systems, employ checksum algorithms like Luhn (modulus 10) or weighted variants to verify accuracy and detect errors from transcription or transmission. These compute a final from preceding values using doubling, summing, and operations; for example, the Luhn method doubles every second from the right, sums the results (reducing doubled values over 9 by subtracting 9), and ensures the total 10 equals zero. Such mechanisms reduce invalid entries by catching single- errors or transpositions with high probability, though they cannot confirm semantic correctness.
CountryFormat Length and StructureKey Features and GenerationCheck Digit Method
South Africa13 digits: YYMMDDSSSSCAZYYMMDD = birth date; SSSS = serial (gender-coded: 0000–4999 female, 5000–9999 male); C = citizenship (0 = citizen); A = reserved (often 8); Z = control; sequential per birth cohort.Luhn modulus 10
Sweden10–12 digits: YYMMDDXXXX or YYYYMMDDXXXXYYMMDD = birth date; XXXX = serial (odd third digit male, even female) + check; coordination numbers use + for non-birth; assigned sequentially at birth or immigration.Weighted sum modulo 10
India (Aadhaar)12 digits: random numericPseudo-random post-biometric/demographic de-duplication; no encoded attributes; generated centrally after enrollment validation to ensure uniqueness across 1.4 billion residents.None (relies on backend hash validation)
These formats reflect trade-offs: semantic designs aid quick attribute inference for services but heighten predictability risks, while random methods enhance at the cost of opaque validation.

Validation and Checksum Algorithms

Validation and checksum algorithms in national identification numbers incorporate a or character derived from the preceding digits to detect common errors such as transcription mistakes or transpositions during . These mechanisms rely on mathematical computations, typically operations, to generate the check value, which is appended to the identifier; validation involves recomputing the value and comparing it to the provided one. Such algorithms primarily guard against accidental errors rather than intentional or confirming the number's assignment to a real individual, as they only verify . The , also known as the modulus 10 algorithm, is the most prevalent method in national ID systems due to its simplicity and effectiveness in catching about 90% of single-digit errors and many transpositions. Developed by engineer in the 1950s, it processes digits from right to left (excluding the ): double every second digit, sum the individual digits of those doubled values (reducing 10+ to 1+(0+)), add all untouched digits and the doubled results, then check if the total modulo 10 equals zero (or matches the adjusted). For example, in a sequence, if the sum S satisfies S ≡ 0 (mod 10), the number passes. 
To validate:
1. From right (ignore check digit): double every 2nd digit (e.g., positions 2,4,...).
2. For doubled: if >9, subtract 9 (or [sum](/page/Sum) digits).
3. [Sum](/page/Sum) all (doubled processed + originals).
4. Sum mod 10 == 0: valid.
This method's causal utility stems from its sensitivity to positional changes, as doubling weights alternate positions differently, disrupting the for erroneous inputs. However, it fails to detect errors like +9/-9 in the same position or certain adjacent transpositions divisible by 9. Specific implementations vary by country. Sweden's personnummer, a 12-character code (YYMMDD+XXXX or YYMMDD+XXXXC with C delimiter), applies the Luhn algorithm to the 10-digit birth and serial portion, yielding the final checksum digit to verify format integrity. Israel's Teudat Zehut uses a 9-digit number where the ninth digit is a Luhn check digit, computed similarly to filter input errors in administrative processing. South Africa's 13-digit ID employs a Luhn variant: sum digits in odd positions (1-based from left), double even-position digits and sum their components, total the results, then the check digit (13th) should make the final sum modulo 10 equal to 0; deviations in application have been noted but do not alter its error-detection role. Alternatives to Luhn include modulus 11 or 31 schemes for stronger detection. Finland's henkilötunnus (11 characters: DDMMYYCXXXX) uses a check character (digit 0-9 or A-H for remainders 10-17) on the first 9 numeric parts: form a weighted or direct , where maps to the character, enabling validation against a and catching more error types than mod 10. Norway's fødselsnummer applies a mod 11 with weights 3,7,6,... for the 11 digits, subtracting the from 11 to derive the , prioritizing detection in population registers. These choices reflect trade-offs: simpler mod 10 for ease, higher moduli for robustness against specific errors, grounded in empirical error patterns from manual entry. Empirical data from ID systems indicate checksums reduce invalid entries by 50-95% in high-volume processing, per implementation reports, though real-world efficacy depends on consistent application and complementary checks like date validity. Limitations persist: passing checksums do not imply uniqueness or existence, necessitating database lookups for full verification, and algorithmic flaws allow some systematic errors to evade detection.

Integration with Biometrics and Digital Technologies

National identification numbers facilitate integration with biometric systems by serving as unique keys linking demographic records to stored biometric templates, such as fingerprints, iris patterns, and facial images, captured during . This linkage enables automated , where a presented biometric sample is matched against the database entry associated with the ID number, reducing duplication and enhancing accuracy in identity verification. In 's program, initiated in 2009 by the Unique Identification Authority of India, the 12-digit national ID number is tied to biometric data including ten fingerprints and both scans for each enrollee, supporting de-duplication through probabilistic matching algorithms that have enrolled over 1.3 billion individuals as of 2023. occurs via real-time biometric scans at points of , interfacing with the ID number for applications like subsidy payments and . South Africa's Smart ID card, rolled out starting in 2013, embeds biometric —facial photographs and fingerprints—on a chip linked to the 13-digit ID number, enabling secure transactions and biometric at borders and services; by the end of , approximately 21 million such cards had been issued. Digital technologies extend this integration through embedded RFID/ chips in ID cards for and mobile applications that use the ID number alongside biometrics for remote authentication. Estonia's e-ID system, operational since 2002, employs cryptographic smart cards with the national ID number for digital signatures and , with recent advancements incorporating biometric in apps launched in 2025 to streamline without physical cards. In African contexts, biometric integration in national IDs, as seen in Ethiopia's foundational ID program using and technologies, links the ID number to centralized for enrollment and verification, promoting inclusive across diverse populations. Such systems often combine with digital ledgers for audit trails, though efficacy depends on reliability and data quality.

Empirical Benefits

Improvements in Public Service Delivery

National identification numbers facilitate unique and verifiable citizen identification, enabling governments to automate and streamline processes that previously relied on manual verification or multiple documents. This reduces administrative burdens, minimizes errors in eligibility checks, and accelerates service delivery, as evidenced by implementations in digitally advanced systems. For instance, in , the introduction of (e-ID) tied to national ID numbers has allowed 100% of government services to be digitized as of December 2024, with citizens completing tasks like filings and benefit applications online without physical visits. This has resulted in 98% of returns being filed digitally, cutting processing times from days to minutes and freeing public resources for higher-value functions. In welfare distribution, national IDs linked to biometric verification improve targeting and reduce fraud in direct benefit transfers. India's Aadhaar system, operational since 2010, has enabled the (DBT) scheme, which disburses subsidies directly to beneficiaries' bank accounts using the 12-digit unique ID, achieving cumulative savings of ₹3.48 lakh crore by 2024 through elimination of ghost beneficiaries and intermediaries. Over 99.9% of Indian adults engage with monthly for services, enhancing efficiency in programs like LPG subsidies and pensions by verifying identities in real-time and curbing leakages estimated at 20-30% prior to implementation. Broader empirical assessments confirm these gains, with analyses showing that foundational ID systems correlate with faster enrollment in and reduced duplication in across developing contexts. In , the national ID rollout post-2013 has simplified access to health and electoral services, processing over 1.5 million registrations by 2020 and enabling electronic voter verification that cut election-day queues by integrating ID data with service platforms. Such systems promote "once-only" data principles, where citizens submit information once for reuse across agencies, yielding administrative efficiency gains of up to 50% in processing times according to McKinsey evaluations of digital ID deployments.

Data on Fraud and Identity Theft Reduction

India's biometric identification system, integrated with (DBT) schemes, has been associated with reported reductions in welfare fraud through the elimination of duplicate and ghost beneficiaries. CEO stated in 2022 that -enabled de-duplication and fraud prevention in public benefits distribution yielded savings of approximately $29 billion. These savings stem from direct linkage of subsidies to unique numbers, minimizing intermediary leakages and unauthorized claims, as implemented across over 450 government schemes by 2022. In Estonia's e-ID system, empirical outcomes indicate low fraud incidence despite extensive digital reliance. Following a 2017 cryptographic flaw compromising around 750,000 ID cards, authorities detected no subsequent cases of fraudulent e-ID usage, attributed to rapid mitigation, user education, and layered protocols including and PINs. This contrasts with broader vulnerabilities but highlights practical deterrence in high-adoption ecosystems, where over 99% of public services are e-enabled as of 2022. Quantitative evidence from other national systems remains sparse or contested. For instance, while proponents cite unique identifiers like Sweden's personnummer for streamlining verification, reported cases reached 65,000 in 2012, with no isolated causal reduction attributable to the numbering system amid rising digital . Similarly, Singapore's NRIC has facilitated administrative checks but prompted 2025 advisories against its use due to predictability and risks, underscoring incomplete without supplementary measures.
SystemReported Fraud Reduction MetricSource Attribution
Aadhaar (India)$29 billion savings in DBT fraud/duplicates (up to 2022)Government official claim via NITI Aayog
e-ID (Estonia)Zero fraudulent uses post-2017 compromise (750,000 cards affected)Government/police reports
Peer-reviewed analyses, such as those examining digital IDs in development contexts, suggest potential for verifiable to curb contract fraud but lack large-scale longitudinal data isolating national numbering effects from confounding factors like enforcement. Overall, while isolated implementations demonstrate targeted reductions in benefit-related fraud, systemic persistence indicates national IDs alone do not comprehensively eliminate risks without robust and integrations.

Economic and Security Outcomes

National identification systems yield measurable economic benefits by streamlining verification processes and fostering . In , the e-ID framework enables 99% of government services to be accessed online, saving an estimated 2% of GDP annually through reduced bureaucratic overhead and the equivalent of 1,407 years of . India's system has lowered private-sector customer onboarding costs from 1,500 rupees ($23) to 10 rupees ($0.15) per instance via biometric and digital authentication, enabling firms like to achieve savings of approximately $5.5 million. In , integration with the national ID (CNIC) allowed to expand its mobile wallet to 20 million users, facilitating transactions equivalent to 3% of GDP. Projections from aggregated case studies indicate that expanding digital ID coverage could unlock value equivalent to 3-13% of GDP by 2030 in countries such as , , and , primarily through gains in and labor markets, expanded access to loans and deposits, and institutional cost reductions from lower and burdens. These outcomes stem from interoperable systems that minimize duplication in record-keeping and enable real-time verification, though causal attribution requires controlling for confounding factors like concurrent infrastructure investments. On security, robust national ID implementations reduce vulnerabilities to identity-based by providing queryable, unique identifiers linked to or public-key infrastructure. Estonia's system has recorded no major incidents exploiting its e-ID, even after a 2017 cryptographic flaw was publicly disclosed and patched without reported misuse. Globally, synthetic identity imposes annual losses of $6 billion on lenders, which verifiable ID systems mitigate by enabling cross-referenced checks against centralized databases. In benefit distribution, Aadhaar's has curbed duplicate claims and ghost beneficiaries in subsidies, though independent of claimed savings in the remains contested due to reliance on projections rather than audited discrepancies. Overall, these systems enhance causal resilience against by raising the evidentiary bar for impersonation, albeit without eliminating risks from data breaches or implementation flaws.

Identified Risks

Privacy and Data Protection Challenges

National identification numbers, by aggregating into centralized systems, create significant vulnerabilities to unauthorized access and , as a single breach can compromise millions of records. For instance, the has highlighted that such databases form the foundation of surveillance infrastructures, enabling tracking of individuals' activities across sectors without adequate safeguards. Empirical evidence from data breaches underscores this: in India's system, which assigns unique 12-digit identifiers to over 1.3 billion residents, multiple incidents have exposed biometric and demographic data, including a 2018 breach affecting up to 1.1 billion records sold on the , facilitating and . Identity theft risks are amplified because national IDs often serve as de facto keys to financial, health, and government services, with insufficient encryption or segmentation exacerbating exposure. In the United States, the (SSN), originally designed for administrative tracking, has become a widespread identifier, contributing to over 1.4 million complaints reported to the in 2023 alone, many involving SSN misuse for credit fraud or unauthorized benefits claims. Centralized storage without granular consent mechanisms further enables function creep, where data collected for one purpose—like eligibility—is repurposed for unrelated , as seen in critiques of systems lacking robust purpose limitation. Regulatory frameworks like the European Union's General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), effective since May 25, 2018, mandate data minimization and pseudonymization for national ID processing, yet compliance gaps persist, with fines levied against non-adherent systems for inadequate breach notifications. For example, while GDPR requires explicit consent for sensitive data linkage, national schemes in member states have faced scrutiny for over-reliance on mandatory enrollment, potentially violating proportionality principles and exposing users to third-party vendor risks. Privacy advocates argue that biometric integration compounds these issues, as immutable traits like fingerprints cannot be changed post-breach, unlike passwords, leading to permanent vulnerabilities in systems such as Aadhaar where biometrics are not treated as secrets.
ChallengeDescriptionExample Impact
Data BreachesUnauthorized extraction from central repositoriesAadhaar leaks enabling dark web sales of personal data, increasing fraud rates
Surveillance CreepExpansion of data use beyond original intentProfiling without consent in foundational ID systems
Identity TheftExploitation of IDs as universal authenticatorsSSN-related thefts leading to financial losses exceeding $5 billion annually in the US

Vulnerabilities to Theft and Misuse

National identification numbers, serving as foundational identifiers for accessing services, benefits, and financial systems, present significant vulnerabilities to theft due to their centralized storage in government databases, which become high-value targets for cybercriminals. A 2025 report identified national ID cards as the top target in document fraud, accounting for 40.8% of cases globally, often involving visual authenticity checks or data validation failures that enable replication or substitution. Theft typically occurs through large-scale data breaches, where hackers exploit weak encryption, misconfigured servers, or insider access to extract millions of records, which are then traded on dark web markets for use in layered fraud schemes. Once stolen, these numbers facilitate misuse by allowing perpetrators to impersonate victims, open fraudulent bank accounts, apply for loans, or claim government benefits, often combining the ID with supplementary stolen data like addresses or for authenticity. In financial fraud, misused national IDs contribute to losses exceeding $12.7 billion annually in the United States alone, where equivalents like Social Security numbers enable unauthorized account takeovers in 86% of cases. Vulnerabilities are exacerbated by systemic issues such as outdated legacy systems or inadequate protocols, permitting synthetic identities—fabricated profiles blending real and fake data—that evade detection in credit and welfare applications. Prominent breaches illustrate these risks: India's system, covering over 1.3 billion enrollees, suffered a 2018 exposure of 1.1 billion records via unauthorized portal access, enabling banking and economic hardship, followed by a 2023 leak affecting 815 million citizens' data. Estonia's electronic ID cards faced a 2017 cryptographic flaw compromising 750,000 keys, theoretically allowing full access to users' digital signatures and services, while a 2021 hack extracted 286,000 ID photos from a database. Japan's My Number system experienced a major breach in early 2025, leaking IDs alongside personal details for scams and account . In , forged ID documents drove a 300% surge in attempts in 2024, prompting accelerated rollout of chip-based smart cards to counter vulnerabilities in paper-based numbers prone to duplication. Misuse extends to non-financial domains, including SIM-swapping for account hijacking or evading via fake identities, with centralization amplifying impacts as a single compromised number unlocks interconnected systems. China's Shanghai police database leak, exposing one billion citizens' records including IDs, underscored risks of state-held data being weaponized for broader criminal enterprises like organized rings. These incidents highlight that while national IDs enhance , poor implementation—such as insufficient or audit trails—converts them into enablers of scalable abuse, often undetected until victims suffer credit damage or denied services.

Implementation and Equity Issues

Implementation of national identification number systems frequently faces logistical barriers, including insufficient for enrollment centers, inadequate networks, and shortages of trained personnel, which prolong rollout timelines in rural and remote areas. Financial constraints have led to delays or suspensions in card production and distribution across at least five national programs reviewed in multi-country analyses. In post-conflict regions, additional challenges include low in institutions, resistance to biometric collection due to fears of , and a historical absence of widespread usage, complicating . These factors contribute to uneven coverage, with urban populations often prioritized over underserved rural ones, as evidenced by slower biometric registration rates in peripheral districts. Equity concerns manifest in systematic exclusion of vulnerable groups, where stringent documentation requirements—such as proof of birth or address—disproportionately affect the poor, migrants, and those without prior formal records. Approximately 850 million individuals worldwide, over half of whom are children, lack any form of legal , hindering to , healthcare, and ; this gap is widest in low-income countries, where marginalized ethnic minorities and stateless persons face heightened barriers. disparities exacerbate the issue, with women in developing nations 11-13 percentage points less likely to hold IDs than men due to cultural norms restricting , household responsibilities, and independent . Digital components introduce further risks, including algorithmic biases in facial recognition that yield higher false rejection rates for darker-skinned or female users, as identified in U.S. studies involving thousands of participants. In , implementation inequities are pronounced, with systems in countries like and reporting exclusion rates of 10-20% among targeted populations due to biometric enrollment failures and connectivity issues, entrenching divides between connected elites and offline communities. While proponents argue IDs promote inclusion by enabling service delivery, empirical evidence from programs like Uganda's national digital ID reveals that unaddressed design flaws—such as mandatory without alternatives—can perpetuate socioeconomic stratification rather than mitigate it, as benefits accrue unevenly to those already possessing supporting documents. Addressing these requires adaptive policies, such as enrollment units and simplified for the undocumented, to prevent systems from reinforcing pre-existing inequalities.

Major Controversies

Debates Over Compulsory Implementation

Proponents of compulsory national identification numbers argue that mandatory enrollment and possession facilitate efficient , reduce , and enhance by standardizing identity verification across services. For example, advocates have claimed that systems like the REAL ID Act of 2005, which imposes federal standards on state-issued driver's licenses for federal purposes such as domestic air travel, would curb and terrorism risks through better biometric and data-linked checks, potentially saving billions in welfare and enforcement costs. Similarly, in contexts like the proposed UK digital ID framework announced in 2025, supporters including government officials assert that requiring IDs for employment and certain transactions would streamline verification processes, minimizing administrative burdens while enabling quicker access to services like banking and healthcare. These arguments often emphasize empirical benefits, such as lower fraud rates in countries with established compulsory systems like Germany's, where the Personalausweis has been mandatory since 1987 and correlates with streamlined bureaucratic efficiency without widespread reported abuses. Opponents, including civil liberties organizations, contend that compulsory implementation erodes and enables overreach by creating a internal passport system, where citizens' freedoms are contingent on state-issued credentials vulnerable to hacking, loss, or revocation. The () highlights that mandatory biometric-linked IDs undermine anonymity essential for journalists, dissidents, and whistleblowers, as authorities could mandate presentation on demand, expanding surveillance capabilities beyond initial intents—a phenomenon known as "function creep" observed in systems like India's , where voluntary origins shifted to near-compulsory linkages for subsidies and services. The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) argues that such systems fail to deliver promised security gains, citing evidence that determined actors can forge documents or steal identities, as seen in pre-9/11 intelligence lapses, while imposing undue burdens on marginalized groups through equity issues in enrollment. Libertarian think tanks like the further critique mandatory IDs for prioritizing intuitive but ineffective measures over targeted intelligence, noting that centralized databases amplify risks of mass data breaches, as evidenced by the 2015 U.S. Office of Personnel Management hack exposing 21.5 million records. These debates often intensify around enforcement mechanisms, with critics warning of discriminatory impacts; for instance, in the UK's 2025 digital ID proposals, groups raised alarms over potential exclusion of undocumented or low-income populations from work and services, echoing failed compulsory schemes like Australia's 1980s , abandoned amid public backlash over fears. Proponents counter with data from European nations like , where compulsory ID possession since 1955 has not led to but supported fraud reduction in welfare distribution, though independent analyses question causal links, attributing stability more to cultural norms than the ID itself. Empirical studies remain mixed, with no consensus on net benefits; a 2003 analysis by scholars found that while compulsory systems correlate with administrative efficiencies in high-trust societies, they heighten vulnerability to political abuse in others, underscoring the need for robust legal safeguards like explicit sunset clauses and decentralized data storage.

Notable Security Breaches and Political Abuses

In , a cryptographic discovered in 2017 affected up to 760,000 national ID cards equipped with chips, enabling potential derivation of private keys and widespread ; authorities responded by blocking affected digital certificates on November 3, 2017, temporarily halting e-services for impacted users until software updates and reissues were completed. The flaw stemmed from insufficient in , highlighting risks in relying on third-party hardware for secure . India's system, the world's largest biometric ID program, has endured repeated breaches exposing demographic and biometric data of over 1.1 billion enrollees by early 2018, including unauthorized access sold on black markets for as little as ₹500 per query and leaks from government websites. In October 2023, hackers offered for sale personal identifiable information, including numbers and passport details of 815 million Indians on the , amplifying risks of and . Japan's My Number national ID faced a major leak in June 2025, compromising resident data and spurring , impersonation, and financial scams amid inadequate safeguards. Politically, South Africa's apartheid-era identity documents and pass laws enforced by classifying individuals into population groups—White, , Coloured, and —and restricting non-white mobility, enabling arbitrary arrests, forced removals, and labor controls that underpinned systemic until the system's dismantlement in the 1990s. Such mechanisms facilitated abuses by linking IDs to discriminatory policies, including influx control and group areas acts, with technology firms like accused of aiding enforcement through data processing tools. In broader contexts, centralized ID systems in authoritarian states have enabled targeted , though documented cases often intertwine with general rather than isolated ID misuse, underscoring incentives for political over mere administrative efficiency.

Evaluations of System Efficacy and Alternatives

Empirical assessments of national identification systems reveal modest evidence of efficacy in targeted domains, though causal attribution remains challenging due to confounding factors like concurrent policy changes and varying implementation quality. In , the system, covering over 1.3 billion individuals by 2023, has been credited with reducing welfare payment leakages by an estimated 20-30% through biometric de-duplication, enabling direct benefit transfers that saved approximately $27 billion USD between 2014 and 2020; however, independent audits have questioned the net savings after accounting for enrollment errors and exclusion of legitimate beneficiaries. Similarly, a study on Bangladesh's National ID system found economic returns exceeding costs by facilitating efficient program targeting, with benefits from select government initiatives alone justifying the investment. Yet, broader peer-reviewed analyses highlight limited rigorous evidence linking national IDs to sustained fraud reductions, as synthetic often adapts to new verification layers, with global surveys indicating expected but unproven declines of 20-29% in fraud rates post-adoption. Critiques of efficacy often emphasize overreliance on centralized databases, where efficacy falters in high-corruption contexts; for instance, Nigeria's National Identification Number rollout since 2013 has improved service access but failed to curb identity-related fraud in elections and banking due to incomplete coverage (only 15% enrollment by 2020) and weak enforcement. Proponents argue systems enhance public service delivery by streamlining authentication, as seen in Estonia's digital enabling 99% of public services online with high user trust, but detractors note in successful cases, where pre-existing digital infrastructure drives outcomes more than the ID itself. Overall, while systems demonstrably reduce administrative duplication in controlled evaluations, claims of transformative gains lack robust, cross-national randomized evidence, with efficacy metrics often derived from government self-reports prone to . Alternatives to centralized national IDs include decentralized and self-sovereign models, which distribute control to users via or distributed ledgers, mitigating single-point failures inherent in monolithic systems. (SSI) frameworks, as critiqued in conceptual analyses, allow individuals to manage without relying on a central authority, potentially reducing misuse risks while preserving privacy through zero-knowledge proofs; pilot implementations in , such as the European Blockchain Services Infrastructure, have shown feasibility for cross-border verification without mass . In contrast to centralized systems like India's , which aggregate nationally, decentralized approaches—exemplified by Microsoft's ION network—enable selective disclosure, where users share only necessary attributes, theoretically enhancing efficacy against breaches by eliminating comprehensive honeypots. However, SSI's efficacy remains unproven at scale, with adoption barriers including challenges and regulatory hurdles, as evidenced by stalled U.S. efforts toward voluntary digital wallets over mandatory national IDs. Countries without national IDs, such as the relying on fragmented systems like Social Security Numbers, demonstrate viable alternatives through sector-specific verifications (e.g., banking KYC protocols), achieving comparable controls without universal mandates, though at higher coordination costs.

Systems by Continent

[Systems by Continent - no content]

Africa

Nigeria

The (NIMC), established by the NIMC Act No. 23 of 2007, oversees 's national identification system, with the mandate to create, operate, and manage the National Identity Database (NIDB) for citizens and legal residents. The National Identification Number (NIN), introduced under this framework, serves as a unique 11-digit identifier randomly assigned upon successful , comprising non-intelligible digits without encoded . Enrollment requires individuals to provide biometric data, including fingerprints and facial photographs, at designated NIMC centers, along with supporting documents such as birth certificates or passports for verification. The process generates the NIN immediately or within days, linking it to the individual's record in the NIDB for lifelong use. The NIN facilitates identity authentication across sectors, including mandatory linkage to mobile SIM cards since 2021, integration with the (BVN) for financial services, passport applications, and . In February 2025, the government mandated NIN for accessing and certain government benefits to curb and enhance service delivery. Initial rollout post-2007 was limited, with only around 10 million enrollments achieved by due to logistical and awareness challenges. Enrollment surged thereafter through policy enforcement, such as SIM-NIN harmonization deadlines, reaching 120 million by June 2025 and 123.5 million by August 2025, equating to approximately 55-60% coverage of Nigeria's of over 220 million. NIMC aims for 95% national coverage by 2026, supported by expanded enrollment centers and digital verification tools. State-level variations persist, with and leading at over 11 million each, while smaller states like Bayelsa lag below 1 million.

Somalia

Somalia's national identification system is administered by the National Identification and Registration Authority (NIRA), established in March 2023 under Law No. 009 to provide secure identity verification for citizens and legal residents. The system assigns a unique 11-digit National Identification Number (NIN), referred to as "Tirsi Aqoonsi" in , serving as a lifetime identifier for all official interactions. This marks the country's first comprehensive national ID framework since in the early 1990s dismantled prior mechanisms, with initial biometric card issuance commencing in September 2023 in regions including , , , and others. The Somali National ID (SNID) integrates such as fingerprints and facial recognition to mitigate , alongside a tamper-proof physical featuring a , machine-readable zones, and linkage to a . Available in both physical and digital formats via the E-Aqoonsi , the ID includes the holder's full name, date of birth, , , and , with a 10-year validity period requiring periodic biometric renewals. Registration involves in-person applications supported by a valid or , data collection, verification, and issuance upon approval, at a cost of US$5 payable via . The system was developed in collaboration with Pakistan's NADRA, incorporating technology for enrollment, software, and equipment. Implementation has expanded amid efforts to achieve universal coverage, with a World Bank-funded mass registration drive launched on September 17, 2025, targeting 15 million enrollments by 2029 to enable access to services like banking, healthcare, , and . As of July 31, 2025, NIRA-issued IDs became mandatory for banking transactions in regions such as Benadir, and from September 1, 2025, they are required for applications to bolster data accuracy and curb . Integration with a digital and vital statistics (CRVS) system, rolled out in August 2025, allows centralized recording of births, deaths, marriages, and divorces, feeding into NIN assignment. Despite these advances, the absence of a functional ID system for over 30 years has posed inclusivity challenges in a fragmented context.

South Africa

South Africa's national identification system is administered by the Department of Home Affairs and issues a 13-digit identity number to citizens and eligible permanent residents upon reaching age 16. This number serves as a unique lifelong identifier for accessing services, voting, banking, and employment verification. The format follows YYMMDDSSSSCAZ, where the first six digits represent the bearer's date of birth (YY for year, MM for month, DD for day); digits 7 through 10 form a sequential (0000–4999 for females, 5000–9999 for males); the 11th digit indicates (0 for South African citizens, 1 for permanent residents); the 12th digit provides an additional sequence or gender-related indicator derived from birth year calculations, such as subtracting the two-digit birth year from 100 in some legacy contexts; and the 13th digit is a for validation. The system traces its origins to the Population Registration Act of 1950, which mandated of all inhabitants into racial categories—White, , , or —based on physical appearance, descent, and social acceptance within groups, with the ID number incorporating a for this classification in its 11th position during the era. This enabled enforcement of policies by linking identity documents to racial status, affecting residency, education, and mobility rights. Following of in 1994, the racial digit was replaced in new issuances by the citizenship indicator to eliminate explicit coding, though legacy numbers retain the historical marker for continuity and statistical tracking. The primary physical document transitioned from the green bar-coded booklet, introduced in 1987, to the Smart ID card, launched on 24 October 2013 as a more secure alternative with embedded biometric data. The Smart ID is a card featuring a contactless chip storing fingerprints and a digital photo, laser-engraved details, holograms, and optically variable ink to deter counterfeiting. It supports (NFC) for potential digital verification and multi-application use. As of May 2025, eligibility expanded to include permanent residents and naturalized citizens, previously limited to citizens, enabling over 1.4 million additional individuals to obtain the card. Issuance requires in-person biometric enrollment at Home Affairs offices, with first-time applicants providing birth certificates and proof of address; replacement costs approximately 140 for citizens. The identity number and document are mandatory for adults, with non-possession barring participation in formal economic activities; approximately 40 million green booklets remain in circulation alongside growing Smart ID adoption, though rollout delays and backlogs have persisted due to administrative challenges. Validation algorithms ensure number integrity, rejecting invalid formats or dates, while the system's integration aims to reduce , though vulnerabilities like stolen persist in practice.

Zimbabwe

Zimbabwe's national identification system is administered by the Civil Registry Department under the and Cultural Heritage, issuing National Registration Cards to citizens upon reaching age 16 as mandated by the National Registration Act of 1976. The cards serve as primary proof of , , and residency, required for accessing services such as banking, , , and travel documentation, with possession compulsory and non-possession punishable by fines or imprisonment. Historically rooted in the Rhodesian era, the system has evolved from anodized aluminum tags to plastic cards, with ongoing transitions to biometric-enabled digital formats to enhance security and reduce fraud. The national ID number consists of an 11- or 12-character alphanumeric string, typically formatted as two digits for the registration district, followed by a six- or seven-digit sequential number, a single alphabetic character (often indicating gender or serving as a check digit), and two digits for the district of origin. For instance, numbers like 63-123456-A18 denote registration in Harare (code 63) and origin in Chikomba district (code 18), embedding geographic and administrative data for traceability. This structure, inherited from colonial classifications, originally used "00" as the origin code for non-indigenous persons including those of mixed race, Caucasians, and Asians, facilitating racial profiling under apartheid-like policies; in 2021, the government recoded these to native district equivalents to eliminate such distinctions. Foreign residents receive temporary IDs with "00" origin codes, clearly marking non-citizen status for immigration oversight. Issuance requires proof of birth registration, parental consent for minors, and biometric enrollment in recent pilots, with processing times historically plagued by backlogs but improved via to rural offices since 2025. Replacement fees stand at US$10 as of 2024, alongside birth registration at US$5 for corrections. By May 2022, over 508,000 biometric IDs had been issued amid efforts to integrate fingerprints and facial recognition, though full nationwide rollout lagged until civil registry reforms concluded in mid-2025. Current plans, announced in June 2025, aim to replace legacy plastic cards with electronic versions embedding chips for biometric verification, addressing vulnerabilities like duplication exposed in 2018 voter roll audits that identified over 250,000 invalid entries. These upgrades prioritize prevention through centralized databases, though implementation faces challenges from deficits in rural areas.

Ethiopia

Ethiopia's national identification system, known as Fayda, issues a unique 12-digit number to legal residents under the National ID Program (NIDP), enforcing the principle of "one person, one identity" to prevent duplication. Launched officially in 2021 as part of the Digital Ethiopia 2025 strategy, the system employs biometric technologies including fingerprints, facial recognition, and iris scans for and , aiming to register all eligible adults among the of over 120 million. By mid-2025, reached approximately 16.4 million individuals, with a target of 90 million by 2027, including refugees and asylum-seekers integrated into national systems for the first time. Prior to Fayda, Ethiopia lacked a unified national ID, relying on fragmented local identifiers such as kebele cards, passports, or driving licenses, which often failed to provide robust verification for services like banking or taxation. Implementation accelerated in 2023-2024 through partnerships with technology firms for biometric infrastructure, with taxpayer registration linked to Fayda starting December 2023 to streamline revenue collection and reduce fraud. Registration occurs via mobile apps or centers, requiring proof of identity and biometrics, after which the Fayda number is delivered via SMS from designated short codes like 9779. The system facilitates access to public services, financial inclusion, and social protections, notably enabling women and underserved groups to open bank accounts and receive payments without traditional documentation barriers. However, early rollout phases in raised concerns over potential ethnic due to centralized biometric amid ongoing internal conflicts, though officials emphasized protocols to mitigate risks. Fayda's digital format supports verification through apps and integrates with , but challenges persist in rural coverage and , with ongoing efforts to achieve 50% national penetration by late 2025.

Americas

Argentina

The national identification number in Argentina is the unique 8-digit code embedded in the Documento Nacional de Identidad (DNI), the country's primary civil identity document issued to citizens and permanent residents. Assigned sequentially upon birth registration or , the DNI number facilitates administrative, electoral, financial, and legal transactions, serving as a foundational identifier across government systems. Unlike some nations' systems, Argentina's DNI integrates the number directly into a physical and digital card valid for domestic use and as a within countries. The DNI system traces its modern origins to post-World War II reforms, with the current framework solidified through the Registro Nacional de las Personas (RENAPER), established in 1968 to centralize issuance and combat fragmentation in provincial registries. Prior to digitization efforts around , the system relied on paper-based processes prone to delays and inconsistencies, such as manual photo affixing vulnerable to tampering. RENAPER now mandates biometric enrollment, including fingerprints and facial scans, with cards updated at ages 5–8 for school entry and at 14 for adolescence, ensuring lifecycle validity up to expiration (typically 15 years for adults). Issuance occurs via RENAPER offices or delegated centers, requiring civil registry proof, and foreigners obtain a variant (precaria or permanente) tied to residency status. Structurally, the DNI card features machine-readable zones, including a barcode encoding all visible data (name, birth date, sex coded as F/M/X, , issue/expiry dates), alongside optical security elements like holograms, guilloche patterns, and UV-reactive inks to deter . Recent iterations incorporate digital certificates for , enabling integration with platforms like Mi for e-services. The number itself lacks embedded checksums or demographic encodings, relying instead on RENAPER's central database for validation, which links to civil, electoral, and tax registries (e.g., for social security derives from DNI). Usage spans mandatory applications for voting, banking, employment, and healthcare, with non-possession penalized under Law 25.871. Despite enhancements, the system's has faced significant security challenges, including a 2021 breach where a accessed and leaked records for approximately 45 million individuals—nearly the entire —exposing names, addresses, birth dates, and numbers on forums. RENAPER confirmed the intrusion into its IT network, attributing it to vulnerabilities in legacy infrastructure, though no immediate widespread was reported; the incident prompted temporary service disruptions and sales of subsets of data (e.g., 1 million records for ). Critics, including cybersecurity firms, highlighted inadequate segmentation and as causal factors, underscoring risks in non-decentralized ID architectures despite biometric safeguards. A separate 2024 cyberattack on linked apps (Mi Argentina and SUBE) exposed millions more personal details, though not core records.

Brazil

In Brazil, the primary national identification number is the Cadastro de Pessoas Físicas (CPF), an 11-digit code issued by the Federal Revenue Service (Receita Federal) to all individuals for tax administration and broader identification purposes. The CPF serves as a unique lifelong identifier, required for financial transactions, employment contracts, access, property ownership, and most government interactions, functioning in practice as a national ID despite originally being tax-oriented. Unlike state-issued identity cards (Registro Geral or ), which vary by and include and , the CPF is federal and numeric-only, with no minimum age for issuance—newborns receive it upon birth registration. The CPF was initially created in 1965 to register individual contributors, with formal via Decree-Law No. 401 on December 30, 1968, expanding its scope to all physical persons under tax jurisdiction. Its structure consists of nine base digits followed by two check digits calculated via a modulo-11 for validation, often formatted as XXX.XXX.XXX-XX; the ninth digit historically indicated the issuing fiscal region, though sequential assignment now predominates. Foreign residents and non-residents engaging in taxable activities in must obtain a CPF through consulates or online portals, linking it to international tax compliance under frameworks like the OECD's . Efforts to unify identification culminated in the Carteira de Identidade Nacional (CIN), a biometric national ID card launched in phases starting July 2022 under the , which embeds the CPF as its core number to replace fragmented state RGs by 2032. The CIN incorporates fingerprints, facial recognition, and QR codes for digital verification, aiming to reduce fraud and streamline services like and social benefits; as of 2023, new issuances mandate the CPF as the RG-equivalent number, with pilot programs in states like distributing cards free initially. This integration addresses historical fragmentation, where over 27 million duplicate RGs existed pre-reform, enhancing data interoperability across federal databases. While the CPF remains non-expiring and irrevocable except in cases of proven fraud, CIN cards include security features like holograms and microtext to combat counterfeiting prevalent in paper-based predecessors.

Canada

Canada does not maintain a universal national identification number or compulsory identity card system, prioritizing individual privacy rights under federal legislation such as the Privacy Act and protections against unreasonable . Identification relies on a decentralized array of federal, provincial, and territorial documents, including passports, driver's licenses, and provincial health cards, none of which serve as a singular national identifier. This approach stems from historical resistance to centralized , evident in the discontinuation of citizenship certificates as proof of identity after 2015, when electronic records replaced physical cards. The Social Insurance Number (SIN), a nine-digit alphanumeric identifier introduced on January 1, 1964, functions primarily as a client account for federal programs like employment insurance, contributions, and administration. Issued by , it is mandatory for paid employment, filing taxes, and accessing benefits such as , with over 30 million active SINs in circulation as of recent estimates tied to the working-age population. The SIN format follows a nine-digit structure (e.g., 123-456-789), where the first digit often correlates to geographic issuance regions (1 for Atlantic provinces, 8 for temporary residents), and the ninth serves as a check digit for validation using the Luhn algorithm. Federal guidelines strictly limit SIN usage to legislated purposes, prohibiting its demand for non-essential transactions like renting apartments or obtaining credit, with violations punishable by fines up to $10,000 under the Social Insurance Number Act amendments in 2015. Temporary residents receive SINs prefixed with "9" and a four-character extension (e.g., 9XXX-XXX-XX), expiring with work or study authorization. For non-residents ineligible for SINs, the Canada Revenue Agency issues a nine-digit Individual Tax Number (ITN) solely for tax reporting. Immigration-related identifiers, such as the Unique Client Identifier (UCI), a 10- or 12-digit code on IRCC documents, track applications but hold no broader identification validity. Provincial health insurance numbers, such as Ontario's 10-digit Health Card Number or Quebec's 13-character RAMQ identifier, provide region-specific access to medical services but lack or national scope, reinforcing the fragmented landscape. Proposals for a national ID, including initiatives discussed in policy circles post-2020, have faced opposition from groups citing risks of data breaches and , with no legislative advancement as of 2025.

Chile

In Chile, the national identification number is the Rol Único Nacional (RUN), a unique, lifelong identifier assigned to all citizens and qualifying foreign residents. For natural persons, the RUN coincides with the Rol Único Tributario (RUT), serving as the tax identification number managed by the (Servicio de Impuestos Internos, ). This unified system enables centralized tracking for administrative, statistical, and fiscal purposes across government agencies. The RUN was established by Supreme Decree No. 18 of the Ministry of National Defense on March 13, 1973, with operational implementation commencing on July 1, 1973, to streamline personal identification and amid growing administrative needs. By 1975, it became mandatory for individuals over 12 years old, integrating into identity documents like the . The number follows an 8-digit serial structure plus a verification (0-9 or K for values exceeding 9), formatted as XX.XXX.XXX-Y (e.g., 12.345.678-9 or 76.543.210-K), where the check is calculated via a modulo-11 weighted by position to prevent errors. Issuance occurs through the Civil Registry and Identification Service (Servicio de Registro Civil e Identificación). Chilean citizens receive their RUN automatically at birth, recorded alongside the birth certificate. Foreigners obtain a provisional RUT upon entry for tax-related activities but secure a permanent RUN upon permanent residency approval or long-term visa issuance, requiring identity documents like passports. The number remains immutable and non-transferable, ensuring traceability throughout life, including post-mortem records. The RUN is integral to daily and official interactions, mandatory for tax declarations, banking accounts, property transactions, voting registration, healthcare access, education enrollment, and employment contracts. It appears on the national card, passport, and driver's license, with verification tools available via the portal for public validation. Non-compliance, such as failing to register for taxable activities, incurs penalties under . As of December 16, 2024, introduced digital versions of the ID card and passport, incorporating the RUN for electronic authentication while maintaining physical issuance options.

Colombia

The Cédula de Ciudadanía serves as the primary national identification document for Colombian citizens aged 18 and older, issued by the Registraduría Nacional del Estado Civil. It functions as the sole valid proof of for civil, political, administrative, and judicial purposes, as established by legal requirements mandating its use in official transactions. Colombian law requires citizens to obtain the cédula upon reaching the age of majority at 18, with initial issuance free of charge and subsequent replacements subject to fees. For minors aged 7 to 17, a separate Tarjeta de Identidad is issued, which transitions to the cédula at adulthood. The system originated with the first cédulas issued on , 1952, under a standardized model to facilitate national identification amid post-war administrative reforms. Subsequent updates modernized the card's design and security features; the current version, introduced around 2010, incorporates , holograms, and biometric elements such as fingerprints and facial recognition data for anti-forgery measures. A digital variant became available starting in 2020, accessible via or official platforms, allowing electronic verification while retaining the physical card's legal equivalence. Issuance occurs at registry offices or consular posts abroad, requiring in-person biometric capture and civil registry verification to prevent duplication or fraud. The identification number comprises 10 digits in the format N.NNN.NNN.NNN, where the initial digit often aligns with gender coding in older issuances (1 for males, 2 for females in pre-2000 cards), followed by a sequential identifier unique to each citizen. This number links directly to the national civil registry database, enabling cross-verification for identity confirmation. Legacy 8-digit formats from earlier decades (pre-1990s) persist for historical records but are supplemented or replaced in active use. Essential for practical functions, the cédula is mandatory for voter registration and participation in elections, accessing banking services such as account openings, and conducting property transactions or employment contracts. It underpins tax identification via integration with the National Tax and Customs Directorate's registry, where the cédula number often serves as the base for the taxpayer ID (NIT). Non-possession can restrict access to public services, underscoring its role in formalizing citizenship rights and obligations within Colombia's bureaucratic framework.

Mexico

The Clave Única de Registro de Población (CURP), or , functions as 's primary national identification number, assigned by the Registro Nacional de Población (RENAPO) to all citizens and legal residents. This 18-character alphanumeric code uniquely identifies individuals for administrative, civil, and legal purposes across government and private sectors. It is generated automatically upon birth registration for citizens or during residency application for foreigners, ensuring a centralized record linked to vital statistics. The CURP's structure derives directly from to minimize duplication risks: positions 1–4 capture initials and key s from surnames and (e.g., first letter of paternal , its first internal , first letter of maternal , its first internal , followed by first letter of ); positions 5–10 encode birth year, month, and day (YYMMDD); position 11 indicates (H for , M for ); positions 12–13 denote the birth state's two-letter (e.g., DF for ); positions 14–17 include sequential consonants from the full name; and position 18 is a digit for validation. Exceptions apply for individuals with identical root data, appending sequential numbers instead of consonants. This deterministic format supports automated verification while embedding verifiable biographical elements. Introduced in the mid-1990s as part of efforts to modernize population registries, the CURP became mandatory for most public interactions by the early , replacing fragmented local systems with a unified identifier. It is required for tax registration (via derivation), social security enrollment (IMSS/ISSSTE), issuance, driver's licenses, enrollment, banking, contracts, and healthcare access. Foreign residents receive it upon temporary or approval, printed on their card, enabling integration into formal economy activities. In July 2025, a presidential mandated a biometric-enhanced CURP to bolster accuracy, particularly for locating persons and combating , incorporating fingerprints, scans, and . began October 16, 2025, at select Registro Civil offices, with phased rollout to the public by January 2026 and full mandate by February 2026, despite privacy concerns from advocates over centralized biometric data storage. The updated version retains the alphanumeric code but pairs it with a secure physical or digital card for enhanced verification in high-stakes contexts like elections or . While the Instituto Nacional Electoral's voter provides an 18-digit electoral key for , the CURP remains the foundational national identifier, often cross-referenced for broader identity confirmation.

United States

The does not maintain a mandatory national identification number or card system applicable to all residents, reflecting longstanding resistance to centralized federal identification due to concerns over privacy, surveillance, and federal overreach. Instead, the (SSN), a nine-digit identifier issued by the , serves as the closest equivalent for administrative tracking, though it was never designed as a universal personal identifier. Established under the of 1935 and first assigned en masse starting November 1936, the SSN was originally intended solely to record workers' earnings histories for retirement benefit calculations, with over 30 million numbers distributed in the initial rollout to employees aged 65 and under. By 2011, assignment at birth had become standard, covering nearly all U.S. citizens and lawful permanent residents, as well as certain temporary workers. Over decades, the SSN evolved into a national identifier through incremental government and private sector adoption, despite official cautions against its use beyond Social Security purposes. The designated it as the federal employee identifier in 1961, followed by the adopting it as the in 1962 via amendments to the . Today, it is required for wage reporting, tax filing, employment verification via , credit applications, banking, and access to many government benefits, with non-citizens eligible under specific work-authorized categories. This widespread reliance has contributed to vulnerabilities, including , prompting legislative measures like the to limit its display on documents and the Social Security Number Fraud and Related Identity Theft Protection Act of 2004 to curb misuse. Proposals for a formal national ID system, such as those debated in the and contexts, have consistently failed in , often citing Fourth Amendment protections against unreasonable searches and Tenth Amendment reservations of powers to states. The REAL ID Act of 2005, implemented phasedly with full enforcement for domestic and federal facility access starting May 7, 2025, standardizes state-issued driver's licenses and IDs for specific security purposes but does not create a federal database or card, leaving primary identification decentralized across state motor vehicle agencies. For non-drivers or those without state IDs, alternatives like passports or Enhanced Driver's Licenses suffice for federal interactions, underscoring the absence of a singular national mechanism.

Venezuela

The Cédula de Identidad (national identity card) is the primary document for personal identification in Venezuela, required for Venezuelan citizens aged 9 and older as well as legal residents. Issued by the Servicio Administrativo de Identificación, Migración y Extranjería (SAIME), it features the holder's biometric photograph, fingerprints, signature, full name, date and place of birth, blood type, address, and a unique national identification number. The card is used for accessing public services, voting in elections, opening bank accounts, employment verification, internal travel, and tax purposes, where it serves as the basis for the Registro Único de Información Fiscal (RIF) for individuals. The identification number follows the format "V-" followed by eight digits for Venezuelan nationals (e.g., V-12345678), with "V" denoting ; for foreigners and residents, it begins with "E-" followed by eight digits. This is lifelong and unique, assigned sequentially upon issuance, without encoding birth date or other directly into the digits. Older cards issued before the may have fewer digits, but current standards use eight for new issuances. The number's centrality to daily life has enabled government tracking, as it links to databases for social benefits, healthcare, and security checks. Venezuela's national identification system originated in 1942, when the first cédula—numbered V-00000001—was issued on November 3 to President , following earlier pilots for foreigners starting December 31, 1941. Prior efforts dated to 1924 proposals for a scientific registry, but formal implementation occurred under Medina's administration to standardize citizen records amid post-dictatorship reforms. By the , was introduced, and plastic lamination followed in the for durability. Significant expansion came in 2003–2006 via Misión Identidad, a program under President that provided free, on-site issuance to marginalized groups, including indigenous communities with adapted formats incorporating communal affiliations. This initiative cedulated over 18.9 million people across two phases, aiming to fulfill constitutional to but criticized for uneven coverage and logistical failures in remote areas. SAIME was created in to consolidate identification, migration, and extradition functions previously handled by the Oficina Nacional de Identificación (ONIDEX). In 2016, the government introduced the Carnet de la Patria, a tied to the cédula number, required for accessing subsidized food via the CLAP program and other welfare distributions. Eligibility involves SAIME verification and self-reported political participation data, prompting allegations from independent observers that it enables selective exclusion of government critics, functioning as a loyalty mechanism amid economic crisis. Official data claim over 18 million issuances by 2018, but access delays and system outages have persisted, exacerbating migration challenges for those without updated IDs. Recent biometric enhancements, including materials and iris scans announced in 2024, aim to combat counterfeiting, though implementation remains limited by shortages.

Asia

Bahrain

Bahrain's national identification system centers on a unique nine-digit personal number, known as the Central Population Registry (CPR) number, assigned to every citizen and resident upon registration in the civil records. This number serves as the foundational identifier for all governmental, financial, and interactions within the Kingdom. Issued by the Information & eGovernment Authority (iGA), the CPR number is embedded in the biometric Identity Card, a document with an electronic chip containing personal data, , and (PKI) for secure . The CPR number typically follows a nine-digit numeric format, often structured as YYMMxxxxx where the first four digits represent the year (YY) and month (MM) of registration, followed by five sequential or randomized digits for uniqueness. It is printed on the front of the Identity Card alongside key personal details such as name, , date of birth, and photograph. The card itself is mandatory for individuals aged 15 and older, with provisions for issuing cards to children under 10 and domestic workers; newborns receive a distinctive CPR number immediately upon . Validity periods are five years for most holders, extending to ten years for those over 70. Introduced as part of Bahrain's Central Registry to streamline population management and service delivery, the system has evolved through modernization efforts. In May 2024, the iGA contracted Thales to overhaul the infrastructure, incorporating enhanced , increased chip storage, and ICAO-compliant features enabling the card to function as a travel credential for seamless border crossings. By 2025, the updated card integrated PKI for electronic signatures and e-services access, replacing multiple legacy documents and supporting functions like payments and health records linkage. Citizens and residents access related e-services, including renewals and replacements, via the bahrain.bh portal or MyGov app, with options for international delivery. The CPR number underpins the eKey framework, a unified launched to secure to over 1,000 and e-services using the number and password, or via biometric verification through the eKey 2.0 released in 2025. This integration facilitates for transactions such as banking, healthcare, and applications, while the card's chip enables contactless verification. Non-compliance with ID possession or renewal can restrict residency, employment, and public services, as the card is the sole official proof of identity recognized across sectors. measures include data on the chip, though centralized storage raises standard concerns about potential breaches in databases, mitigated by iGA's adherence to international security standards.

Bangladesh

The National Identity Card (NID), known in Bengali as Jatiyo Porichoy Potro, functions as 's primary national identification document. Issued by the (EC), it provides citizens with a for electoral participation, financial transactions, and government services. The system integrates biometric data, including fingerprints and photographs, to enhance verification and reduce fraud. Initial distribution of paper-based laminated NIDs occurred between 2007 and during a nationwide drive ahead of the elections, resulting in approximately 79 million cards issued to update electoral rolls. The Registration , passed by in January 2010, formalized the framework, establishing the 's authority and setting a 15-year validity period for cards. In October 2016, the launched smart NIDs with embedded microchips and as part of the Digital initiative, phasing out older laminated versions to improve security and interoperability. By 2025, distribution of smart cards continued across districts, though delays affected millions due to logistical challenges. Eligibility for NID issuance extends to all Bangladeshi citizens aged 16 and older, a threshold lowered from 18 in September 2025 to facilitate earlier access to services like and verification. Applications require proof of citizenship, such as a , and involve in-person biometric enrollment at EC offices or designated centers. The smart NID bears a 10-digit unique identification number, decided upon by the EC in 2015 for versatility across systems, distinct from the 17-digit format of legacy voter IDs which encoded details like birth year and geographic codes. NIDs are mandatory for voting and widely required for banking, applications, transactions, and benefits, linking to the voter database managed by the EC's NID Wing. Cards remain valid for 15 years from issuance, after which renewal with updated is required; temporary NIDs, issued during backlogs, have indefinite extensions as of 2023. Despite advancements, challenges persist, including uneven coverage in rural areas and reported data vulnerabilities, underscoring the system's role in state-citizen interactions while highlighting implementation gaps.

China

The Resident Identity Card (居民身份证) functions as the principal national identification document for citizens of the People's Republic of China who have reached 16 years of age. It incorporates a unique 18-digit Citizen Identity Number assigned at issuance, which persists unchanged for the cardholder's lifetime and serves as the foundational national identifier. This number is embedded in a centralized database managed by the Ministry of Public Security, enabling cross-verification for administrative, financial, and security purposes. The 18-digit format encodes demographic and administrative data as follows: positions 1–6 denote the National Bureau of Statistics code for the administrative division tied to the holder's household registration (hukou) location; positions 7–14 specify the birth date in YYYYMMDD sequence; positions 15–17 comprise a sequential code unique to births in the same area and date, differentiated by parity (odd for males, even for females to indicate sex); and position 18 is a verification digit calculated via the ISO 7064:1983, MOD 11-2 formula, using numeric values 0–9 or 'X' for 10. This structure facilitates automated decoding of birthplace, age, and sex without relying on the physical card. Issuance falls under the jurisdiction of county-level public security bureaus, contingent upon valid household registration () documentation, with applications processed within 30 days and cards valid for 10 years (ages 16–25), 20 years (ages 26–45), or indefinitely (over 46). The hukou system, originating in 1958, underpins eligibility by anchoring individuals to a registered domicile that determines to local services, though the ID number itself reflects the original hukou locale rather than current residence. Nationwide rollout of standardized cards began in 1987 following pilots in select provinces, with the 18-digit unique numbering standardized by 1999 to eliminate duplicates from earlier provisional systems. The governing framework, the Law of the on Resident Identity Cards, was adopted on June 28, 2003, and took effect January 1, 2004, replacing prior regulations and introducing machine-readable chips in second-generation cards from August 2004. The Citizen Identity Number is mandatory for transactions including banking account openings (requiring exact match to facial recognition or ), employment contracts, purchases, and domestic rail or , where it interfaces with the National Population Basic Information Database established in 2005. Non-citizens, such as permanent residents, receive a separate 18-digit number since December 1, 2023, formatted similarly but prefixed with 'G' in some contexts for distinction. Loss or damage necessitates reporting within 30 days and reissuance, with over 1.3 billion cards in circulation as of 2020 per official tallies.

Hong Kong

The Hong Kong Identity Card (HKID) functions as the principal national identification document, assigning a unique number to each resident that serves as a lifelong personal identifier for administrative, legal, and private sector interactions. The number follows the format of one or two uppercase letters, six digits, and a check digit (a numeral from 0-9 or the letter A) in parentheses, such as A123456(7); the check digit is calculated via the Verhoeff algorithm to validate authenticity and detect errors. This structure has been in place since the system's formalization under British colonial administration, with the Immigration Department maintaining the registry post-1997 handover. Registration for an is mandatory for all Hong Kong residents aged 11 or above who are ordinarily resident or permitted to remain for more than 180 days, as stipulated in the Registration of Persons Ordinance (Cap. 177); exemptions apply to certain elderly, infirm, or institutionalized individuals. Persons reaching age 11 must apply within 30 days, transitioning from a juvenile to an adult card at age 18, with replacement required every few years based on card validity periods typically spanning 3 to 10 years depending on age and type. Adults aged 15 and over are legally required to carry the card at all times for identity verification by authorities. Since 23 June 2003, HKIDs have been issued as smart cards with an embedded contactless chip storing encrypted —including the ID number, English and Chinese names, date of birth, and issue date—for secure electronic reading and authentication. Additional anti-forgery measures include of biographical details into multiple layers, optically variable holograms, and see-through registration windows displaying the ID number. A 2018 update to the "new smart identity card" enhanced chip capacity for potential multi-application use while maintaining . The ID number doubles as the for individuals and is integral to services, banking enrollment, employment contracts, and healthcare access, though its collection is restricted under the Personal Data (Privacy) Ordinance (Cap. 486) to prevent misuse.

India

Aadhaar is a 12-digit unique identification number issued by the Unique Identification Authority of (UIDAI), a statutory authority under the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology, to all residents of regardless of citizenship status. It serves as a proof of identity and address, verified through biometric data including fingerprints, iris scans, and facial photographs, along with demographic details such as name, date of birth, and . The system aims to facilitate efficient delivery of government subsidies, welfare schemes, and public services while enabling deduplication to prevent fraud in identity-based programs. UIDAI was established in 2009 under the Planning Commission (now ) to design and implement the project, with the first numbers issued in 2010. The (Targeted Delivery of Financial and Other Subsidies, Benefits and Services) , 2016, provided the legal framework, designating it a to bypass certain parliamentary scrutiny, which later drew constitutional challenges. is voluntary for residents, requiring minimal documentation like proof of identity and address, and is available at Aadhaar Enrollment Centers nationwide. As of June 2025, approximately 1.424 billion Aadhaar numbers have been generated, covering nearly the entire estimated and achieving high saturation rates across states and union territories. In March 2025, UIDAI issued 2 million new numbers and processed 19.1 million updates, reflecting ongoing maintenance amid near-universal adult coverage. Aadhaar is integrated into India's digital ecosystem for authentication in banking (e.g., linking to accounts under norms), mobile SIM issuance, tax filing via linkage, and direct benefit transfers for subsidies like LPG and pensions, reducing leakages estimated at billions of rupees annually through biometric verification. Monthly authentications exceed 200-280 transactions, indicating its role in growth, with a 32% year-on-year increase reported in January 2025. However, it is not valid as standalone proof of , date of birth, or for voter enrollment, as affirmed by the in multiple rulings. In 2018, a five-judge bench upheld the Act's by a 4:1 majority, recognizing a limited under Article 21 but validating biometric collection for welfare delivery while striking provisions allowing private entity use (e.g., for bank accounts) and mandatory linkage to mobile numbers or school admissions. The Court mandated its use only for subsidies and specified government schemes, deeming broader mandates disproportionate. Subsequent judgments, including in 2025, reiterated exclusions like non-acceptance for citizenship verification. Critics have raised concerns over risks from centralized biometric , potential exclusion of marginalized groups due to biometric failures (e.g., in rural or manual labor populations), and implications from logs retained for six months. Data breaches and ghost enrollments (e.g., for deceased individuals) have been reported, with only partial deactivation of around 11.5 such entries by mid-2025 despite estimates of higher numbers. UIDAI maintains the system's robustness, with no verified mass breaches and features like IDs for masking full numbers during transactions, though academic analyses question long-term in a context of uneven digital infrastructure. New 2025 enrollment norms introduce stricter verification, including checks and fraud alerts, to address duplication amid saturation.

Indonesia

The Nomor Induk Kependudukan (), or National Identity Number, is a unique 16-digit identifier assigned to every citizen by the of Population and under the . It serves as the foundational personal identifier for , linking to biometric data in the electronic identity card (e-KTP). The is generated upon birth registration or initial population data capture, ensuring lifelong uniqueness without expiration. Introduced as part of the nationwide electronic KTP rollout, the NIK system was piloted in select regions starting in 2009 and fully implemented across by 2011 to modernize population administration and reduce duplication in identity records. The 16-digit format aligns with the e-KTP's embedded chip, which stores the NIK alongside fingerprints, iris scans, and photographs for verification purposes. Citizens aged 17 or older, or those married regardless of age, are required to obtain the physical e-KTP using their NIK, while younger individuals receive family cards referencing the parental NIK until maturity. In recent administrative reforms, the has been integrated as the mandatory (NPWP) for resident individuals, effective July 1, 2024, replacing the prior 15-digit NPWP to streamline tax compliance and eliminate multiple IDs. This unification, mandated by of Taxes regulations, applies the NIK's 16-digit structure directly to tax filings, with non-compliant legacy NPWPs valid only until December 31, 2023. The policy aims to enhance data accuracy and fiscal efficiency by leveraging the NIK's existing population database, covering over 270 million citizens. Beyond taxation, the NIK facilitates access to public services, including banking, healthcare via the SatuSehat platform, and social welfare programs, with mandatory linkage for transactions exceeding certain thresholds.

Iran

In Iran, all citizens receive a unique 10-digit national identification number (known as Shomareh Melli or Code Melli) upon birth registration with the National Organization for Civil Registration. This number consists of a 3-digit code indicating the place of registration, a 6-digit , and a final for validation. The identifier is lifelong and serves as the basis for official interactions, including access to banking, , transactions, and services. The number is featured on the National Identity Card (Kart-e Melli), a mandatory document issued to Iranian citizens aged 15 and older by the National Organization for Civil Registration. Traditional paper cards have largely been replaced by the National Smart Card, introduced progressively since the early 2010s, which incorporates a microchip storing encrypted biometric data such as fingerprints, iris scans, and demographic details including full name, father's name, date and place of birth, and . The smart card's validity is typically 5–7 years, after which renewal is required, though extensions have been granted in specific cases, such as for refugees. Issuance requires a birth certificate (Shenasnameh) with photograph and proof of identity, with applications processed through registration offices or, since 2022, remotely for expatriates in select countries like the via digital verification. Non-citizens, including certain religious minorities, have faced documented barriers to obtaining or renewing cards, with reports attributing denials to discriminatory policies rather than procedural issues. The linked to the ID system enables real-time verification but has raised concerns over and in state-controlled access to services.

Israel

In Israel, the national identification number, known as the Mispar Zehut (Identity Number), is a unique 9-digit identifier assigned at birth to all Israeli citizens by the Ministry of the Interior through the Population and Immigration Authority. This number serves as the for the Population Registry, a centralized database maintaining records of personal details including full name, parents' names, date and , citizenship status, , and . The system facilitates access to government services, taxation, healthcare, banking, and employment verification, with the number required for most official interactions. The Mispar Zehut structure consists of a one-digit prefix, followed by seven sequential digits, and a ninth check digit computed via the Luhn algorithm to validate integrity and prevent errors or fraud. The prefix, which can include zero, reflects historical aspects of the registry's early implementation post-1948 state establishment, though it lacks a publicly defined categorical meaning in current usage. Older records from the pre-digital era may appear with fewer than nine digits when padded for compatibility, but all active numbers conform to the 9-digit format. Permanent residents, including non-citizens such as certain immigrants or family members, receive a similar number upon registration, distinguishing them from citizens via registry status rather than the number itself. The physical Teudat Zehut (ID card) incorporating the number is issued to individuals upon reaching age 16, comprising a biometric plastic card with embedded chip for electronic verification and a supplementary paper document for additional details. Biometric versions, featuring fingerprints and facial recognition, have been standard since 2017, enhancing security for online and in-person identification while integrating with the National Identification System for digital government access. Cards are renewed every 5–10 years depending on age, with mandatory updates for changes in registry data such as address or marital status. The Population Registry's data, derived from birth, immigration (Aliyah), marriage, and death records, ensures causal linkage between individuals and state obligations, though critics note potential vulnerabilities to data breaches given centralized storage.

Japan

The My Number, or Individual Number, is a unique 12-digit identifier assigned by the government to every with a resident record, encompassing nationals and foreign alike. Established to enhance administrative efficiency, the system enables targeted information exchange among government agencies in specified domains—social security, taxation, and disaster countermeasures—while prohibiting centralized data aggregation or use beyond these purposes. Numbers are generated algorithmically upon initial and notified via mail, remaining unchanged for life unless residency status alters in ways requiring reassignment. The framework originated with the Act on the Use of Numbers to Identify a Specific in Administrative Procedures, promulgated on May 31, 2013, following approval earlier that month. Implementation proceeded in phases: preparatory notifications began in autumn 2015, with full operational use commencing January 1, 2016, for procedures like tax filings and pension enrollments. Private entities, such as employers, must collect and retain My Numbers for compliance but face strict penalties for unauthorized disclosure or retention beyond legal retention periods, typically five to seven years post-transaction. The optional My Number Card, issued since 2016, embeds the number on an IC chip alongside a photo, enabling electronic verification for identity, online government services, and, from March 2021, integration as a health insurance card to reduce paperwork. Government incentives, including subsidies for medical fees, have driven uptake; by late 2024, issuance exceeded 100 million cards amid a population of approximately 125 million, though integration as health cards lagged at under 20% usage in clinical settings as of November 2024. Public resistance has stemmed from privacy apprehensions, intensified by systemic vulnerabilities: between October 2021 and November 2022, at least 7,300 leaks were verified by the , Labor and Ministry, including erroneous linkages of medical records to incorrect My Numbers. Fiscal 2024 saw a record 2,052 reported leaks involving My Numbers under the My Number Act, a sixfold rise from prior years, prompting audits and temporary suspensions of card-linked services. These incidents, often traced to inadequate municipal safeguards rather than core system flaws, underscore tensions between efficiency gains and , with critics arguing that decentralized sharing amplifies risks without commensurate oversight. The Protection Commission enforces compliance via the Act on the Protection of Personal Information, mandating notifications and risk assessments, yet enforcement relies on self-reporting, limiting deterrence.

Kazakhstan

In Kazakhstan, the national identification number is the Individual Identification Number (IIN; Kazakh: Жеке тұлғаның идентификация нөмірі; : Индивидуальный идентификационный номер), a unique 12-digit code assigned to every citizen, foreigner, and stateless person registered in the country. The IIN is generated automatically upon birth registration for citizens, ensuring lifelong uniqueness and immutability, and serves as the primary identifier for administrative, fiscal, and legal purposes. For non-citizens, it is issued upon first entry or registration in , or through applications at embassies and consulates abroad, with recent expansions in 2024–2025 allowing issuance at foreign diplomatic missions for individuals from over 100 countries. The IIN structure consists of 12 digits: the first six encode the date of birth in DDMMYY format, followed by digits indicating , century of birth, and a , with the final as a check sum for validation. This format facilitates automated processing while embedding personal details for verification. The number is printed on cards, which have been mandatory for citizens since their in 1994 to replace Soviet-era documents, and on newer biometric cards issued from , 2014. The IIN functions as the tax identification number (TIN) for individuals and is required for accessing electronic government services via the e-Gov portal, employment contracts, bank account openings, property registrations, and incorporations. Foreigners without an IIN face restrictions on state registrations and digital services, though issuance is free and typically processed within one . Governed by the 2007 Law on National Registers of Identification Numbers, the system maintains centralized databases to prevent duplication and support across public and private sectors.

Kuwait

The Civil Number (Arabic: الرقم المدني) serves as 's national identification number, a unique 12-digit code assigned to all Kuwaiti citizens and legal residents upon registration. It encodes key personal details, following the structure NYYMMDDNNNNN, where the first digit (N) indicates nationality category (e.g., 2 for Kuwaitis, 3 for nationals, 4 for other , and 5 for non-Arabs), followed by the birth year (YY), month (MM), day (DD), and a five-digit . This format embeds the date of birth directly, facilitating verification while ensuring uniqueness across the population. The number remains lifelong and is printed on the Civil ID card, which includes biometric data such as fingerprints and facial recognition for enhanced security. Issuance and management fall under the Public Authority for Civil Information (PACI), Kuwait's central body for , population statistics, and identity documentation since its operational inception in the . PACI handles applications, renewals, and status inquiries through online portals and service centers, requiring biometric enrollment and proof of residency or . Citizens receive cards with extended validity, while expatriates typically get three- or five-year terms tied to residency permits, with mandatory renewals before expiry to avoid fines or service restrictions. Conversion from older Ministry of Interior unified numbers to Civil Numbers was facilitated for legacy records. The system originated in , when identification cards were distributed to all citizens and residents as part of efforts to centralize population data and improve administrative efficiency amid rapid demographic growth from oil-driven . studies and polls preceded full rollout to refine the process, establishing PACI's role in maintaining accurate registries for , distribution, and . By 2002, the authority had digitized records for over 2 million entries, evolving into a platform with contactless chips for multi-application use. The Civil ID is mandatory for accessing government services, banking, employment, healthcare, and , functioning as the primary proof of identity and . It enables electronic signatures, mobile ID verification via apps like "" for contactless authentication, and integration with portals for transactions such as bill payments or document requests. Within the , it doubles as a , allowing visa-free movement and residency verification among member states. Non-compliance, such as expired cards, triggers penalties including service denials and fines up to 10 Kuwaiti dinars per month of delay.

Malaysia

The national identification number in Malaysia is the 12-digit (NRIC) number, issued by the Registration (JPN) to Malaysian citizens and permanent residents as part of the compulsory identity documentation process. This number is embedded in the MyKad, a multifunctional introduced on , 2001, which replaced earlier non-smart identity cards and incorporates biometric data such as fingerprints and a for purposes. Malaysian citizens are required to register for an identity card upon reaching , with the NRIC number assigned at that time and remaining unique and unchanged for life, facilitating access to government services, banking, , and healthcare. The NRIC number follows a structured 12-digit format: the first six digits represent the bearer's date of birth in YYMMDD sequence (where YY denotes the year, MM the month, and DD the day); this is followed by a two-digit serial code (positions 7-8), a three-digit sequential identifier (positions 9-11), and a final digit (position 12) that serves as a indicator—odd for males and even for females. This format has been in use since 1990, with optional hyphens for readability (e.g., YYMMDD-SS-###G), and includes built-in validation to prevent errors, though it does not incorporate a formal algorithm beyond the structural constraints. Permanent residents receive a similar MyPR with an equivalent , but distinguished by prefix or notation to differentiate from citizen NRICs. MyKad's integrated microchip stores the NRIC number alongside encrypted , enabling for applications, toll payments, and financial transactions, which has streamlined administrative processes but raised concerns due to centralized data access by authorities. As of August 2025, upgrades to MyKad's security features, including enhanced and chip protections, are being implemented to counter risks, with over 90% of eligible Malaysians holding the card for mandatory in daily civic and economic activities. Loss or damage requires replacement through JPN offices, incurring fees and a mandatory police report for lost cards to verify circumstances.

Pakistan

The Computerized National Identity Card (CNIC) functions as 's primary national identification document, featuring a unique 13-digit number assigned to citizens upon reaching adulthood. Issued by the (NADRA), it incorporates biometric data including photographs, fingerprints, and signatures to verify identity and prevent fraud. Eligibility requires Pakistani citizenship and an age of 18 or older, with initial issuance not necessitating prior documents but subsequent modifications demanding supporting evidence such as marriage certificates. Pakistan's national identity system originated with paper-based identity cards introduced in 1973 under Article 30 of the country's interim , aimed at establishing a basic registry for citizens following territorial losses in the prior . NADRA's predecessor, the National Database Organization, formed in 1998 under the Ministry of Interior, merged with the Directorate General of Registration on March 10, 2000, to create the autonomous NADRA, which initiated computerized that same month. The CNIC replaced manual cards starting in 2000, leveraging a centralized biometric database now encompassing over 209 million registrations and 1.3 billion fingerprints to enable secure, scalable identification. A variant, embedding microchips for enhanced and , followed in 2012. The CNIC number follows the format XXXXX-XXXXXXX-X, where the structure encodes regional and sequential data, such as the first denoting the of registration, followed by a serial sequence and a . Applications occur at NADRA Registration Centers or via the Pak Identity , involving token issuance, biometric capture, data entry, and verification against a blood relative's or a gazetted officer's attestation for linkage. As of December 2024, NADRA mandates CNIC acquisition within 90 days of turning 18, rendering it essential for accessing services like driver's licenses, numbers, accounts, , passports, transactions, and public benefits. For overseas Pakistanis holding dual nationality, NADRA issues the National Identity Card for Overseas Pakistanis (NICOP), mirroring the CNIC's features but permitting visa-free entry and use in Pakistan without a ; it shares the same 13-digit numbering but requires proof of foreign residency and parental links for minors. The Pakistan Origin Card (POC) serves former citizens or those with annulled , facilitating similar transactions while restricting political rights like . These variants maintain NADRA's biometric standards to ensure with domestic systems.

Philippines

The Philippine Identification System (PhilSys), enacted through Republic Act No. 11055 and signed into law on August 6, 2018, establishes a centralized national identification framework for all Filipino citizens and resident aliens in the Philippines. This system assigns a unique identifier to streamline identity verification, reduce fraud, and enable efficient access to public and private services. At its core is the PhilSys Number (PSN), a randomly generated, 12-digit permanent identification number issued upon successful registration. The PSN is unique to each registrant, non-transferable, and confidential, disclosed only to the or as authorized by law to protect against misuse. For practical use in transactions, the physical ID card displays a tokenized derivative called the PhilSys Card Number (PCN), which links to the PSN without revealing it publicly. PhilSys provides identification in multiple formats: the physical PhilID card, a printable ePhilID in paper form, and a digital National ID accessible via the eGovPH mobile application. Registration targets individuals aged one year and older, requiring submission of primary documents like a Philippine Statistics Authority-issued Certificate of Live Birth or secondary ones such as a valid passport or driver's license. As of August 15, 2025, the system has recorded 93,945,613 registrations and delivered 54,917,877 physical cards, reflecting ongoing nationwide rollout managed by the Philippine Statistics Authority. The PSN and associated IDs serve as sufficient proof of under the , integrating biometric and demographic details to support secure while mandating minimization and protections to prevent unauthorized access or linkage to other databases without consent. Initial registration and issuance remain free for citizens, though replacement fees apply for lost cards.

Singapore

In Singapore, the national identification system revolves around the National Registration Identity Card (NRIC), which assigns a unique NRIC number to all citizens and permanent residents. The NRIC number functions as the principal identifier for official purposes, including government services, financial transactions, employment verification, and healthcare access. Established under the National Registration Act 1965, which came into effect on May 5, 1966, the system mandated initial registration for individuals aged 12 and above, with subsequent requirements for those reaching age 15. The NRIC number comprises nine alphanumeric characters in the format [prefix letter][seven digits][check digit letter]. The prefix is 'S' for persons born before 2000 and 'T' for those born in 2000 or later, encompassing both citizens and permanent residents. For individuals born from onward, the first two digits of the seven-digit reflect the last two digits of the birth year, followed by a five-digit sequence for uniqueness within that cohort. The final is derived from a modulo-11 applied to the preceding eight characters, using positional weights from 2 to 8 (right to left, excluding the prefix's mapped numeric value where A=1 to Z=26), with remainders mapping to letters A–J (0–9) or X/Z for 10/11 to detect transcription errors. The (ICA) issues the NRIC as a biometric containing an embedded chip for electronic verification, alongside printed details such as , name, , and blood group. Permanent residents receive blue NRICs, while citizens hold pink or blue variants depending on issuance era, though functionality remains identical. Foreigners on long-term passes receive a distinct Foreign Identification Number (FIN) with prefixes 'F', 'G', or 'M' (introduced January 1, 2022, for new entrants), which differs from the NRIC and does not confer the same card privileges. Registration is compulsory, with failure to register or update details punishable by fines up to S$3,000, up to two years, or both; or fraudulent use incurs up to S$10,000 fines or 10 years' . While not mandating constant physical carriage, individuals must produce the NRIC upon request by authorities, supporting enforcement of residency and security measures. The system's design emphasizes permanence, with numbers retained lifelong unless status changes, facilitating seamless integration across public and private sectors.

South Korea

The (RRN), known in as jumin deungnok beonho, is a 13-digit identifier assigned to all citizens at birth or upon , as well as to foreign residents upon registration. It serves as the primary national identification number for administrative, financial, and online verification purposes, encoding personal details to facilitate population management and service delivery. The system underpins the , which mandates registration within 14 days of birth, , or relocation to track residency and demographics. The follows a structured format: the first six digits represent the birth date in YYMMDD sequence (e.g., 801215 for December 15, 1980), followed by a hyphen, then six digits indicating , regional origin, and (odd for males, even for females in the seventh digit), and a final for validation. This encoding allows partial demographic inference from the number alone, contributing to its utility in prevention but also raising predictability concerns. Foreigners receive a similar Alien Registration Number (ARN) upon obtaining residency, formatted analogously but with distinct encoding for and entry details. Introduced in the 1970s amid efforts to identify potential spies by ensuring universal numbering, the evolved from earlier registry systems into a comprehensive tool for clarifying and residential ties. By the 2000s, it became integral to digital services, including real-name verification for platforms until the ruled such mandates unconstitutional in 2012 for infringing without sufficient justification. Usage spans banking, healthcare, employment, and portals, where it verifies identity and prevents duplicate registrations, though biometric integration in the modern System has supplemented it since the . Privacy challenges persist due to the RRN's guessability from birth data and serial patterns, enabling de-anonymization in leaked datasets, as demonstrated in analyses of shared prescription records. High-profile breaches, affecting up to 26.6% of users via fraudulent misuse, prompted amendments to the Personal Information Protection Act (), imposing fines up to 500 million for unauthorized leaks and restricting processing even with consent in non-essential cases. , enforced since 2011 and tightened in 2020, classifies RRNs as highly sensitive, mandating explicit safeguards amid ongoing debates over balancing administrative efficiency with data minimization.

Thailand

Thailand employs a 13-digit national identification number as a for its citizens, integrated into the system managed by the Department of Provincial Administration. This number is assigned at birth or upon acquiring and serves as the basis for the Citizen Identification Card (บัตรประจำตัวประชาชน), which is issued to nationals aged 7 to 70 years old. The card is mandatory for eligible citizens to access public services, verify identity, and prove citizenship status. The modern unique identification number (UIN) system was implemented in , coinciding with the introduction of a computerized database to enhance efficiency and coverage. Prior to this, identification relied on manual processes dating back centuries, but the 1983 Identity Card Act (B.E. 2526) formalized requirements for issuance, mandating cards for those aged 7–17 with household registration and extending obligations to adults up to age 70. Applications must occur within 60 days of events like reaching age 7 or changes in registration status, with cards renewed every 7 years until age 70, after which they are issued indefinitely. The 13-digit format begins with a digit from 1 to 8 (excluding 0 or 9), indicating or residency-linked status, followed by 12 digits that include provincial codes, sequential elements, and a for validation. This structure ensures uniqueness and enables verification against official databases, supporting applications in taxation, healthcare, banking, and elections. The card itself has evolved from paper-based versions to smart cards with chips since the mid-2000s, storing biometric data like fingerprints for enhanced security. Foreigners with receive a distinct non-Thai ID card sharing the 13-digit format but prefixed differently (e.g., starting with 3 for certain categories).

United Arab Emirates

The Emirates Identity Card, known as the Emirates ID, functions as the primary national identification document and numbering system in the . Administered by the Federal Authority for Identity, Citizenship, Customs and Ports Security (), it is compulsory for all citizens and residents, serving to verify identity for accessing federal and local government services, financial transactions, healthcare, and employment. The framework originated with the establishment of the Emirates Identity Authority on September 29, 2004, via Federal Law No. (2) of 2004, as part of a initiative to enhance security, streamline services, and foster a unified identity system amid rapid driven by expatriate labor. By 2012, over 4.6 million cards had been issued, reflecting widespread adoption. Each Emirates ID features a unique 15-digit identification number, printed centrally on the card and formatted as 784-YYYY-NNNNNNN-N, where 784 denotes the UAE's international , YYYY signifies the holder's birth year, NNNNNNN comprises a sequential personal identifier, and the trailing N acts as a verification to prevent errors or . This number links to biometric elements on the card, including fingerprints and digital photographs, enabling secure via contactless chip technology. For UAE nationals, the card doubles as a travel document within states, eliminating the need for a in those contexts, while for expatriates—who constitute approximately 88% of the —it ties directly to residence visa status and must be renewed accordingly. Applications require prior approval for non-citizens, followed by biometric registration at ICP facilities or authorized centers, with issuance typically within 10-15 working days. Non-compliance incurs fines up to AED 1,000 monthly, underscoring enforcement to maintain population registry integrity.

Vietnam

Vietnam employs a national identification system centered on the 12-digit (Số định danh cá nhân), which serves as a unique lifelong identifier for citizens. This number is embedded in the Citizen Identity Card (Thẻ căn cước công dân), a biometric document issued by the Ministry of Public Security. The system integrates with the National Population Database, launched on February 25, 2021, to facilitate administrative procedures, public services, and digital transactions. The 12-digit number follows a structured format: the first three digits represent the province or code (e.g., 001 for ), or 000 for nationwide or overseas issuance; the fourth digit encodes the birth century and (0 for males and 1 for females born 1900–1999, 2 for males and 3 for females born 2000–2099, with sequential even-odd pairs for later centuries); digits five and six denote the last two digits of the birth year; and the final six digits are a random serial sequence for uniqueness. This design ensures the number reflects demographic and geographic data while maintaining individuality, per regulations under Decree 137/2015/ND-CP and Circular 59/2021/TT-BCA. Under the Law on Identity, effective July 1, 2024—which superseded the 2014 Law on Citizen Identification—identity cards are issued to all citizens aged 14 and older, with provisions extended to those under 14 and individuals of origin with undetermined . The cards feature embedded chips with biometric data ( image, fingerprints, scans), and a redesigned introduced on the same date includes a encoding core details like the number, full name, date of birth, , and for electronic verification. Electronic identity accounts, accessible via the VNeID application, enable level-based digital authentication, with full integration for transactions. The identification number's role has expanded significantly; from July 1, 2025, it replaces the separate tax identification number for individuals, households, and sole proprietors in all fiscal dealings, streamlining compliance and reducing administrative duplication. Similarly, it serves as the primary identifier for procedures starting August 1, 2025, reflecting Vietnam's push toward unified digital governance. Cards remain valid for identity proof in legal and commercial contexts, with issuance managed centrally to link personal data across government databases.

Europe

Austria

In Austria, the national identification number is the Zentrale Melderegisterzahl (ZMR-Zahl), a unique 12-digit identifier assigned to every person registered in the Central Register of Residents (Zentrales Melderegister, ZMR). The ZMR functions as a centralized public database managed by the Ministry of the Interior, storing core identity details—including full name, , date of birth, ZMR-Zahl, , and residence data—for all individuals with a legal domicile in the country, whether Austrian citizens or resident foreigners. The ZMR-Zahl is generated automatically upon a person's initial entry into the register, such as at birth for natives or upon residency establishment for immigrants, and accompanies the individual lifelong without change, even across address updates or status alterations. This number enables authorities to link records across government systems for administrative tasks like residency verification, welfare allocation, and , but it is not designed for routine public or commercial use. It appears on registration confirmations (Meldebestätigung), which residents receive after mandatory address reporting within three days of relocation. Austria lacks a single, publicly circulated universal ID number akin to those in neighboring countries; instead, everyday identification relies on the Personalausweis (), an optional document for citizens over 12 that features a distinct machine-readable document number (typically 9 characters) but no ZMR-Zahl. The social security number (Sozialversicherungsnummer, SVNR), a separate 10-digit code encoding birth date (DDMMYY) plus a serial and check digit, serves primarily for , pensions, and employment contributions, not general . The ZMR-Zahl underpins derived pseudonyms like the Stammzahl (a encrypted variant for and financial systems) to enhance privacy while maintaining linkage in electronic processes, such as the ID Austria digital app. Access to ZMR is restricted by law, with disclosures limited to authorized public bodies or via , reflecting 's emphasis on protection under EU standards. The system, operational since the , covers over 8.9 million residents as of recent estimates tied to population figures.

Belgium

In Belgium, the National Register Number (Dutch: Rijksregisternummer; French: Numéro de registre national) is a unique 11-digit identifier assigned to every natural person registered in the National Register, a centralized database managed by the Federal Public Service Interior. Established to streamline administrative identification, it is issued upon an individual's initial entry into the register—typically at birth for Belgian nationals or upon legal residence declaration for foreigners—and appears on official documents such as identity cards, residence permits, and social security attestations. The system ensures unambiguous tracking of personal data across government entities, encompassing civil status, address, and nationality details. The number's structure adheres to the format YY.MM.DD-XXX.CC, where YY.MM.DD encodes the birth date using the last two digits of the year (modulo 100), followed by the month and day; XXX denotes a sequential from 002 to 998 (odd for males, even for females, assigned per birth to minimize duplicates); and CC comprises check digits derived from 97 minus the sum of the preceding nine digits modulo 97 (substituting 00 for 97). This format, designed for embedded verification and gender indication, was formalized by Royal Decree on 3 April 1984 to standardize prior numbering practices amid growing administrative demands post-World War II civil registry expansions. For individuals born after 1999 or certain non-residents, provisional "" variants follow the identical structure but draw from a separate sequence to avoid century-based overlaps. Beyond basic identification, the National Register Number doubles as Belgium's tax identification number (TIN) and social security identifier (INSZ), enabling seamless processing in taxation, healthcare reimbursements, declarations, and benefits—over 90% of public administrations rely on it for data matching as of federal interoperability reports. Municipalities handle local registrations and updates, feeding into a national database accessible via authenticated portals, while the Office assigns numbers to asylum seekers and third-country nationals upon status approval. Privacy safeguards are stringent: processing requires explicit legal basis under the 2018 Data Protection Act aligning with EU GDPR, prohibiting routine commercial use and limiting consultations to authorized public bodies with audit trails; unauthorized disclosure incurs fines up to €200,000 or imprisonment, reflecting causal concerns over risks in a system handling 11.5 million residents' data.

Denmark

The Danish personal identification number, commonly referred to as the CPR number (from Central Person Register or Centralt Personregister), serves as the primary national identifier for individuals in Denmark. Established in 1968, the system maintains a centralized register of all persons who reside or have resided in the country, facilitating administrative efficiency across public and private sectors. The CPR number functions as a civil registration number, tax identification number (TIN), and social security identifier, enabling seamless tracking for services such as healthcare, taxation, and welfare. The CPR number follows a standardized 10-digit format: DDMMYY-SSSS, where the first six digits represent the individual's date of birth (day, month, and last two digits of the year), and the final four digits form a sequence number assigned to distinguish individuals born on the same date. The seventh digit implicitly encodes the century (e.g., 0 for births in the , 1 for 2000s), ensuring uniqueness across generations. This structure, governed by the System Act, is identical for both Danish citizens and foreign residents, with numbers issued by local municipalities upon registration. Issuance occurs automatically for Danish newborns via notification to the within five days of birth, integrating the child into the CPR from the outset. For foreign nationals intending to stay longer than three months, a CPR number is allocated during address registration at a municipal citizen service center or International Citizen Service () office, requiring proof of residence and, for non-EU/EEA citizens, a valid . The process links the number to essential services, including a health insurance card and assignment, typically within days of application. Numbers remain valid lifelong, even after , though inactive records may be archived after extended absence. In practice, the CPR number is mandatory for interactions with public authorities, including tax filings, pension contributions, and digital services like MitID authentication or Digital Post for official correspondence. Private entities, such as banks, employers, and utilities, also require it for account setup, payroll, and contracts, underscoring its role in Denmark's digital infrastructure. While the system's centralization enhances data accuracy and reduces —evidenced by automated cross-verification with vital records—concerns over have prompted reforms, including restrictions on public access to full numbers since the early to mitigate risks. The CPR's broad utility reflects Denmark's emphasis on efficient governance, with over 99% of residents registered, supporting real-time administrative processing.

Estonia

The personal identification code, known as isikukood in , serves as the national identification number for all citizens and residents of . Introduced in following Estonia's restoration of independence, it functions as a unique lifelong identifier assigned upon birth or , enabling access to public services, taxation, healthcare, and . The code underpins Estonia's infrastructure, including the data exchange platform and mandatory electronic ID systems, with over 99% of public services delivered as of 2020. The code consists of 11 digits in the format GYYMMDDSSSC, where G indicates and birth century (odd digits for males, even for females: 1 or 3 for 20th-century males, 2 or 4 for females; 5 or 7 for 21st-century males, 6 or 8 for females), YYMMDD represents the birth date, SSS is a sequential number for same-day births (001–999), and C is a digit calculated via the modulo 10 using weights 1, 2 alternating from the right. For individuals born before 1900 or after 2199, adjusted encodings apply, but the system primarily accommodates modern demographics. Foreign residents, including e-residents, receive codes prefixed with 6 (temporary) or 7/8 (long-term), ensuring with the national population register. Managed by the Population Register under the Ministry of the Interior, the code is automatically generated and recorded at birth in hospitals or upon registration for immigrants via the Police and Border Guard Board. It doubles as the tax identification number (TIN) and is required for banking, , , and e-services like i-Voting, with mandatory linkage to chip-based ID-cards issued since January 28, 2002. Non-compliance, such as failing to update residency details, can restrict access to services, though data protection adheres to EU GDPR standards with in secondary systems.

Finland

The personal identity code (Finnish: henkilötunnus) is a unique, lifelong identifier assigned to every individual registered in 's Population Information System, serving as the primary mechanism for personal identification in , taxation, social security, and interactions such as banking and healthcare. It enables precise linkage across national registers, facilitating efficient and while minimizing duplication errors inherent in name-based systems. Unlike names, which may be shared by multiple individuals, the code ensures unambiguous identification, with no duplicates permitted. Originating in the early , the system traces its roots to a specialized identifier introduced on July 1, 1962, designed by Erkki Pale to streamline contributions in Finland's emerging statutory framework. This initial code was progressively integrated into broader population registration by the , becoming mandatory for all residents to support the state's administrative needs, including data and service delivery. By the , it had evolved into a comprehensive national identifier, underpinning Finland's register-based statistics and studies, where its stability allows longitudinal tracking across health, social, and economic datasets. The code's structure comprises 11 alphanumeric characters: the first six digits represent the birth date in DDMMYY format, followed by a century separator ('-' for 1900–1999, '+' for 1800–1899, or 'A' for 2000 onward), three individual serial digits (ranging from 002 to 899, with odd numbers assigned to males and even to females to denote ), and a final checksum digit or letter (A–H, J, K, L, N, P, R–T, U–Y, or 0–9) calculated via the adapted for Finnish use to validate integrity. For individuals born before 1900 or in rare cases exceeding available serial numbers, extensions like double separators were introduced pre-, though a expanded capacity by adjusting separators for future births without altering existing codes. Temporary codes may use suffixes like 'T' for short-term residents, but permanent codes are non-revocable except in exceptional fraud cases. Issuance is handled by the Digital and Population Data Services Agency (DVV), with automatic assignment to Finnish citizens at birth via birth registration. Foreign nationals receive codes upon establishing residence, typically alongside a application processed by the Finnish Immigration Service; workers or long-term visitors must apply in person at a DVV office or digitally via Suomi.fi, providing proof of identity and address. As of 2025, codes are required for cards, at sites, and accessing services, with over 5.5 million active codes reflecting Finland's . Non-residents or tourists generally do not qualify unless engaged in taxable activities. Legally, the code is classified as special category personal data under the EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and Finland's Act on the Protection of Personal Data, prohibiting unauthorized disclosure; public authorities may access it for official duties, but private entities like postal services can record it only under specific statutes like the Postal Act (415/2011). Misuse, such as fraudulent applications, incurs penalties under the Population Information Act. Its robustness has drawn academic praise for enabling causal analyses in epidemiology and economics, though critics note risks of function creep in surveillance if not cabined by strict oversight.

France

In France, the national identification number is the numéro d'inscription au répertoire (), a unique 13-digit identifier assigned to individuals and managed by the Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques (INSEE) through the Répertoire National d'Identification des Personnes Physiques (RNIPP). The RNIPP, established in 1946, serves as the foundational register for public administration, linking civil status data—such as name, sex, date, and —to the NIR for approximately 113 million individuals who were born in or have resided in . This system enables cross-administrative coordination without a centralized card mandate, though the NIR appears on documents like the social security card (). The NIR structure encodes demographic details for uniqueness: the first digit indicates (1 for , 2 for ); digits 2–3 represent the year of birth (last two digits); digits 4–5 denote the month of birth, adjusted for sex (e.g., females born before add 20 to the month, those after add 0, and post-2150 add 40 to distinguish future cohorts); digits 6–7 (or 6–8 for departments 97–99, covering overseas territories) specify the of birth; digits 8–10 identify the commune of birth using INSEE geographic codes; and the final three digits provide a sequential order to differentiate individuals born in the same place and time. A two-digit Luhn algorithm control key follows the 13 digits, yielding a 15-character format used in practice, such as on social security attestations. This encoding ensures the number's permanence and verifiability, as alterations to birth details would invalidate the . Assignment occurs automatically at birth for nationals via civil registry transmission from municipalities to INSEE, which generates the within days. Foreign nationals residing in receive a upon administrative registration, such as for or benefits, integrating them into the RNIPP if not already covered. The number's primary function is administrative linkage rather than direct public display; it underpins social security contributions, healthcare reimbursements, filings, and statistical , with INSEE restricting access to protect privacy under data protection laws. Unauthorized disclosure or misuse of the can result in legal penalties, reflecting its role as a sensitive identifier in a decentralized system prioritizing over universal biometric cards.

Germany

In Germany, no single centralized national identification number exists to uniquely track citizens across all government services, reflecting historical concerns over privacy and state surveillance following the Nazi era and East German practices. Instead, multiple sector-specific identifiers are employed. The Personalausweis, the mandatory national identity card for German citizens aged 16 and over, serves as the primary proof of identity and includes a document-specific in the upper right corner. This number, however, is tied to the physical card and changes with each reissuance—typically every 10 years for adults or upon loss, damage, or name changes—rendering it unsuitable as a lifelong personal identifier. The closest equivalent to a unique, permanent national identifier is the Identifikationsnummer (IdNr), commonly referred to as the Steuer-ID or identification number. This 11-digit number, comprising 10 digits plus a , is automatically assigned by the Bundeszentralamt für Steuern (Federal Central Tax Office) to every person liable for in , including newborns via birth registration and immigrants upon residency. Introduced on January 1, 2008, as part of reforms to consolidate fragmented local tax identifiers, it is lifelong, non-descriptive (containing no like birth date), and used for filings, wage reporting, benefits claims, and interactions with authorities like the Deutsche Rentenversicherung. Despite its broad administrative utility, the IdNr is not promoted as a general-purpose ID to avoid creating a comprehensive citizen database, and its disclosure is restricted under data protection laws. Separate from the IdNr is the Sozialversicherungsnummer, a 15-character alphanumeric code (including a ) issued by Deutsche Rentenversicherung for purposes, such as health, pension, and . Assigned upon first employment or benefit claim, it links individuals to contribution histories but is not publicly displayed on identity documents and remains siloed within social security systems. These decentralized approaches prioritize data minimization over unified tracking, though critics argue they complicate cross-agency coordination.

Greece

In Greece, the Personal Citizen Number (PCN), also known as the Personal Number, serves as the unified national identification number for citizens and residents, replacing disparate identifiers from various state agencies such as tax and social security numbers. Introduced in May 2025, the PCN functions as a single, permanent alphanumeric code linked to an individual's verified personal data across all public services, aiming to streamline administrative processes and reduce bureaucratic overlap. It is issued through the government's digital portal gov.gr, requiring users to authenticate via Taxisnet credentials, verify identity against public registries, and register a mobile number with the National Contact Register. The PCN format consists of 12 alphanumeric characters: the first nine digits match the individual's Tax Registration Number (AFM), a 9-digit code previously used for fiscal purposes, followed by three additional characters comprising two user-selected alphanumeric elements (from three government-provided options) and a calculated . Citizens must select their prefix by November 5, 2025, after which unclaimed numbers will be randomly assigned; as of September 2025, automatic assignment began for non-responders by September 5. Newly issued Greek identity cards, produced by the , incorporate the PCN on the reverse side below the holder's height data, integrating it with the physical document for authentication in government interactions. Prior to this system, identity cards featured a separate in the format AA-NNNNNN (two letters from a restricted set such as A, B, E, H, I, K, M, N, O, P, T, X, Y, Z followed by six digits), used for basic identification but lacking unification across services. The PCN's adoption reflects a digital modernization effort, with the code also accessible via the gov.gr for .

Iceland

The Icelandic national identification number, known as kennitala, is a unique ten-digit identifier issued to individuals and legal entities for administrative, tax, and public service purposes. Administered by Registers Iceland (Þjóðskrá Íslands), it functions as the central registry key for all residents and registered organizations, enabling tracking of domicile, taxation, and legal status. The structure consists of the first six digits representing the date of birth (for individuals) or registration date (for entities) in DDMMYY format, followed by two randomly assigned s (positions 7-8), a ninth serving as a computed via modulus 11 on preceding digits (using weights 3,2,7,6,5,4,3,2), and a tenth indicating the century (9 for 1900-1999, 0 for 2000 onward for individuals; adjusted by adding 4 for entities). This format ensures uniqueness and verifiability, with numbers often displayed as DDMMYY-XXXX. The formula is C = 11 - ((3×D1 + 2×D2 + 7×M1 + 6×M2 + 5×Y1 + 4×Y2 + 3×R1 + 2×R2) mod 11), where D,M,Y,R correspond to day, month, year, and random digits. Personal kennitala numbers are assigned automatically to Icelandic citizens at birth, whether in or abroad, and to foreign residents upon registering a legal domicile, requiring in-person application with valid at Registers Iceland offices or select police stations for EEA/EFTA nationals and others. A separate "system ID number" variant exists for non-residents or administrative use, lacking ties to residency rights or public service eligibility. The number is mandatory for banking, employment contracts, healthcare access, vehicle registration, and tax filings, with non-possession hindering most daily transactions in . Legal entities obtain theirs through the enterprise registry upon formation.

Ireland

Ireland does not maintain a compulsory national identification number or identity card system for general use by citizens and residents, unlike many European countries. The (PPSN), issued by the , serves as a unique lifetime identifier primarily for accessing social welfare payments, public health services, taxation through the , and other government interactions. Introduced in 1971 as the Social Welfare Number and renamed in 1998, the PPSN is required for employment-related tax registration, as employers must report details using it, though it is not intended for routine private-sector identification or verification of identity in non-public contexts. The PPSN is automatically assigned to children born in Ireland since January 1, 1971, as part of the birth registration process with the General Register Office. Foreign nationals and others without one, such as non-EU immigrants seeking work or benefits, must apply for a PPSN by providing proof of identity (e.g., ) and , typically through an MyGovID account or in-person at a local office. The number format changed on January 1, 2013: prior numbers consist of seven digits followed by one or two letters (e.g., 1234567A), while post-2013 numbers use eight digits plus one letter, incorporating a for validation. Misuse of the PPSN, such as sharing it fraudulently, is prohibited under data protection laws, with enforcement by the Data Protection Commission. Linked to the PPSN is the Public Services Card (PSC), a plastic card with a photograph, signature, and electronic chip introduced in 2011 to streamline identity verification for welfare claims and expanded services. The PSC stores minimal data on its chip, such as the holder's photograph and PPSN, and requires biometric enrollment (facial scan) for issuance since 2017, but its use remains confined to public sector applications and does not function as a general-purpose national ID. Efforts to broaden PSC requirements, such as for driver's licenses or voting, have encountered legal challenges and public opposition over privacy risks and mission creep, leading courts to rule in 2019 that mandatory PSC linkage for certain benefits violated data protection principles unless proportionate. As of 2025, Ireland continues to rely on voluntary documents like passports or driver's licenses for everyday identification, with no statutory national ID mandate. A digital identity wallet pilot concluded successfully in August 2025, aiming to enable secure storage of credentials like the PSC on smartphones, but it does not introduce a new numbering system.

Italy

The codice fiscale serves as Italy's primary national identification number, functioning as a unique alphanumeric code for tax, administrative, and social purposes. Introduced by Presidential Decree No. 605 on September 29, 1973, it aimed to streamline the national tax registry (anagrafe tributaria) by providing a standardized means to track individuals and entities in fiscal interactions. The code was first distributed in 1976, coinciding with its mandatory use for income tax declarations. Issued by the Agenzia delle Entrate, Italy's revenue agency, it applies to all residents, citizens, and foreigners engaging with public administration. For natural persons, the codice fiscale consists of 16 characters derived algorithmically from personal details to promote uniqueness without relying on sequential numbering. The structure begins with three consonants from the surname (substituting vowels or adding X, Y, Z if fewer than three), followed by three consonants from the first name using the same rule. This is succeeded by two digits for the birth year (last two), a single letter coding the birth month (A for January, B for February, up to L for December), and two digits for the birth day (1–31 for males, 41–71 for females to denote gender). The next four characters represent the birthplace via a cadastral code (Italian municipalities or foreign zones like ZAAA for abroad), ending with a check digit calculated from parity weights (1, 0, 5, 7, 9, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21 for odd positions; even counterparts for even) to validate integrity. In cases of data collisions (e.g., identical names and birth details), sequential letters (L, M, N, etc.) are appended after the name-derived portion, or a random code is assigned for foreigners without Italian birthplace ties. The code's utility extends beyond taxation to mandatory enrollment in the , social security registrations, banking, property transactions, employment contracts, and most public service interactions, effectively serving as a universal identifier despite its fiscal origins. Foreign citizens, including non-residents, receive it upon request via Form AA4/8 submitted to local Agenzia delle Entrate offices, consulates, or online portals, requiring proof of identity like passports; it enables relations with Italian authorities without implying residency or tax liability. Unlike purely random or biometric systems in other nations, its deterministic generation from biographical data facilitates manual reconstruction but raises duplication risks in large populations, addressed through the appended modifiers. Verification services are available online via the Agenzia delle Entrate to confirm code-data matches, aiding administrative accuracy.

Netherlands

The Burgerservicenummer (BSN), or citizen service number, serves as the Netherlands' national identification number, functioning as a unique identifier for administrative interactions with government bodies, including taxation, social security, and healthcare services. It is allocated to every individual registered in the Basisregistratie Personen (BRP), the national personal records database, encompassing Dutch citizens, residents, and certain non-residents such as those with fiscal obligations. The BSN replaced the earlier Sociaal Fiscaal Nummer (SoFi number) on January 1, 2007, with existing SoFi numbers automatically converted to BSN format without requiring individual action. This transition aimed to streamline citizen-government dealings by unifying previously separate identifiers for social insurance and fiscal purposes. The BSN consists of nine digits in the format NNNNNNNNN, lacking embedded personal details such as birth dates and instead generated sequentially with a verified via the "eleven test" (a modulo-11 ensuring validity). Assignment occurs upon municipal registration in the BRP, typically at birth for citizens or upon residency establishment for immigrants, and the number remains lifelong unless registration lapses. It appears on official documents like passports, identity cards, and driving licenses, often in both numeric and forms for digital verification. In practice, the BSN is mandatory for accessing public services, such as filing tax returns with the Belastingdienst, claiming benefits from the Sociale Verzekeringsbank, or enrolling in healthcare via Zorgverzekeraars Nederland members. Non-governmental entities may request it only for legally required purposes, like employment or banking, under strict data protection rules enforced by the Autoriteit Persoonsgegevens to prevent misuse. Failure to provide a valid BSN can block administrative processes, though the system emphasizes privacy by prohibiting its use as a general-purpose ID outside official channels.

Norway

The number (fødselsnummer) in is an 11-digit assigned by the National Population Register to citizens and foreign nationals who meet residency criteria, such as being born in the country or establishing . It serves as the foundational element for , enabling access to services including taxation, social welfare, healthcare, banking, and electoral participation, while facilitating efficient data linkage across government systems. The system, operational since the , supports 's centralized registry model, which relies on high societal trust and low administrative to minimize risks associated with such identifiers. The number's structure encodes personal details for verification: the first six digits represent the date of birth in DDMMYY format (with adjustments for births before 1900 or after 1999 using +100 or -100 years to fit the six-digit field), followed by a three-digit serial number, a ninth digit indicating sex (odd for males, even for females), and two check digits calculated via a modulo-11 weighted sum algorithm (weights 3,7,6,1,8,9,4,5,2 for the preceding nine digits, non-zero remainder mapped to 0-9 excluding 10). Assignment occurs automatically upon birth registration for newborns or upon approval of residence permits exceeding temporary thresholds (typically over six months for workers or students), with the Tax Administration (Skatteetaten) managing issuance and updates. Foreigners without permanent status may receive a temporary D-number instead, which follows a similar 11-digit format but prefixes the birth date's first digit with +4 (e.g., 01.01.1990 becomes 410190) and uses a serial starting with 5 or 9, serving short-term needs like seasonal work or asylum processing before potential conversion to a full national identity number. Usage is mandatory for most official interactions, with legal protections under the Personal Data Act restricting sharing to authorized purposes, though breaches have occurred due to centralized storage, prompting enhancements in digital authentication via and electronic IDs since the . The system's design prioritizes administrative efficiency over decentralization, reflecting Norway's empirical success in maintaining registry integrity through rigorous verification rather than fragmented identifiers, as evidenced by low rates compared to systems in less trusting societies.

Poland

The PESEL (Powszechny Elektroniczny System Ewidencji Ludności), or Universal Electronic System for Registration of the Population, serves as 's national identification number. Established in 1977 with operational rollout by 1979, it assigns a unique 11-digit code to each individual for administrative, legal, and financial identification purposes. Polish citizens receive a PESEL number automatically at birth through civil registry offices, while eligible foreigners obtain one upon registering residence for stays exceeding 30 days. The system underpins population registers, enabling access to public services, taxation, social security, and healthcare without alteration once assigned. The number follows a structured format: the first six digits encode the date of birth as YYMMDD, with month adjustments for century (adding 20 for births after 1999 and 80 for pre-1900), followed by a four-digit , a indicator (even digits for males, odd for females), and a final calculated via a weighted modulo-10 . This encoding ensures uniqueness and embeds basic demographic data, facilitating verification in official transactions. Assignment occurs ex officio during birth registration or residence declaration, with no fee for standard issuance, though specialized cases like Ukrainian war refugees in involved expedited legal provisions for mass enrollment. PESEL integrates with Poland's infrastructure, mandatory for activities such as contracts, banking, property transactions, and voting eligibility verification. It links to the national population database, which stores details including names, parental information, birthplaces, and , accessible via trusted profiles for citizens. Foreign residents without PESEL face barriers to formal and services, prompting legislative emphasis on its during residence registration. Data security relies on centralized management by the Ministry of Digital Affairs, though public access is restricted to authenticated queries to prevent misuse.

Portugal

In Portugal, the primary national identification number is the Número de Identificação Civil (NIC), a unique, lifelong alphanumeric identifier assigned to Portuguese citizens upon registration in the civil registry and prominently featured on the Cartão de Cidadão, the mandatory for individuals aged six and older. The Cartão de Cidadão functions as a multifunctional , incorporating biometric data, digital authentication via chip, and integration with services such as electronic signatures, thereby streamlining identification processes across government and private sectors. This system emphasizes secure, centralized civil identification, with the NIC serving as the foundational reference for linking personal records in databases managed by the Instituto dos Registos e do Notariado (IRN). The traces its origins to the Bilhete de Identidade system established in , which used nine-digit numbers, but evolved with the Cartão de Cidadão's deployment starting in to accommodate modern digital requirements, including chip-based storage of the NIC alongside derived identifiers like the tax number. For cards issued under the current format, the NIC comprises eight sequential digits derived from birth registry data, ensuring uniqueness without reuse even after death. The full document number printed on the card extends this to 12 characters: eight NIC digits, followed by a single-digit security (calculated via on the preceding digits), two alphanumeric emission series characters (indicating batch or validity period), and a final for overall verification. This structure incorporates redundancy to prevent , with the check digits verifiable through algorithms published by Portuguese authorities for in systems like banking and public administration. The NIC is employed for core civic functions, including voter registration (where it links to electoral rolls), access to healthcare via the integrated National Health Service user number, and as a baseline for the Número de Identificação Fiscal (NIF), a separate nine-digit tax identifier (structured as one non-zero leading digit followed by eight digits, with an embedded check digit via the Luhn algorithm variant). Portuguese citizens receive their NIF automatically upon Cartão de Cidadão issuance, binding it to the NIC for fiscal compliance in transactions, property ownership, and income reporting; non-citizens must apply separately at tax offices (Autoridade Tributária e Aduaneira). Similarly, the Número de Identificação da Segurança Social (NISS), an 11-character code (typically 10 digits prefixed by a type indicator), handles social security and employment records but cross-references the NIC for citizens. These interconnected numbers facilitate under Portugal's digital governance framework, such as the Autenticidade portal, while maintaining distinct purposes to compartmentalize sensitive information—e.g., the NIC for verification, NIF for enforcement. Validity and renewal of the Cartão de Cidadão, which does not alter the NIC, occur every five years for adults (or longer for children), with over 10 million cards issued by 2024, reflecting near-universal adoption among eligible citizens. Loss or damage triggers reissuance with the same NIC, ensuring continuity; digital versions accessible via the IRN app further extend usability without altering the underlying number. For expatriates, consular services abroad issue equivalent cards, preserving the NIC's portability. This multi-layered approach, rooted in civil registry primacy rather than a singular universal number, prioritizes privacy through functional separation, though critics note potential inefficiencies in cross-system queries compared to unified models elsewhere.

Spain

The national identification number in Spain, known as the número de DNI, is a unique identifier assigned exclusively to Spanish citizens and consists of eight sequential digits followed by a control letter. The control letter is derived from dividing the eight-digit number by 23 and mapping the remainder to one of 23 letters (T, R, W, A, G, M, Y, F, P, D, X, B, N, J, Z, S, Q, V, H, L, C, K, or E) using a predefined sequence, serving as a checksum to verify validity. This number is printed on the Documento Nacional de Identidad (DNI), a polycarbonate card with embedded NFC chip in its current electronic form (DNIe), introduced progressively from 2006 to enable digital authentication. The DNI number is issued by the Spanish National Police upon application at designated offices, with numbers allocated sequentially based on the order of first-time applicants rather than birth date or other demographic factors, leading to non-consecutive assignments for individuals born on the same day. Spanish citizens must obtain the from age 14, at which point possession becomes compulsory for residents in and optional but recommended for those abroad; children under 14 may receive it voluntarily for travel or administrative needs, but their numbers are not mandatory until the age threshold. Renewal is required every five years for those under 30, every ten years for ages 30-69, and every 15 years for those 70 and older, with the same number retained lifelong unless revoked for legal reasons such as . Historically, the DNI system traces to 1944, when the first cards were mandated under the regime following the (1936-1939) to centralize population registration and control, evolving from earlier 1930s provincial cedulas; the first citizen-issued DNI occurred on March 20, 1951, with numbers starting from low sequences reserved for regime figures. By the post-1975, the DNI had become integral to civic life, serving as the basis for the tax identification number (NIF) for nationals—simply the DNI number prefixed with no additional code—and underpinning electoral rolls, banking, healthcare access, and legal transactions. Unlike the NIE for foreign residents (prefixed with X, Y, or Z followed by seven digits and a control letter), the DNI number remains distinct to nationals, reflecting Spain's emphasis on citizenship-based identification amid high card penetration rates exceeding 95% among eligible adults.

Sweden

The personal identity number (personnummer) serves as 's national identification number, assigned to individuals registered in the Swedish Population Register to enable unique identification across public and private sectors. Issued by the (Skatteverket), it is allocated at birth to Swedish citizens or upon residency registration for immigrants intending to stay longer than one year. The system, the first worldwide to encompass an entire national population, was established in initially comprising the date of birth followed by a three-digit ; a digit was added in 1967 upon computerization to validate numbers and reduce errors. The standard format is a 10-digit number presented as YYMMDD-XXXX, where the first six digits represent the birth date (YYMMDD), the next three form a serial number indicating birth order within that day (ranging from 001 to 999, with odd values for males and even for females to denote sex), and the final digit is a checksum calculated via the Luhn algorithm. For individuals born before 1900 or in years requiring century clarification (e.g., post-1999), a plus (+) or minus (-) sign precedes the serial number to indicate the century (e.g., 18+ for 18xx or 19- for 19xx), extending the written form to 12 characters while retaining the core 10-digit structure. This design ensures uniqueness and facilitates administrative processing, though it indirectly reveals approximate age and sex. The personal identity number is mandatory for interactions with government authorities, healthcare providers, , banks, and employers, functioning as the primary identifier for taxation, social benefits, , and credit applications. Banks require it by law for customer and reporting, while its across registers supports efficient linkage for services. For short-term residents (under one year), a distinct (samordningsnummer)—a 12-digit starting with the birth month plus 20 or 60 (e.g., for birth: 12 + 20 = 321234-XXXX)—is issued instead, lacking full population register and limiting access to certain services. While enabling precise administrative and research applications, such as epidemiological studies via register linkages, the system's —rooted in Sweden's constitutional principle of public access to official records—has prompted debates on privacy risks, including potential misuse for or , though empirical evidence shows low incidence relative to its utility. Protected identity status can restrict access to sensitive details for at-risk individuals, but the number itself remains central to societal functions without widespread revocation or overhaul.

United Kingdom

The lacks a universal national identification number applicable to all residents for general identification purposes. A proposed national identity card system, enacted via the , aimed to link biometric data to a central National Identity Register but issued fewer than 16,000 voluntary cards before the scheme's repeal in 2010 by the incoming , citing concerns and costs exceeding £250 million. The register, containing fingerprints and personal details of cardholders, was publicly destroyed on 10 February 2011 to prevent . The National Insurance number (NINO), formatted as two prefix letters, six digits, and a suffix letter (e.g., QQ 12 34 56 B), functions primarily for administering social security contributions, , and benefits claims through (HMRC) and the Department for Work and Pensions. Issued automatically to most individuals around age 16 or upon eligibility verification, it requires proof of identity such as a or biometric for non-UK nationals. While sometimes used informally for verification in or banking, official guidance specifies it is not a proof of on its own and cannot substitute for passports or licences in most contexts. Sector-specific identifiers supplement the NINO without forming a unified system: the 10-digit Unique Taxpayer Reference (UTR) tracks self-assessment tax filings, while the (a 10-digit code) manages healthcare records across the . Proposals for a framework, such as the 2021 NHS app integration or the scrapped "One Login" service, have emphasized voluntary, decentralized verification over mandatory numbering, reflecting longstanding resistance to centralized ID systems rooted in debates dating to the 1939 National Registration Act's wartime numbering, which ended post-World War II. No legislative push for a compulsory national ID has advanced since 2010, with reliance instead on multiple documents like passports (over 40 million in circulation as of 2023) for proof.

Oceania

Australia

Australia lacks a compulsory national identification number or identity card applicable to all citizens and residents for general purposes. Identity verification typically requires multiple documents, such as passports, driver's licenses issued by states and territories, or birth certificates, depending on the context. In 1985, the Hawke Labor government proposed the "," a national identity document featuring a unique number intended to replace the card and reduce , , and through a centralized database holding personal details like name, address, sex, date of birth, and marital status. The initiative, initially suggested by the Taxation Office to address an estimated annual tax revenue loss of A$2 billion from evasion, progressed to in 1986 but encountered widespread public opposition amid fears of government overreach, erosion, and potential for a surveillance state. Following amendments in the that rendered the bill unworkable, called a double dissolution election in 1987; although Labor retained government, the proposal was quietly dropped by July 1987 due to sustained resistance from groups and the public. Subsequent governments have maintained this decentralized approach, utilizing sector-specific identifiers rather than a unified system. The nine-digit (TFN), issued by the Australian Taxation Office since 1988, serves primarily for taxation, superannuation, and certain government benefits but is not designed as a general identifier and its use is regulated under privacy laws to prevent broader data linkage. Similarly, the ten-digit Medicare number, assigned to eligible residents for access to the public healthcare system since Medicare's inception in 1984, functions solely for medical services and rebate claims. Other specialized numbers include the Unique Student Identifier (USI), a reference code for vocational and records introduced in 2015, and individual reference numbers on Centrelink customer accounts for social security. These identifiers are prohibited from routine cross-matching across agencies under principles outlined in the to avoid the risks associated with a national scheme. In recent years, the federal government has advanced a voluntary Digital ID system, formalized under the Trustworthy Digital Identity Framework and expanded via the Digital ID Bill 2021, to enable secure online verification without a central national number. Launched initially as myGovID in 2018 and integrated into the broader Digital ID System by 2024, it allows users to prove identity for government services—and potentially interactions—by linking existing credentials like driver's licenses or passports through apps, with rollout to state services commencing November 30, 2024. Participation remains optional, emphasizing and data minimization, in contrast to mandatory systems elsewhere, though critics argue it could evolve toward greater centralization if adoption increases.

New Zealand

New Zealand does not have a national identification number or mandatory national identity card system. Efforts to introduce a centralized biometric national ID have faced public opposition, aligning with resistance in countries like and . Instead, identification relies on multiple government-issued documents, such as driver's licenses, passports, and firearms licenses, which are accepted for proof of identity in various contexts. The Inland Revenue Department (IRD) number serves as a primarily for administration and purposes. Issued to individuals, companies, trusts, and other entities upon registration, it consists of eight or nine digits and remains constant for life. Applications for an IRD number require proof of identity, such as a or , and can be submitted online or through approved agents like AA driver licensing centers for residents. While widely used in dealings with the IRD and some government services, it is not designed or legally mandated as a universal personal identifier across all sectors. Recent developments include the finalization of the Digital Identity Services Trust Framework in November 2024, aimed at enabling trusted verification through federated systems rather than a single national number. This framework supports tools like facial recognition via Identity Check but maintains New Zealand's policy against compulsory national ID schemes. Private options, such as the Kiwi Access Card, provide voluntary photo ID for those without driver's licenses, valid for 10 years and recognized for age verification.

References

  1. [1]
    Unique ID Numbers | Identification for Development - ID4D
    ... national ID numbers (NINs)—are the most basic type of identifier. They are issued automatically when a person enrolls, and their default function is to ...
  2. [2]
    The Story of the Social Security Number
    Assigned at birth, the SSN enables government agencies to identify individuals in their records and businesses to track an individual's financial information.
  3. [3]
    A Brief History of National ID Cards
    Nov 12, 2015 · Early IDs emerged in 19th century France, with the Ottoman Empire adopting them in 1844. WWII saw the UK and Germany implement them, and rapid ...
  4. [4]
    National Identity Card Policies by Country 2025
    China. China's national identity cards have 18-digit identity numbers. · Malaysia. Malaysia's national identity card is called MyKad. · Thailand. The Thai ...
  5. [5]
    [PDF] Global ID Coverage, Barriers, and Use by the Numbers
    In countries with large ID coverage gaps (>20 percent), 1 in 3 adults without an ID find it “too difficult to apply”; not being able to provide supporting ...
  6. [6]
    Mandatory National IDs and Biometric Databases
    Mandatory national IDs link personal data to a number, often with biometrics. They are used for surveillance, can violate civil liberties, and are invasive.
  7. [7]
    Enhancing privacy protections in national identification systems
    Sep 3, 2024 · This study aimed to examine the Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices (KAP) of PbD principles and its integration in NIDS.
  8. [8]
    Digital IDs: 50 countries ranked by digital ID requirements and use
    Feb 1, 2024 · Nigeria = 4/35. Nigeria is the worst-scoring country due to its use of the National Identification Number (NIN). As of June 2023, 100 million of ...<|separator|>
  9. [9]
    National Identification - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
    National identification refers to unique identification numbers assigned to citizens and residents by governments, such as the Social Security Number in the ...<|separator|>
  10. [10]
    [PDF] THE ROLE OF UNIQUE IDENTIFIERS IN CIVIL REGISTRATION ...
    ' A UHI is defined as the designation permanently assigned to an individual for identification and should be governed by an independent central trusted ...
  11. [11]
    Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) - Philippine Identification System
    Oct 17, 2025 · The National ID Number is a 12-digit randomly generated, unique, and permanent identification number that will be assigned to every citizen or ...
  12. [12]
    PhilSys Number – Philippine Identification System
    The PhilSys Number (PSN) is a unique and randomly-generated 12-digit permanent identification number that is assigned to every citizen or resident alien.Missing: uniqueness permanence
  13. [13]
    What is a NIN? - VFS Global
    Apply for National Identity Number · Updated locations · FAQs. English. English ... The National Identification Number (NIN) consists of 11 non- intelligible ...
  14. [14]
    Taxpayer identification numbers (TIN) | Internal Revenue Service
    Jul 31, 2025 · A Taxpayer Identification Number (TIN) is an identification number used by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) in the administration of tax laws.Filing Forms W-2 and 1042-S... · Individual taxpayer · Interactive Tax Assistant
  15. [15]
    Reports & Studies - Social Security History
    In 1962, IRS began using the SSN as its official taxpayer identification number. The real explosion in SSN usage came about during the computer revolution of ...
  16. [16]
    21. National ID Systems | Cato Institute
    In the wake of the terrorist attacks on 9/11, the idea of a national ID system gained currency. Among many interest groups and organizations poring over the ...
  17. [17]
    850 million people globally don't have ID—why this matters and ...
    Feb 6, 2023 · It is a basic right and often provides the key to access services and opportunities, whether that is getting a job, opening a bank account, or ...<|control11|><|separator|>
  18. [18]
    From Babylon to biometrics: The epic evolution of IDs - Veriff.com
    During World War I, the first National Registration was implemented to identify eligible men for military service. This system evolved significantly during ...When did ID start getting... · ID in the United Kingdom · ID in Latin America
  19. [19]
    How We Got Social Security Numbers - History.com
    Oct 4, 2017 · When economist Edwin Witte helped develop the Social Security Act of 1935, the numbers were solely a way to keep track of the new retirement payment system.<|separator|>
  20. [20]
    Identity cards in the UK - a lesson from history - Statewatch |
    Mar 28, 2012 · The only time Britain had an identity card system was between 1939 and 1952. The compulsory issue of identity cards was part of the terms of the National ...
  21. [21]
    Britain's fight against ID: from war IDs to vaccine passports
    Feb 21, 2021 · At the beginning of WWII, the National Registration Act 1939 was passed as an emergency measure. Every man, woman and child had to carry an ID ...<|separator|>
  22. [22]
    IDs through the ages: How people have proven their identity over time
    Jun 4, 2025 · Between 1938 and 1940, countries like the United Kingdom, Greece, and Poland mandated identity cards for all residents. Germany did as well, ...
  23. [23]
    Timeline: ID cards - BBC News
    May 27, 2010 · A timeline of key events and quotations about ID cards, which have been scrapped by the new coalition government.
  24. [24]
    How Social Security Numbers Became A Form Of National ... - NPR
    Mar 22, 2018 · The Social Security number was never meant to be a form of national identification. And yet, here were are: Nine digits that rule our lives and ruin our lives.
  25. [25]
    Evolution of Digital Identification - Identity Management Institute®
    Jul 5, 2023 · The evolution of digital identification has progressed from traditional username and password systems to more advanced and secure methods.
  26. [26]
    A digital success story: the cornerstone of e-Estonia celebrates its ...
    Jan 31, 2017 · The first ID cards were issued in 2002. eID has enabled Estonia to transform itself into one of the most developed information societies in the ...
  27. [27]
    Unique Identification Authority of India | Government of India - uidai
    The first UID number was issued on 29 September 2010 to a resident of Nandurbar, Maharashtra. On 12 September 2015, the Government revised the Allocation of ...Composition of UIDAI Authority · Vision & Mission · Finance & Accounts
  28. [28]
    Official launch of the Smart ID Card - South African Government
    Jul 16, 2013 · The official launch of the Smart ID Card by the South African ... Start Date. End Date. Official launch of the Smart ID Card. 16 Jul 2013.
  29. [29]
    ID systems analysed: DNIe in Peru - Privacy International
    Feb 17, 2023 · The Peruvian ID system relies on three main sources of information to verify the identity of the holder: a picture of the person's face, their fingerprint and ...
  30. [30]
    Data | Identification for Development - ID4D - World Bank
    Only 21 countries that we know of generate completely random ID numbers. The most common ID number format, issued by at least 54 countries, is a mix of coded ...<|separator|>
  31. [31]
    Identification numbers and check digit algorithms - CodeProject
    Some most common algorithms are mod9, mod10, and mod11. We will further notice that the mod10 algorithm is the most common and is used in most of the ...
  32. [32]
    [PDF] south-africa-tin.pdf - OECD
    The South African ID number is a 13-digit number and is defined by the following format: YYMMDDSSSSCAZ: • The first 6 digits (YYMMDD) are the date of birth. 10 ...
  33. [33]
    South Africa ID Number - Trellix Doc Portal
    A South African ID number is a 13-digit number that defines the date of birth, gender, and South African citizenship status. Validator. Luhn 10 (remainder 0) — ...
  34. [34]
    The Swedish personal identity number: possibilities and pitfalls in ...
    The PIN has three parts: date of birth, a three-digit birth number, and a check digit. The three-digit birth number is sex-specific. Date of birth is listed as ...
  35. [35]
    TUTORIAL: How to generate Virtual ID or VID? - uidai
    Mar 20, 2023 · UIDAI is mandated to issue an easily verifiable 12 digit random number as Unique Identity - Aadhaar to all Residents of India.<|separator|>
  36. [36]
    What is the Luhn algorithm and how does it work? - Stripe
    Apr 21, 2025 · The Luhn algorithm, also known as the Luhn formula, “modulus 10,” or “mod 10” algorithm, is a simple checksum formula used to validate identification numbers.
  37. [37]
    National Provider Identifier (NPI) and its checksum
    Jun 26, 2024 · The check sum uses the Luhn algorithm, the same check sum used for credit cards and other kinds of identifiers. The Luhn algorithm was developed ...
  38. [38]
    https://www.yiddishe-kop.com/articles/the-luhn-algorithm
  39. [39]
    https://swedish.identityinfo.net/personalidentitynumber/validate
  40. [40]
    Validating Israeli ID number - Stack Overflow
    Dec 15, 2021 · I'm looking for a clean and efficient way to validate an Israeli ID number. It's basically an implementation of the Luhn algorithm on a 9 digits number.
  41. [41]
    [PDF] 1 HOW TO CALCULATE THE CONTROL CHARACTER FOR ... - Vero
    Jan 1, 2023 · For business IDs, multiply digits by 2, 4, 8, 5, 10, 9, 7, sum, divide by 11. For personal IDs, divide the 9-digit string by 31, then use the ...
  42. [42]
    Understanding Check Digit Algorithms: A Practical Guide for ...
    Jul 21, 2025 · In this article, I present 11 check digits and the algorithms to compute them. Check digit algorithms offer a real-world application while ...
  43. [43]
    SAS Tips: Verifying the check digit in Swedish national ID numbers
    The check digit is calculated by multiplying the first 9 digits by 2, 1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2, summing the results, and adding the needed digit to make a ...
  44. [44]
    A PRIMER ON BIOMETRICS FOR ID SYSTEMS - ID4D - World Bank
    This primer is a reference for responsible use of biometrics in ID systems, introducing key terms and concepts, and good practices for determining necessity.
  45. [45]
    Biometrics in government: Enhanced security and convenience for ...
    Jul 26, 2023 · Biometrics enhance identity proofing for employee screening by searching biometric databases using fingerprint, face, or iris data.
  46. [46]
    The Role of Inclusive Biometric Technologies in National ... - TECH5
    Feb 9, 2024 · Ethiopia Foundational ID is a great example of the implementation of TECH5's biometric and digital ID technologies for a National ID program. ...
  47. [47]
    A Failure to “Do No Harm” -- India's Aadhaar biometric ID program ...
    This article focuses on the Republic of India's national digital biometric identity system, the Aadhaar, for its development, data protection and privacy ...
  48. [48]
    Smart ID card - CSIR
    The Smart ID card is a multi-application contactless card storing biographic and biometric data, designed to reduce forgery and enable e-government and e- ...
  49. [49]
    Initiative 1: Functional Digital Identity - MyMzansi
    as at the end of 2023, an estimated 21 million people received Smart ID cards with associated biometrics. The Smart ...
  50. [50]
    ID-card - e-Estonia
    Estonia's advanced ID-card enables digital access to e-services such as digital signatures, i-Voting, medical records, tax claims, and e-Prescriptions.
  51. [51]
    Estonia Introduces Digital ID in Gov App: Moving Toward Paperless ...
    Sep 7, 2025 · This update allows users to verify their identity through a mobile app, streamlining processes like accessing prescriptions, managing vehicles, ...
  52. [52]
    Towards Effective Biometrics and Digital Identity Systems in Africa
    Dec 30, 2022 · Within the last decade, Lesotho, Mozambique, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia and Zimbabwe have introduced national biometric digital identity cards.<|separator|>
  53. [53]
    100% digital government services - Estonia
    Jan 27, 2025 · Estonia has reached an extraordinary milestone by becoming a country that digitalises 100% of its government services. As of December 2024, ...
  54. [54]
    Digital identity in practice – Estonia and the e-state | GBG
    Estonia's digital identity uses a 'once only' principle, allowing e-citizens to access services, with 99% of services online and 98% of tax returns filed ...
  55. [55]
    Direct Benefit Transfer 2.0: Transforming Welfare Delivery In India
    Aug 4, 2025 · Total Cumulative Savings:- ₹3.48 lakh crore as of 2024. · Subsidy Allocation Reduction:- Subsidies as a percentage of total government ...
  56. [56]
    Aadhaar: A Unique Identity For The People - PIB
    Oct 24, 2024 · Aadhaar plays a critical role in enhancing the efficiency of social welfare schemes by offering a dependable, unified identity verification ...
  57. [57]
    Digital Public Infrastructure and Aadhar: Reimagining Institutions at ...
    Aug 19, 2025 · Today, 99.9% of Indian adults use an Aadhaar number at least once a month, underscoring its deep integration into India's governance and digital ...
  58. [58]
    Building Inclusive and Trusted ID systems to Empower People and ...
    Oct 6, 2022 · ID4D helps countries build inclusive, trusted ID systems to enable access to services, and improve systems to better serve people and achieve ...Missing: empirical | Show results with:empirical
  59. [59]
    [PDF] Lesotho: The National Identification System - The World Bank
    GovTech Case Studies: Solutions that Work. Lesotho: The National. Identification System. Simple, Efficient, and Transparent Government Systems. Supported by the ...
  60. [60]
    [PDF] How governments can deliver on the promise of digital ID - McKinsey
    From a government perspective, the technology enhances administrative efficiency— reducing paperwork, speeding up processing, and reducing the risk of identity ...Missing: studies | Show results with:studies
  61. [61]
    Indian government official claims $29B in savings from Aadhaar
    Jun 2, 2022 · Amitabh Kant, CEO of government policy institute NITI Aayog, says the elimination of fraud and duplicate entries in public benefits rolls ...
  62. [62]
    Direct Benefit Transfer – A blessing during the time of Pandemic | India
    ... fraud. In the past seven years, DBT emerged as the accepted way of delivering development schemes with the delivery of over 450 schemes to more than 900 ...Missing: savings | Show results with:savings
  63. [63]
    How do we protect electronic identity in the digital age? - e-Estonia
    Nov 4, 2022 · To have high cyber security processes in place is a must, of course, but to prevent (digital) identity theft, you need to educate the user. Don' ...
  64. [64]
    https://www.thelocal.se/20130729/49324
  65. [65]
    Joint Advisory Against Using NRIC Numbers for Authentication - PDPC
    Jun 26, 2025 · The PDPC and Cyber Security Agency of Singapore (CSA) have issued a joint advisory for private sector organisations to stop the practice of using NRIC numbers ...<|separator|>
  66. [66]
    [PDF] Journal of Development Economics
    Feb 20, 2024 · they can offer a way to reduce identity-related fraud and provide verifiable contracts that commit firms to stick to them. As such, digital ...<|separator|>
  67. [67]
    [PDF] Private Sector Economic Impacts from Identification Systems
    Jun 7, 2017 · By aggregating existing case studies and identifying specific impact channels, it provides a preliminary assessment of the economic ...
  68. [68]
    Digital identification: A key to inclusive growth - McKinsey
    Apr 17, 2019 · In our seven focus countries, extending full digital ID coverage could unlock economic value equivalent to 3 to 13 percent of GDP in 2030, with ...Missing: empirical | Show results with:empirical
  69. [69]
    The 72 Biggest Data Breaches of All Time [Updated 2025] | UpGuard
    This list includes 72 major data breaches, with some exposing millions of records. Examples include CAM4 (10.88B), Yahoo (3B), and Aadhaar (1.1B).
  70. [70]
    Privacy Concerns with Aadhaar - Communications of the ACM
    Nov 1, 2019 · Identity theft. Aadhaar is vulnerable to illegal harvesting of biometrics and identity frauds because biometrics are not secret information.
  71. [71]
    Avoid Identity Theft: Protect Social Security Numbers
    An organization's collection and use of SSNs can increase the risk of identity theft and fraud. Each time an individual divulges his or her SSN, the ...
  72. [72]
    Identity theft guide for individuals | Internal Revenue Service
    Employment identity theft. Identity thieves can use your information to apply for a job. This can affect your taxes, Social Security benefits, and work history.
  73. [73]
    [PDF] Exploring the risks and challenges of national electronic identity ...
    Profiling, surveillance, intelligence gathering, and data sharing without user consent are other potential misuses associated with centralised foun- dational ID ...<|separator|>
  74. [74]
    What is GDPR, the EU's new data protection law?
    What is the GDPR? Europe's new data privacy and security law includes hundreds of pages' worth of new requirements for organizations around the world.
  75. [75]
    The EU Digital Identity: Privacy Implications and GDPR Considerations
    Aug 18, 2024 · The GDPR's stringent requirements on data protection by design and by default should mitigate some of these risks. However, continuous oversight ...
  76. [76]
    A critical survey of the security and privacy aspects of the Aadhaar ...
    This paper describes in detail the security features of the Aadhaar card while emphasizing the security challenges involving demographic and biometric data.
  77. [77]
    Aadhaar data bust raises fresh safety and privacy concerns
    Nov 2, 2023 · An individual's privacy is hugely compromised with the government holding terabytes of citizens' data in Aadhaar-type caches.
  78. [78]
    Your Social Security Number: Controlling the Key to Identity Theft
    Your SSN is key to personal info, used for identity theft. Don't carry the card, ask questions before giving it, and avoid getting a new one.
  79. [79]
    [PDF] 2025 Identity Fraud Report - Entrust
    Nov 13, 2024 · 14 Entrust | Identity Fraud Report 2025. National ID Cards Remain Top. Target for Fraudsters. Across all document fraud, 40.8% target national.
  80. [80]
    U.S. Fraud and Identity Theft Losses Topped $12.7 Billion In 2024
    May 30, 2025 · The FTC logged more than 1.1 million identity theft reports in 2024. The federal agency also received roughly 2.6 million cases of related fraud, with total ...
  81. [81]
    Equifax Data Breach - EPIC
    The data breached included names, home addresses, phone numbers, dates of birth, social security numbers, and driver's license numbers.
  82. [82]
    Synthetic Identity Theft: A Growing Threat in South Africa - Netsweeper
    Jul 4, 2024 · In recent years, synthetic identity theft has become a significant concern in South Africa. This sophisticated form of fraud involves ...
  83. [83]
    Vulnerable To Frauds, Fakes & Breaches: Why Govt Auditor Served ...
    Jul 1, 2022 · Aadhaar suffered a data leak in 2018, when the records of 1.1 billion registered citizens were potentially compromised. It was described as ...<|separator|>
  84. [84]
    Aadhaar Data Breach Largest in the World, Says WEF's Global Risk ...
    Malicious cyber-attacks and lax cyber-security protocols again led to massive breaches of personal information in 2018, the largest being Aadhaar from India, ...
  85. [85]
    Estonian eID cryptography mess – 750000 cards compromised
    Nov 15, 2017 · This increases the risk of ID theft, the manipulation of elections and any other government system that relies on eID. What happened in Estonia?Missing: fraud prevention
  86. [86]
    Estonia says a hacker downloaded 286000 ID photos from ...
    Jul 28, 2021 · Estonian officials said they arrested last week a local suspect who used a vulnerability to gain access to a government database and download government ID ...
  87. [87]
    Japan's Unprecedented National ID Data Breach - Keypasco
    Jun 18, 2025 · Stolen names, addresses, birth dates, insurance details, and My Number IDs can be exploited for financial scams, fraudulent account creation, ...
  88. [88]
    Forged IDs fuel 50% of global fraud as South Africa sees 300%
    Dec 17, 2024 · Identity fraud involving forged passports and Identity Documents accounted for 50% of all fraud attempts worldwide in 2024, with South Africa emerging as one ...
  89. [89]
    SIM Swap Fraud in South Africa 2024 - XConnect
    Jul 11, 2024 · This allows them to gain access to online accounts and steal money and/or personal information. The Rise of SIM Swap Fraud and Identity Theft in ...
  90. [90]
    Hacker claims to have stolen 1 bln records of Chinese citizens from ...
    Jul 6, 2022 · A hacker has claimed to have procured a trove of personal information from the Shanghai police on one billion Chinese citizens, ...<|separator|>
  91. [91]
    [PDF] National ID Programs: A Multi-Country Review and Analysis ... - EPAR
    We reviewed the design and functioning of national ID programs in 42 low- and middle-income countries with populations over 15 million and GDP per capita under ...Missing: prevalence | Show results with:prevalence
  92. [92]
    Challenges and Solutions for the Development of an ID System in ...
    Mar 10, 2021 · Challenges include lack of ID culture, fear of the unknown, rudimentary political institutions, resistance to new technology, lack of ...Missing: equity | Show results with:equity<|separator|>
  93. [93]
    [PDF] Bridging the Gender Gap through Digital Identification Systems
    Challenges preventing ID access are present in both rural and urban settings, where cultural expectations, societal norms, and responsibilities related to ...<|control11|><|separator|>
  94. [94]
    Equity Study reaches 4000 participants - GSA
    Jun 5, 2024 · The study examined whether the various algorithms and methods used in remote identity proofing introduce bias into the process of verifying ...
  95. [95]
    [PDF] Digital ID systems in Africa: Challenges, risks and opportunities
    In this paper, we look at the state of play of digital ID implementation across Africa with a focus on South Africa,. Kenya, Nigeria, Benin and Namibia.
  96. [96]
    Understanding the Benefits, Costs, and Challenges of the National ...
    Apr 22, 2025 · There were clear socioeconomic benefits to individual NID holders including financial inclusion, civil identification, accessing government programs, and ...Missing: empirical | Show results with:empirical
  97. [97]
    Exclusion by design: how national ID systems make social ...
    Mar 29, 2021 · These systems inevitably exclude certain population groups from obtaining an ID and hence from accessing essential resources to which they are entitled.
  98. [98]
    National ID Proponents' Bad Arguments
    Feb 7, 2013 · President Obama and a bipartisan group of senators want to enact a national identification card that would link to a database containing your name, Social ...
  99. [99]
    https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/clyl3lzzed2o
  100. [100]
    National ID Cards at Center of Civil Liberties Debate
    Oct 24, 2001 · European countries that have compulsory national ID systems include Belgium, France, Germany, Greece, Luxembourg, Portugal and Spain.
  101. [101]
    5 Problems with National ID Cards | American Civil Liberties Union
    Sep 8, 2003 · A National ID will not keep us safe or free. Reason #1: A national ID card system would not solve the problem that is inspiring it. A national ...
  102. [102]
    REAL ID Threatens Privacy without Adding Security - Cato Institute
    REAL ID is not good security. A national ID may be intuitive, but analysis shows that it would only mildly inconvenience criminals and terrorists, while ...
  103. [103]
    Digital ID cards: a versatile and useful tool or a worrying ...
    Sep 25, 2025 · The arguments against often centre on privacy. Civil liberties campaigners fear any mandatory ID card system, even one intended to tackle ...
  104. [104]
    [PDF] The Uneasy Case for National ID Cards - Faculty
    A mandatory national ID card regime could also form the basis for a political strategy aimed at creating at least a national dialog on privacy issues. Currently ...Missing: compulsory | Show results with:compulsory
  105. [105]
    [PDF] The National ID Card: Privacy Threat or Protection, 21 J. Marshall L ...
    LEGISLATION FOR A NATIONAL ID CARD. At present, the United States Congress faces a major social problem that may require a national ID card backed by a compre-.Missing: scholarly | Show results with:scholarly
  106. [106]
    Estonia blocks certificates on 760,000 ID cards due to identity theft risk
    Nov 3, 2017 · On 3 November 2017 at midnight, Estonia will block the certificates of 760000 ID cards due to identity theft risk becoming real.
  107. [107]
    Solving the Estonian ID Card Crisis: the Legal Issues by Arnis Parsovs
    In 2017, Estonia experienced a cyber crisis caused by a vulnerability found in the smart card chips produced by Infineon Technologies AG.
  108. [108]
    The Aadhaar Card: Cybersecurity Issues with India's Biometric ...
    May 9, 2019 · In 2018 around 200 official government websites accidentally made personal Aadhaar data public; the problem exacerbated to such a level, that ...
  109. [109]
    PII Belonging to Indian Citizens, Including their Aadhaar IDs, Offered ...
    Oct 15, 2023 · Resecurity observed a spike in incidents involving Aadhaar IDs and their leakage on underground cybercriminal forums by threat actors looking to ...
  110. [110]
    Brief History of Migration to South Africa - Human Rights Watch
    Indeed, troubling similarities exist between the old apartheid pass law enforcement system and the current migrants control system. Pass law violations were the ...
  111. [111]
    EFF Files Amicus Brief in Case That Seeks to Hold IBM Responsible ...
    Feb 5, 2015 · EFF Files Amicus Brief in Case That Seeks to Hold IBM Responsible for Facilitating Apartheid in South Africa ... abuses committed by the South ...
  112. [112]
    National Identification Cards: Why Does the ACLU Oppose a ...
    Mar 12, 2002 · A national I.D. card poses a grave threat to the civil liberties of all by creating a powerful tool for abuse of privacy rights. The system ...Missing: political | Show results with:political
  113. [113]
    Study shows optimism for digital IDs in reducing fraud despite ...
    Jul 12, 2024 · The majority of organizations worldwide anticipate a substantial decrease in identity fraud following the adoption of digital IDs.Missing: empirical | Show results with:empirical
  114. [114]
    (PDF) National Identification Systems As Enablers of Online Identity
    Aug 20, 2023 · This chapter examines the role of national identification systems (NIDS) as enablers of online identity in this digital age.
  115. [115]
    Lessons from National Digital ID Systems for Privacy, Security, and ...
    Jun 25, 2025 · Notably, the sex identification aspect of the number has drawn concern, due to it revealing the person's sex assigned at birth, regardless of ...
  116. [116]
    Digital Identity Infrastructures: a Critical Approach of Self-Sovereign ...
    May 11, 2023 · This paper sets out to uncover the principles, technological design ideas, and underlying guiding ideologies that are attached to self-sovereign identity ...
  117. [117]
    Centralized identity systems vs. decentralized identity systems
    Dec 8, 2024 · A centralized ID system is a single authority that manages all elements of a user's digital identity.
  118. [118]
    The Path to Digital Identity in the United States | ITIF
    Sep 23, 2024 · Digital IDs are a more convenient, secure, and versatile option than physical IDs, but few Americans currently have one.
  119. [119]
    About the NIN | NIMC - National Identity Management Commission
    Official website of the National Identity Management Commission. Manage your National Identification Number (NIN), enroll, and access digital identity services.
  120. [120]
    [PDF] NATIONAL IDENTITY MANAGEMENT IN NIGERIA - Banwo & Ighodalo
    In recognition of the foregoing, the National Identity Management Commission (“NIMC”) was established in 2007 pursuant to the NIMC Act1 to create, manage, ...
  121. [121]
    The National Identification Number (NIN) | NIMC - National Identity ...
    The NIN is set to be used for all transactions in Nigeria requiring identity verification so you'll be using your NIN for: Obtaining your National e-ID card.NIN Issuance · NIN in Simple Images · Your NIN in Action · NIN for SIM Tips
  122. [122]
    About The NIN | NCC
    Jun 11, 2025 · The NIN is issued upon enrolment by the National Identity Management Commission (NIMC). NIMC is the government agency responsible for identity ...
  123. [123]
    NIN Enrolment Documents | NIMC - National Identity Management ...
    Enrolment Form. Onsite Enrolment Documents. Enrol Once Only. More in this file. Enrolment Form. pdf icon. Download the NIN Enrolment Form (PDF). Download Onsite ...Missing: structure | Show results with:structure
  124. [124]
    Nigeria Makes National ID Number Mandatory for Access to Social ...
    Feb 12, 2025 · The Nigerian government has announced that the National Identification Number (NIN) will become mandatory for citizens to access social services and government ...Missing: details history coverage<|separator|>
  125. [125]
    [PDF] Using Identity to Promote Secure Inclusion for Nearly 220 Million ...
    Aug 18, 2022 · National Identification Numbers (NINs) system is a daunting task. Between 2007 and 2015 only 10 million Nigerians obtained a NIN. There were ...Missing: details history coverage
  126. [126]
    NIN database grows by 7 million in half-year 2025 as NIMC targets ...
    Jul 9, 2025 · NIN database grows by 7 million in half-year 2025 as NIMC targets 95% coverage. The National Identification Number (NIN) database being managed ...Missing: statistics | Show results with:statistics
  127. [127]
    NIN Enrollment Surges By 20% To 120 Million In June - Channels TV
    Jul 9, 2025 · The development was revealed by the Commission, which said the NIN database grew by seven million in the first half of 2025 as it races to ...Missing: statistics coverage
  128. [128]
    121 million NIN enrollments: why some states perform better than ...
    Jul 11, 2025 · With 791,563 enrollment as of June 2025, Bayelsa state is the least, representing 0.67% of the nationwide figure. Ebonyi state followed with ...Missing: statistics | Show results with:statistics
  129. [129]
    NIRA Somalia
    NIRA is Somalia's key body for national ID, providing secure IDs and managing a database for citizens and legal residents.National ID Registration · NIRA · Identification · CDS
  130. [130]
    National ID Registration - NIRA Somalia
    Once validation is complete and the identity is confirmed, the applicant is issued a unique 11-digit National ID number, which is permanently assigned to the ...Missing: format | Show results with:format
  131. [131]
    National ID Card - Federal Republic of Somalia
    The Somali ID card is for all citizens and legal residents, has 11 unique numbers, and costs US$5. Apply in person with a valid passport/birth certificate and ...
  132. [132]
    Somalia to require national ID for all new bank accounts in Banadir
    Aug 1, 2025 · In September 2023, authorities began issuing biometric ID cards, with registration centers established in Mogadishu, Galmudug, Hirshabelle, and ...
  133. [133]
    Features of the SNID - NIRA Somalia
    The Somali National ID incorporates biometric features such as fingerprints ... The Somali National ID is available in both physical card and digital formats.
  134. [134]
    National Identification System Somalia - NADRA
    NADRA collaborates with Somalia to build a national ID system, developing technology, software, and equipment to enhance identification processes.
  135. [135]
    Federal Republic of Somalia launches mass registration drive for its ...
    Sep 17, 2025 · Online identification – Somalia's digital ID provides an easy, safe, and trusted way for Somalis to confirm their identity online and reduces ...
  136. [136]
    Somalia kicks off mass digital ID registration drive - Biometric Update
    Sep 18, 2025 · The Somalia ID program is funded by the World Bank and it aims to provide every citizen with a government-issued identity which can facilitate ...
  137. [137]
    Somalia makes national ID cards mandatory for banking transactions
    Jul 31, 2025 · Somalia's central bank has announced a new policy requiring citizens to present national identification cards before accessing banking services.<|separator|>
  138. [138]
    Somalia to Replace Passports with Biometric National ID
    Sep 19, 2025 · Starting September 1, 2025, no one will be able to apply for or renew a Somali passport without first presenting a national identity card. By ...
  139. [139]
    Decoding your South African ID number | Western Cape Government
    The first 6 digits (YYMMDD) are based on your date of birth. · The next 4 digits (SSSS) are used to define your gender. · The next digit (C) shows if you're an SA ...
  140. [140]
    Understanding South African ID Numbers | Structure & Meaning
    Date of Birth (First 6 digits): YYMMDD format ; Gender (Digits 7-10): 0000-4999 for females, 5000-9999 for males ; Citizenship (Digit 11): 0 for SA citizens, 1 ...
  141. [141]
    What your South African ID number means and what it reveals about ...
    May 1, 2019 · A South African ID number is a 13-digit number which is defined by the following format: YYMMDDSSSSCAZ.<|separator|>
  142. [142]
    South African Apartheid-Era Identity Numbers - ThoughtCo
    Apr 30, 2025 · The South African Identity Number was 13 digits long. The first six digits gave the birth date of the holder (year, month, and date). The ...
  143. [143]
    Racial Classification Under Apartheid - ThoughtCo
    May 8, 2025 · The 1950 Population Registration Act declared that all South Africans be classified into one of three races: white, "native" (Black African), or colored ( ...
  144. [144]
    Racial Classification - South Africa: Overcoming Apartheid
    The Population Registration Act of 1950 required that each citizen be issued an identity document stating his or her race as either White, Native [African], or ...
  145. [145]
    Smart Identity Document (ID) card roll-out | South African Government
    The Department of Home Affairs started replacing the green bar-coded identity documents (IDs) with smart ID cards on 18 July 2013. The new ID cards have ...
  146. [146]
    South Africa: Smart ID Service Expanded to Permanent Residents ...
    May 12, 2025 · Currently, these affected individuals cannot access the e-Home Affairs portal to book biometric appointments and are only issued the older green ...
  147. [147]
    What is My National Identification Number in South Africa? - Youverify
    Jan 22, 2025 · It is a 13-digit number that encodes cogent personal information and serves as an official identifier for South African citizens and permanent residents.
  148. [148]
    Security Features of South African Smart ID Cards - Check ID SA
    Learn about the security features of South African Smart ID Cards including holograms, barcodes, and other anti-fraud measures.<|separator|>
  149. [149]
    National Registration Act - ZimLII
    Dec 31, 2016 · An Act to provide for the registration of persons resident in Zimbabwe and for the issue of identity documents.
  150. [150]
    [PDF] A Right or a Privilege: Access to Identity and Citizenship in Zimbabwe
    Identity documents are tags reflective of an individual's history and heritage. Without identity documents individuals fall into a bureaucratic limbo as ...
  151. [151]
    Zimbabwe: RG's Office to Issue New ID Cards - allAfrica.com
    Nov 19, 2004 · The Registrar-General's Office will introduce new instant national identity cards from Thursday next week and eventually phase out the existing metal cards.Missing: history | Show results with:history
  152. [152]
    Know your Zimbabwe ID number - Bulawayo24 News
    Nov 21, 2024 · Under the current system, foreigners living in Zimbabwe are given the district of origin code 00. This code is a clear indicator that the person ...Sports / Local · News · APO · Education
  153. [153]
    I'm from Zim so what? - Facebook
    Aug 25, 2021 · My understanding is that the first two numbers of your ID denote where you applied for the ID (63 if you applied in Harare) and the last two ...Missing: structure | Show results with:structure<|separator|>
  154. [154]
    Zimbabwe: Recoding of '00' IDs underway
    Aug 27, 2021 · In a historic move expected to end racial profiling, Government yesterday abolished the “00” code used to identify persons of mixed race, Caucasians and Asians ...
  155. [155]
    Zimbabwe expands Civil Registration services to hard-to-reach areas
    Jul 15, 2025 · The initiative brought birth registration, death certification, and national identity services directly to rural communities—places where formal ...
  156. [156]
    Civil Registry Department Zimbabwe - X
    Nov 12, 2024 · Yes you can have your lost ID replaced. Replacement costs 10usd. You will need to bring your original birth certificate and photocopy as well as ...
  157. [157]
    Zimbabwe reports progress on biometric passport, ID card issuance
    Jul 7, 2022 · He said as of May 31, 2022, a total of 508,886 ID cards, 549,960 birth certificates, and 19,037 death certificates had been issued. The plan by ...Missing: history | Show results with:history<|separator|>
  158. [158]
    Zimbabwean Government Announces Move to Roll digital IDs ...
    Jun 16, 2025 · The new electronic IDs will contain embedded biometric data and advanced security features, replacing the current metal and plastic cards that ...
  159. [159]
    Zimbabwe 2018 biometric voters roll analysis - Pachedu - Slideshare
    Jul 16, 2018 · The document analyzes Zimbabwe's 2018 voter roll and identifies over 250000 records with inaccuracies or duplication, such as invalid ID ...Missing: breakdown | Show results with:breakdown
  160. [160]
    [PDF] Country Report: Biometrics and Digital Identity in Zimbabwe
    History of Zimbabwe's Identity Systems ... The Zimbabwe national ID card is issued upon application to citizens above the age of 16.
  161. [161]
    Supporting Ethiopia's National ID Programme - Laxton
    The NIDP introduced the Fayda number, a unique 12-digit identification number based on the principle of "one person, one identity." This digital ID leverages ...<|separator|>
  162. [162]
    National ID Ethiopia: A Gateway to Digital ID Empowerment - ARATEK
    Oct 29, 2024 · In 2021, Ethiopia officially launched the Fayda Digital ID initiative. This foundational ID system aimed to provide every legal resident and ...
  163. [163]
    Ethiopia Launches Fayda Digital ID System to Cover 90 Million ...
    May 22, 2025 · Ethiopia has officially launched the Fayda digital ID system, a foundational digital identity platform developed in collaboration with TECH5 and Visa.
  164. [164]
    Ethiopia's digital ID chief lays out roadmap for reaching 90M ...
    Jun 4, 2025 · As of June 4, Ethiopia has enrolled 16.4 million persons for the Fayda digital ID, and sceptics may consider the 90 million projection in the next two years as ...<|separator|>
  165. [165]
    Inclusion in Ethiopia's ID system opens new doors for refugees
    May 24, 2024 · A landmark digital identity initiative in Ethiopia integrates refugees and asylum-seekers into the country's national systems, providing hope along with access ...Missing: implementation | Show results with:implementation
  166. [166]
    Fayda National ID - Ethio telecom
    Fayda National ID · A Kebele ID, a Passport, a Driving license, or any other relevant documents that show legal grounds for the person's identity can be used.
  167. [167]
    Ethiopia's national digital ID: A breakthrough for tax system ... - ICTD
    May 9, 2024 · Since December 2023, taxpayer registration in Ethiopia has been integrated with Fayda, the country's national digital ID system. Fayda (ፋይዳ) is ...
  168. [168]
    How To Get Ethiopian National ID in 2025 - Live Ethio
    Dec 10, 2024 · When you registered for the Ethiopian National ID (Fayda), you should receive a 12-digit unique ID number via SMS from the number 9779 or the ...
  169. [169]
    The Transformative Power of Ethiopia's Digital ID: Unlocking a better ...
    Feb 27, 2025 · Ethiopia's Digital ID (Fayda) is closing the gender gap, empowering women to access social protection payments, open bank accounts, ...
  170. [170]
    FEATURE-Ethiopia digital ID prompts fears of ethnic profiling | Reuters
    Jan 31, 2023 · The Ethiopian government is implementing a nation-wide biometric digital ID system, aiming to register all eligible adults of its population of ...Missing: TIN | Show results with:TIN
  171. [171]
    Ethiopia accelerates digital ID drive, aims for 50% national coverage ...
    Sep 13, 2025 · The Fayda ID integrates iris, facial, and fingerprint biometrics with personal data, creating a secure and verifiable digital identity. This ...
  172. [172]
    Top-Notch Identity Document Processing Worldwide: Argentina
    Nov 13, 2024 · The DNI (shown here is the 2020 series) is used as a domestic identification document and as a travel document to South American destinations, ...Missing: history | Show results with:history
  173. [173]
    Identity Verification, KYC and AML Compliance in Argentina - Didit
    Nov 20, 2024 · It features an 8-digit number, inclusive gender options (F, M, X), and updates at ages 8 and 14. It is also valid as a travel document within ...<|separator|>
  174. [174]
    [PDF] Argentina ID Case Study: The Evolution of Identification
    For example, a citizen applying for DNI had to go the provincial civil registry, submit a paper-based application that was then sent to RENAPER's central ...
  175. [175]
    Argentina ID Case Study: The Evolution of Identification (English)
    Feb 24, 2020 · Argentina has a long history of identification. Until 2009, however, its civil registration and national ID systems suffered from a number of issues.Missing: DNI format usage
  176. [176]
    Argentina - Travel.gov - U.S. Department of State
    ... security features ... Document Name: DNI, or Documento Nacional de Identidad. Issuing Authority: National Registry of Persons (Registro Nacional de las Personas).
  177. [177]
    Launch of the new Argentine Identity Card - Allende & Brea
    Dec 5, 2023 · Digital Certification: The new ID incorporates digital certificates that that ensure the authenticity of the document and, therefore, the ...
  178. [178]
    Hacker steals government ID database for Argentina's entire ...
    Oct 17, 2021 · A hacker has breached the Argentinian government's IT network and stolen ID card details for the country's entire population, data that is now being sold in ...
  179. [179]
    Argentinian Government's Citizen ID Database Breached on Dark Web
    Nov 2, 2021 · An anonymous hacker has allegedly leaked the entirety of Argentina's National Registry of Persons, offering select information for sale on a dark web forum.
  180. [180]
    Hacker Says He Stole ID Data of 45 Million Argentinians - Bitdefender
    The identification data for the entire population of Argentina is now in the hands of a hacker who has decided to sell it to whoever is interested.
  181. [181]
    [PDF] Brazil Information on Tax Identification Numbers Section I – TIN ...
    Brazil uses CPF for individuals (11 digits) and CNPJ for legal persons (14 digits formatted as XX.XXX.XXX/XXXX-XX) as TINs.
  182. [182]
    Meu CPF — Receita Federal - Portal Gov.br
    O Cadastro de Pessoas Físicas (CPF) contém suas informações pessoais, como nome, data de nascimento, endereço, entre outras. Não há idade mínima para ter um CPF ...Consultar CPF · Atualizar CPF · Obter Cartão de CPF · Inscrever-se no CPF
  183. [183]
    CPF FOR FOREIGNERS — Ministério das Relações Exteriores
    Aug 31, 2023 · As set out in COCAD/COGEA Joint Ordinance No. 53/2023, foreigners who are abroad must present their CPF requests to Brazilian consular offices.
  184. [184]
    1968: Instituição do Cadastro de Pessoas Físicas - Portal Gov.br
    Apr 7, 2021 · O Cadastro de Pessoas Físicas foi efetivamente instituído em 1968 por força do Decreto-lei nº 401 de 30 de dezembro de 1968.
  185. [185]
    1968 A 1981 - Começa a Era da Secretaria da Receita Federal
    Sep 1, 2015 · Com a criação do CPF, foi introduzido o sétimo dígito, e criados o oitavo, que era calculado, e o nono, que representava a região fiscal de ...
  186. [186]
    Cadastro de Pessoa Física (CPF) - Portal Gov.br
    Sep 14, 2023 · O Cadastro de Pessoa Física (CPF) é o número único para identificação de uma pessoa nos bancos de dados de serviços públicos brasileiros.
  187. [187]
    National Identity Card: clarify the main questions about the document
    Aug 4, 2025 · The new National Identity Card (CIN) began to be issued in July 2022 and represents a An important milestone for citizenship in Brazil.
  188. [188]
    National Identity Card is already been issued in São Paulo
    Jul 2, 2024 · The National Identity Card will replace ancient state IDs, with only the CPF as the identification number. First issue is free.
  189. [189]
    The digitization of the Brazilian national identity system
    Jul 7, 2022 · According to Kanashiro and Doneda (Reference Kanashiro and Doneda2012), the history of the adoption of a new ID card in Brazil is long. The ...
  190. [190]
    Brazilian ID: The Challenges of ID Cards Processing
    Aug 6, 2024 · Brazilian identity documents, including ID cards, driver's licenses, and passports, are all printed on paper. This is quite unusual.<|separator|>
  191. [191]
    Valid proofs of Canadian citizenship - Canada.ca
    Jul 25, 2025 · Valid proofs include citizenship certificates (electronic or paper), citizenship cards, older paper certificates, and some birth certificates.<|separator|>
  192. [192]
    Social Insurance Number – Overview - Canada.ca
    Sep 24, 2025 · To work in Canada or access government programs and benefits, you need a 9-digit identifier known as a Social Insurance Number (SIN). Your ...
  193. [193]
    Social Insurance Number (SIN) - Taxes - Canada.ca
    Jan 21, 2025 · Your social insurance number (SIN) is the tax identification number used in Canada to identify you for income tax purposes.
  194. [194]
    Applying for an individual tax number (ITN) - Canada.ca
    May 10, 2025 · An ITN is a 9-digit number issued to non-resident individuals who need an identification number. The ITN is for people who are not eligible for a social ...
  195. [195]
    What is a UCI? - Canada.ca
    UCI stands for “unique client identifier.” It is also known as a client identification number (client ID ). It's on official documents you get from us. It has ...
  196. [196]
    What is considered valid acceptable identification
    Sep 15, 2023 · The identification needs to be issued by a federal, provincial, territorial or state government authority and valid, that is, not expired. To be ...
  197. [197]
    A National ID Card For All Canadians? Fools' Gold or the Mother ...
    A national ID card will become a standard for identification. Those who do not possess a card will be refused access to services and entitlements.
  198. [198]
    [PDF] Information on Tax Identification Numbers Section I – TIN Description
    * The RUN given by the Civil Registry is the same as the RUT in the case of individuals resident in. Chile. Entities (as defined by the CRS): no. If no, ...
  199. [199]
    rut and start of activities - Foreign Investor - SII
    ... Chile must obtain a tax identification number in the country, that is, the RUT. You can only have one RUT for each person or company, so if you already have ...<|separator|>
  200. [200]
    Ley Chile - Decreto 18 13-MAR-1973 MINISTERIO DE DEFENSA ...
    a) Que el decreto S. 2 Nº 442, de 1972, del Ministerio de Defensa Nacional creó la Comisión Coordinadora para la implantación del Rol Unico, a través de un ...
  201. [201]
    FOTOS | Desde 1924 hasta la actualidad: así evolucionó en el ...
    Jun 8, 2024 · En 1975, se establece el Rol Único Nacional (RUN) como obligatorio para los mayores de 12 años. En julio de 1975, se establece que todos los ...
  202. [202]
    RUT and RUN in Chile: Complete Guide to Chilean ID Numbers
    Both RUT and RUN are unique identification numbers assigned to every person in Chile's systems: RUT (Rol Único Tributario): Your tax identification number; RUN ...
  203. [203]
    Chile TIN number guide | Lookup Tax
    Aug 11, 2024 · The Chilean TIN, or RUT, is required for all taxable individuals/entities. It's personal, non-transferable, and has a format of xx.xxx.xxx-x, ...
  204. [204]
    A complete guide to RUT and RUN in Chile. - Wise
    For individuals, the RUN number is the same as the RUT number (Rol Único Tributario), which is the individual tax ID number.
  205. [205]
    How to verify RUT in Chile? | Lookup Tax
    Jun 29, 2024 · You can check the validity of RUT on the Chile SII website for free. You can access the RUT lookup service here. Using this tool you can search for a company ...
  206. [206]
    Chilean Passports and IDs: The Challenges of Processing
    Dec 24, 2024 · Another machine-readable feature in the passport is the RUN (Rol Único Nacional), a unique nine-digit identification number given by every ...
  207. [207]
    Cédula de ciudadanía - Registraduría Nacional del Estado Civil
    La cédula de ciudadanía digital se tramita en todas las registradurías del país y en 56 consulados de Colombia en el exterior. Consulte aquí. Cara frontal ...Missing: identification | Show results with:identification
  208. [208]
    Requirements for Colombian ID Card in Colombia
    Colombian citizens are generally and legally required to obtain their Cédula de Ciudadanía upon officially reaching the age of majority, which is set at 18 ...
  209. [209]
    Cédula de Ciudadanía - Cancillería
    La cédula de ciudadanía es el documento de identificación de los ciudadanos colombianos mayores de 18 años. Nota: la solicitud por primera vez no tiene ...
  210. [210]
    Colombia - Travel.gov - State Department
    ... (ID card for minors) and apply for their Cédula de Ciudadanía (national ID card). Their national ID number is included on the passport bio-page. Applicants ...
  211. [211]
    The historic maliciousness behind the Colombian “cédula”
    Jan 24, 2018 · On November 24 of 1952 the first ID card was issued for the Laureano Gómez, the first Colombian citizen with a new cédula model, it was numbered ...
  212. [212]
    Colombia | Identity-Cards.net
    Aug 14, 2016 · Colombia ; Card Name: Cédula de Ciudadanía ; Date Issued: 2000; card updated in 2010 ; Issuing Agency: Registraduría Nacional del Estado Civil.
  213. [213]
    „Colombia: Requirements and procedures to obtain a national ID ...
    To get a Colombian national ID, you must be over 18, apply in person at a registry office or consulate, and provide required documents. Initial applications ...
  214. [214]
    Colombia - Localpayment documentation V3
    Sep 17, 2024 · Please, note the structure of each ID type (lenght, dots, hyphen, lowercase/uppercase). To validate Colombian documents through our API, yo can ...<|separator|>
  215. [215]
    Everything You Need to Know About the Colombian Identity Card
    The Colombian Identity Card, or 'Cédula de Ciudadanía,' is proof of identity for citizens 18+, and is required for transactions like opening a bank account. ...
  216. [216]
    [PDF] Colombia Information on Tax Identification Numbers Section I – TIN ...
    The official document issued by the National Tax and Customs Directorate (DIAN) is the Tax Registry. Form (RUT) and the TIN is the top of each of the sheets, on ...
  217. [217]
    Quick ID Verification in Colombia with Cédula de Ciudadanía - Verifik
    Oct 9, 2025 · It serves as the primary legal proof of identity and is widely used in both public and private sectors. Each Cédula includes crucial details ...
  218. [218]
    CURP | Trámites - Gob MX
    Búsqueda. La consulta puede efectuarse indicando la clave CURP cuando ya la conoce o proporcionando su nombre y datos de nacimiento.
  219. [219]
    Person National Identifiers for Mexico - Oracle Help Center
    It is a unique 18-digit alphanumeric identifier assigned by the federal government agency, Registro Nacional de Población (RENAPO), to both citizens and ...
  220. [220]
    What Is a CURP Number and How to Get One in Mexico -
    Nov 8, 2024 · A CURP number is a unique code which identifies all Mexican citizens and residents. CURP stands for Clave Única de Registro de Población in Spanish.
  221. [221]
    Breaking Down the Mexican National ID Number (CURP)
    Sep 4, 2019 · The Mexican National ID Number (CURP) is an eighteen character alphanumeric code. It is structured as follows: Four letters from the person's ...
  222. [222]
    Mexico Unique Population Registry Code (CURP) - Microsoft Learn
    Aug 19, 2024 · four letters (case insensitive) · six digits indicating a valid date · a letter - H/h or M/m · two letters indicating a valid Mexican state code ...Missing: structure | Show results with:structure
  223. [223]
    What Is a CURP Number? Your Complete Guide for Mexican ...
    Jul 20, 2025 · A CURP number is an 18-character alphanumeric code unique to every Mexican citizen and legal resident. Here's an example: HEGG560427MVZRRL04.
  224. [224]
    Getting a CURP Number for Foreigners with Residency in Mexico
    Mar 13, 2024 · The CURP is now automatically generated and printed on your residency card as part of the residency application process. There is no longer a necessity to ...
  225. [225]
    New Biometric CURP - Cacheaux, Cavazos & Newton
    Sep 8, 2025 · On July 16, 2025, a presidential decree (the “Decree”) was published in the Official Journal of the Federation, amending, adding, ...
  226. [226]
    https://www.biometricupdate.com/202510/mexicos-biometric-curp-now-officially-in-use-despite-data-security-concerns
  227. [227]
    https://idtechwire.com/mexicos-biometric-curp-enters-official-use-phased-mandate-targets-february-2026/
  228. [228]
    Electoral Registry - Instituto Nacional Electoral - INE
    The IFE is in charge of one of the main activities: the conformation, updating and refining of the permanent registry of citizens entitled to vote.
  229. [229]
    National ID | American Civil Liberties Union
    Your donation helps to fund strategic litigation, advocacy, and organizing needed to defend the right to privacy, protect against spying and surveillance ...
  230. [230]
    Social Security Number Chronology
    Nov 9, 2005 · The Civil Service Commission adopted the SSN as an official Federal employee identifier. Internal Revenue Code Amendments (P.L. 87-397) ...
  231. [231]
    REAL ID | Transportation Security Administration - TSA
    Starting May 2025, US travelers must be REAL ID compliant to board domestic flights and access certain federal facilities.Notice · Are you REAL ID Ready? · About REAL ID · REAL ID Historical Federal...
  232. [232]
    How to get a REAL ID and use it for travel - USAGov
    May 8, 2025 · Check to see if your driver's license or state ID is REAL ID-compliant. Learn why and how to upgrade to a REAL ID for air travel and more.<|control11|><|separator|>
  233. [233]
    Venezuela - Travel.gov - U.S. Department of State
    Identity Card. Available. Fees: There are no fees. Document Name: Cédula de Identidad (C.I.). Issuing Authority: Servicio Administrativo de Identificación ...
  234. [234]
    Venezuela Tax ID Number (TIN) Guide - TaxDo
    Cédula de Identidad (CI): This is the TIN for individuals (both citizens and residents of Venezuela). It is used for personal identification and tax reporting ...
  235. [235]
    The Dangers of Venezuela's ID System - Caracas Chronicles
    Jun 15, 2021 · It's the omnipresent cédula de identidad. This number is similar to the one used to get social services and insurance, or pay your taxes in ...
  236. [236]
    La primera cédula de identidad en Venezuela se emitió en 1942
    Nov 6, 2020 · Con el número 00001, el 3 de noviembre de 1942 se emitió la primera cédula de identidad venezolana y se entregó al general Isaías Medina ...
  237. [237]
    74 años de historia en la cedulación venezolana - SAIME
    Feb 6, 2017 · Han transcurrido 64 años desde el 3 de noviembre de 1942 cuando fue expedida por el Sistema de Identificación Ciudadana la primera cédula de ...
  238. [238]
    Reseña histórica - SAIME
    Este plan nacional de cedulación, fue promulgado por el Gobierno Revolucionario en el 2004, con el propósito de garantizar el derecho humano a la identidad por ...
  239. [239]
    https://www.justice.gov/eoir/page/file/1085731/dl?inline
  240. [240]
    Identity Verification, KYC and AML Compliance in Venezuela - Didit
    Nov 21, 2024 · The new Venezuelan ID will include more robust security elements, such as polycarbonate sheets and additional holder data, including biometric ...
  241. [241]
    https://www.bahrain.bh/wps/portal/en/BNP/HomeNationalPortal/ContentDetailsPage/%21ut/p/z0/fc9BT8JQDAfwr1IPO7_CZOARJHGaINODgXch3V4ZlWff2B5Ev72TcDBqvPXfNO2vxpqVsUonqSlKUPJ9XttsM7gfYT65RSzm10N8erl5zmaLAS7uUvNg7PeB_LGYY7bMJ-PheJYui_Rrg7weDnZqbBU08ns0q1KbDWuCVIZjhLhj2IvWLrwlWNKuJVEBz7V0_uzoEmy5L9lBDI1UfQ4NKziK9BPwW_gf4CMcW_CyZRCFy-kE9fI9iGONspXq3ABSByfp6A-POKiodabZ23Lk66tPgyfGyw%21%21/
  242. [242]
    What is CPR in Bahrain? - بوابة البحرين الإلكترونية
    Sep 2, 2025 · The CPR number consists of 9 digits and is displayed on the front of the Bahraini Identity Card. This number is unique to each individual and is ...
  243. [243]
    Information & eGovernment Authority | ID Card & Civil Record Services
    The ID card is only issued to GCC citizens residing in the Kingdom of Bahrain in the following ID Card branches: Isa Town branch and (Seef Mall - Muharraq). ○ ...
  244. [244]
    [PDF] Country name Identifier name Format - Danske Bank
    Estonian Personal Identification Code. 11 digits: 9YYMMDD9999. ETHIOPIA. Ethiopian Passport Number ... Nigerian National Identification Number (NIN). 11 digits.
  245. [245]
    Important Information Related to ID Card - Bahrain.bh
    The new ID card is for all citizens and non-Bahrainis, valid for 5 years (10 for over 70s), and has a photo requirement. It does not replace the driving ...
  246. [246]
    Identity Card Services - Bahrain.bh
    These services, provided by the Information and eGovernment Authority (iGA), allows citizens and residents to issue an identity card for the children below 10 ...
  247. [247]
    Bahrain to overhaul ID card system with Thales contract
    May 13, 2024 · The Information & eGovernment Authority (iGA) of Bahrain has taken steps towards modernizing the country's ID card system.
  248. [248]
    Bahrain adds digital travel credential features to national ID card
    Mar 4, 2025 · Other important features included in the card are biometrics, increased storage capacity and security. The government has told citizens to ...
  249. [249]
    Bahrain's Next-Gen ID Card : A Game-Changer for Travel and ...
    Mar 2, 2025 · Bahrain's revamped National ID card is now equipped with cutting-edge features, transforming it into a digital travel document.
  250. [250]
    eKey - The Digital Authentication Framework - Bahrain.bh
    The eKey is a unified login system designed to streamline and secure access to electronic services that require individual identification.
  251. [251]
    eKey 2.0 - Apps on Google Play
    Rating 3.9 (321) · Free · AndroideKey 2.0 provides access to Bahrain's eServices with secure digital identity.
  252. [252]
    National Identification and Visas - Bahrain.bh
    Every citizen and resident in Bahrain holds a unique national identity number and ID Card, serving as the unique identification and central hub for all ...
  253. [253]
    .: Bangladesh Election Commission :.
    **Summary of National ID System in Bangladesh (Based on http://nidw.gov.bd/):**
  254. [254]
    “Bangladesh: National Identity Card (NIC), including requirements ...
    Feb 4, 2020 · The NIC, issued by the Bangladesh Election Commission, is for citizens over 18, valid for 15 years, and used for voting, banking, and other ...
  255. [255]
    Bangladesh Introduces 'Smart' National Identity Cards
    Oct 30, 2016 · On October 2, the Bangladeshi government inaugurated Smart National ID cards (NID) as part of their Digital Bangladesh initiative, aiming to ...
  256. [256]
    (PDF) Institutional Mechanism of National Identification Card
    Aug 10, 2025 · Seventy-nine million National ID cards (NID) were distributed to Bangladeshi citizens as part of the 2007/2008 voter registration process. The ...
  257. [257]
    [PDF] National Identity (NID) Card; its use as a voter's identity card
    Sep 16, 2010 · In January 2010, the Bangladesh Parliament passed the National Identity. Registration Bill 2010, which fixes the validity of a National Identity ...
  258. [258]
    9 years on, millions still wait for Smart NID cards - bdnews24.com
    Oct 5, 2025 · Bangladesh began issuing photo-based laminated NIDs in 2008. Eight years later, in October 2016, the EC launched the upgraded Smart Cards, ...
  259. [259]
    The Election Commission (EC) will now issue National Identity (NID ...
    Sep 9, 2025 · The Election Commission (EC) will now issue National Identity (NID) cards to citizens from the age of 16, aiming to ease access to essential ...
  260. [260]
    National Identity Card (NID)
    Bangladesh Consulate General, Toronto provides various CONSULAR SERVICES to expatriate Bangladeshis resident in Canada. The Consulate has Consular Jurisdiction ...
  261. [261]
    Election Commission decides on 10-digit smart NID cards for ...
    Jun 23, 2015 · The Election Commission (EC) has decided to use 10-digit unique numbers for national smart ID cards in order to make them versatile.
  262. [262]
    do you know whats your NID number meaning 17 Digit National ID ...
    Apr 5, 2015 · 17 Digit National ID contains: First 4 Digit: Year of Birth Next 2 Digit: District Code Next 1 Digit: RMO Code Next 2 Digit: Upazila Code Next 2 Digit: Union/ ...
  263. [263]
    Validity of NID and Re-Registration
    The National Identity Card issued to a citizen shall be valid for fifteen years from the date of its issuance. Every citizen shall have to make, ...Missing: period | Show results with:period
  264. [264]
    Validity of temporary NID cards extended for indefinite period
    Apr 28, 2023 · The validity of all temporary National Identity (NID) cards which were valid for two years from the date of issue has been extended for an indefinite period.
  265. [265]
    Bangladesh - Statelessness Encyclopedia Asia Pacific - SEAP
    Aug 15, 2025 · Bangladesh's official legal identity is the National ID (NID) card, explained in more detail in the Overview section below.
  266. [266]
    How to Verify a Chinese Citizen's ID - Data Zoo
    Oct 1, 2024 · All Chinese citizens are issued with a unique 18-digit Citizen Identity Number which remains unchanged for their whole life.Regulators · Chinese Verification... · The Resident Identity Card...Missing: history | Show results with:history
  267. [267]
    China ID Card - An Introduction
    Oct 31, 2018 · Each China ID Card has a unique 18-digit Citizen Identity Number and knowing this number alone can tell you the holder's date of birth, place ...
  268. [268]
    Decoding Hidden PII in Chinese Identification Numbers - Sayari Labs
    Oct 19, 2018 · Chinese Resident Identity Card (居民身份证) numbers, for example, contain date of birth, place of birth, and gender information.Missing: history | Show results with:history
  269. [269]
    RESIDENT IDENTITY CARDS LAW - AsianLII
    Article 8 A resident identity card shall be signed and issued by the public security organ under the people's government at the county level at the place where ...Missing: history | Show results with:history
  270. [270]
    One Card to Rule Them All: The History of China's ID System
    Apr 11, 2024 · Since 1999, each citizen has been assigned a unique 18-digit citizen number to go with their card. The first six digits reflect the person's ...Missing: format | Show results with:format
  271. [271]
    Responses to Information Requests - Immigration and Refugee Board
    In June 2003, China adopted the new Law of the PRC on Resident Identification Cards, effective 1 January 2004 (ibid.). Although the Regulations were repealed ...Missing: history | Show results with:history
  272. [272]
    New Version of Foreign Permanent Resident ID Card to be Issued in ...
    Dec 1, 2023 · China announced its new Foreign Permanent Resident ID Card, effective from December 1, 2023. We explain the key changes and benefits.
  273. [273]
    HKID Number. Details - Digital Policy Office
    An HKID is a unique reference for a Hong Kong ID holder. It has a 7-8 digit number, up to 2 letters, and a check digit of 0-9 or A.Missing: history | Show results with:history
  274. [274]
    Residency for Tax Purposes and Taxpayer Identification Number (TIN)
    Apr 24, 2025 · The TIN equivalent for individuals includes all letters and numerals of the HKID number, including the letter or numeral in the bracket (but ...<|control11|><|separator|>
  275. [275]
    [PDF] Code of Practice on the Identity Card Number and Other Personal ...
    This code of practice, issued by the Privacy Commissioner, provides guidance on personal identifiers, including the HKID card number, under the Personal Data ( ...
  276. [276]
    Hong Kong Identity Cards - Immigration Department
    Hong Kong identity cards have been issued in the form of smart card since 2003. Information on the features and benefits of the smart identity card ...Missing: history | Show results with:history
  277. [277]
    Identity Cards - Immigration Department
    A completed and signed application form ROP122 · A copy of your Hong Kong identity card or travel document · A written and signed request containing the reason ...
  278. [278]
    The Smart Identity Card | Immigration Department
    Hong Kong identity cards are issued in the form of smart cards, each embedded with an integrated circuit or 'chip' that stores and processes data.
  279. [279]
    Home - Unique Identification Authority of India | Government of India
    UIDAI is mandated to issue an easily verifiable 12 digit random number as Unique Identity - Aadhaar to all Residents of India.Aadhaar Generation · About your · Get Aadhaar · Update Your Aadhaar
  280. [280]
    Aadhaar Enrolment - Unique Identification Authority of India
    The Aadhaar enrolment process includes visiting Enrolment Centre, filling the enrolment form, getting demographic and biometric data captured, submitting proof ...
  281. [281]
    Constitutionality of Aadhaar Act: Judgment Summary
    On September 26th 2018, the Court upheld the constitutional validity of the Aadhaar Act, while striking down certain provisions as unconstitutional.
  282. [282]
    Get Aadhaar - Unique Identification Authority of India
    Yes. You may visit any UIDAI-run Aadhaar Seva Kendra to download your Aadhaar and get a printout. At ASK you would be required to provide your Aadhaar number.
  283. [283]
    Crores of dead people live as Aadhaar ghosts; UIDAI ... - India Today
    Jul 16, 2025 · ... issued by state governments and updates from family members. The UIDAI was set up in 2009 and issued its first Aadhaar number on September ...
  284. [284]
    Aadhaar enrolment gets tougher as UIDAI rolls out new norms to ...
    Jul 11, 2025 · In March 2025 alone, UIDAI generated two million new Aadhaar numbers and processed updates for 19.1 million existing records. Nearly all ...
  285. [285]
    UIDAI records 221 crore Aadhaar authentication transactions ... - PIB
    Sep 4, 2025 · Aadhaar number holders executed over 221 crore authentication transactions in August 2025, more than the previous month this year as well as ...
  286. [286]
    Over 284 Cr Aadhaar Authentications in January 2025; 32% jump ...
    Over 284 Cr Aadhaar Authentications in January 2025; 32% jump y-o-y. It indicates growth of the digital economy with Aadhaar playing an integral role.Missing: issuance | Show results with:issuance
  287. [287]
    Aadhaar can't be standalone proof of citizenship, says SC | India News
    Sep 2, 2025 · The Supreme Court has declined to direct the Election Commission to accept Aadhaar as sole proof of citizenship for Bihar voter list enrollment, ...
  288. [288]
    [PDF] reportable - Supreme Court of India
    Oct 24, 2024 · On appeal to the High Court, vide judgment and order dated 9th March, ... documents for Aadhaar enrolment, provided on the UIDAI website.
  289. [289]
    The Indian Supreme Court's Aadhaar judgment — A privacy analysis
    Oct 9, 2018 · The Supreme Court of India recently, by a 4 to 1 majority, upheld the constitutional validity of the Aadhaar project, after some minor tweaks and suggestions.
  290. [290]
    Aadhaar Services - Unique Identification Authority of India
    Aadhaar number holder can check his/her Aadhaar Authentication history from UIDAI Website https://resident.uidai.gov.in/aadhaar-auth-history or through ...
  291. [291]
    [PDF] indonesia-tin.pdf - OECD
    Starting from 14 July 2022, the NPWP structure comprises of 16-digit numerals only. Kependudukan/NIK) issued by the Government of the Republic of Indonesia. ...
  292. [292]
    Some Facts About NIN As Individual TIN - Direktorat Jenderal Pajak
    Feb 1, 2023 · The pattern of the number in TIN now is 16 digits, just like the nature of the pattern of Indonesian NIN that consist of 16 numbers. For ...
  293. [293]
    New 16-Digit Tax ID: Integrating NIK, NPWP, and Business ID
    Jul 3, 2024 · Effective July 1, 2024, taxpayers are required to use their NIK as their NPWP, which is now formatted as a 16-digit number, and the Business Location ...
  294. [294]
    Ministry of Finance: Integration of NIK, NPWP Aims to Realize ...
    Feb 22, 2024 · Deni further said that starting July 1, 2024, the NIK will be fully implemented as the NPWP for tax payers of resident individuals and 16-digit ...
  295. [295]
    [PDF] Report Iran Passports, ID and civil status documents - Landinfo
    Jan 5, 2021 · 40). At birth registration, Iranian citizens receive a national ID number. The number has ten digits and is composed of an area code that ...<|separator|>
  296. [296]
    https://www.iraniancitizen.com/post/understanding-the-iranian-national-id-card
  297. [297]
    “Iran: The National Smart Card, including the issuing agency, the ...
    Jan 16, 2015 · The National Smart Card, including the issuing agency, the requirements to obtain the card, areas where the card is being issued, card format, information and ...
  298. [298]
    Iranian national card - دفتر خدماتی وست‌وود | Westwood Services
    Smart national card is a digital identity document with a chip. This card includes encrypted information such as fingerprint, marital status, identity ...
  299. [299]
    Responses to Information Requests - Immigration and Refugee Board
    The same publication states that Iranian National Identity Cards are issued by the PSRO headquarters to "all persons over 15 years" of age, are valid for 7 ...
  300. [300]
    Announcement on the extension of Unified Smart ID Cards' validity
    Sep 22, 2024 · The validity of Unified Smart ID Cards is extended for six months, until 20 March 2025.
  301. [301]
    Iran starts issuing ID cards for nationals residing in U.S.
    Sep 25, 2022 · The first identity card for Iranians living in the United States was issued on Friday, IRNA reported. National ID cards will be also available for Iranians ...
  302. [302]
    National ID Card as a New Tool to Oppress Minorities in Iran
    Feb 14, 2020 · Iranian need these 11 digits' identification numbers for any financial transactions, including opening a bank account and buying property.
  303. [303]
    Israel National Id | Download PII Data Examples - Protecto AI
    In Israel, an identity number (Hebrew: מספר זהות Mispar Zehut) is issued to all Israeli citizens at birth by the Ministry of the Interior. It is composed of ...Missing: history | Show results with:history
  304. [304]
    Get a population registry extract - Gov.il
    Israeli citizens and residents can use this service to get an official population registry extract (certificate of registration).
  305. [305]
    Post Aliyah -Securing Your Teudat Zehut (Israeli ID)
    Oct 30, 2024 · To get a Teudat Zehut, visit Misrad HaPnim with your Aliyah visa, passport, and proof of address. You'll receive a temporary ID, and the ...
  306. [306]
    Israel TIN number guide | Lookup Tax
    Jan 19, 2024 · The structure includes a one-digit prefix, followed by seven digits, and concludes with a final check digit.<|separator|>
  307. [307]
    What id number to use for Israeli residents? - Facebook
    Sep 17, 2025 · If someone tells you a new Oleh (immigrant) in 2025 has an Israeli ID number (Mispar Zehut) that starts with a zero, it's highly improbable ...
  308. [308]
    When Your Mispar Zehut is Six Digits - Field of Dreams
    Nov 16, 2017 · Those missing three digits from our zehut numbers symbolize our late appearance on the scene. We have a lot of catching up to do.
  309. [309]
    Teudat Zehut - Israeli Identification
    Nov 26, 2023 · Teudat Zehut is an Israeli personal ID issued to adults at 16, with a card and paper addendum. The ID number is used freely.
  310. [310]
    Get an Israeli ID card | Population and Immigration Authority - Gov.il
    Get an Israeli ID card · Population and Immigration Authority · Piba Central Contact Center · Dial from a landline: 1-222-3450 · Dial from abroad: +972-2-6294666.
  311. [311]
    Teudat Zehut: How to apply for Israeli biometric ID card
    To apply for a Teudat Zehut, book an appointment at Misrad Hapnim, bring background checks, and be present. The card will be couriered to your address.Components Of The Israeli Id... · Biometric Teudat Zehut · Activating The Biometric...
  312. [312]
    Change of details in Israel's Population Registry
    Feb 21, 2025 · The Importance of the Population Registry. The Population Registry is where the Israeli government stores personal details about its residents.
  313. [313]
    About My Number System｜Digital Agency
    Oct 14, 2025 · It is a 12-digit number assigned to all Japanese residents who have resident records. My Number is used for administrative procedures stipulated ...
  314. [314]
    My Number Card security｜Digital Agency
    Mar 27, 2025 · My Number System is not a "centralized management" system that allows the government to gather, manage, and view all information in one ...
  315. [315]
    [PDF] For Foreign Nationals About the My Number System
    You will be provided a 12 digit My Number when you create a resident certificate for the first time after your arrival in Japan. Please be aware of the ...
  316. [316]
    [PDF] he Privacy, Data Protection and Cybersecurity Law Review
    (the Number Use Act, also called the Social Security and Tax Number Act) was enacted on. 13 May 2013,77 and provides for the implementation of a national ...
  317. [317]
    “My Number”: Portal to a Digital Society | Nippon.com
    Nov 16, 2015 · Japan's first nationwide social security and tax identification system will go into effect January 2016. Under the new system, dubbed My Number, ...Missing: date structure
  318. [318]
    [PDF] Act on the Use of Numbers to Identify a Specific Individual in the ...
    (Effective Date). Article 1. This Act shall come into effect as of the date specified by Cabinet Order within a period not exceeding three years from the date ...Missing: enactment | Show results with:enactment
  319. [319]
    About My Number Card｜Digital Agency
    Aug 22, 2025 · My Number Card can be used not only as a document to certify the My Number, but also as a identity verification document, online application ...Missing: concerns | Show results with:concerns
  320. [320]
    Japan may provide support to boost rollout of smartphone-based ...
    Jan 11, 2025 · However, only 18.52% of patients used their My Number cards as health insurance cards at medical institutions as of November 2024. The new ...
  321. [321]
    Japan's My Number ID Cards Linked to Wrong Data in 1000s of Cases
    May 13, 2023 · The data breach issues were identified from October 2021 to November 2022, the Health, Labor and Welfare Ministry revealed Friday.
  322. [322]
    Personal info leak cases hit record high in Japan in fiscal 2024
    Jun 10, 2025 · Personal data leaks involving My Number personal identification numbers reported under the My Number law climbed to 2,052 cases from 334 in ...
  323. [323]
    Japan PM calls for review of all "My Number" card data by end of Nov.
    Aug 8, 2023 · The government has found around 1,000 new cases where My Number cards were mistakenly linked with the medical information of other individuals, ...Missing: breaches | Show results with:breaches
  324. [324]
    Data protection laws in Japan
    Jan 20, 2025 · The Act on the Protection of Personal Information (APPI) regulates privacy protection issues in Japan and the Personal Information Protection Commission (PPC).
  325. [325]
    Individual identification number (IIN) - Egov
    Feb 20, 2024 · IIN is a unique combination of 12 digits generated automatically based on the principles of uniqueness and immutability.
  326. [326]
    [PDF] kazakhstan-tin.pdf - OECD
    For individuals, the IIN is indicated in the identity card at the bottom right of the photo, for legal entities - in the certificate of state registration of a ...
  327. [327]
    IIN in Kazakstan: how to register and obtain - DOS Immigration
    Oct 29, 2024 · IIN (Individual Identification Number) is a number that is unique and consists of 12 numbers. The IIN is assigned to an individual once and for a life.
  328. [328]
    On National registers of identification numbers - "Adilet" LIS - Әділет
    An individual identification number for foreigners and stateless persons is formed when they are on the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan and only upon ...
  329. [329]
    Obtaining Kazakhstani IIN in foreign institutions in 2025
    Jan 31, 2025 · As of today, Kazakhstan has launched a new pilot project for obtaining IIN in Kazakhstan's foreign offices for foreign persons from 100 countries.Missing: details | Show results with:details
  330. [330]
    Obtaining IIN for Foreigners at Kazakhstan's Embassies ... - wpk.kz
    Apr 18, 2025 · The project provides a public service for the issuance and correction of the Individual Identification Number (IIN) for foreigners and stateless persons.
  331. [331]
    Kazakhstan Tax ID Number (TIN) Guide - TaxDo
    TIN Format and Structure. IIN Format (for individuals):. Structure: The IIN is a 12-digit number. The first part (the first six digits) represents the birth ...<|separator|>
  332. [332]
    Obtaining IIN and BIN in Kazakhstan
    The first six digits indicate the date, month, day of your birth; · The seventh digit is your gender and age of birth: Male, born in the 19th century;; Female, ...
  333. [333]
    Obtaining an IIN - International Migration Company
    It is located on the front and back side of the ID card of a citizen of Kazakhstan of a new sample (from 1 December 2014). On the front side, lower left corner, ...
  334. [334]
    OBTAINING A FOREIGNER'S IIN ‣ Independent Legal Partnership
    Individual identification numbers (IIN) are widely used in the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan for individuals to receive public services, ...Missing: national | Show results with:national
  335. [335]
    Obtaining an IIN for non-residents (foreigners) in the Republic of ...
    Aug 5, 2024 · "Individual Identification Number" (IIN) is needed to receive any digital public services in Kazakhstan. Conventionally, this is a unique ...
  336. [336]
    Obtaining IIN for non-residents - Corporate immigration company
    Individual identification number (hereinafter - IIN) - is a unique combination of 12 digits, which is formed automatically taking into account the principles ...
  337. [337]
    Foreigners can obtain an Individual Identification Number (IIN ... - PwC
    To obtain IIN, foreign citizen must personally submit the following documents to Kazakhstan embassy or consulate abroad: Application in the specified form.
  338. [338]
    [PDF] KUWAIT Information on Tax Identification Numbers Section I – TIN ...
    Response: Individuals: Their 12-digit Civil ID numbers issued by the Public Authority for Civil Information (PACI) which contains the person's date of birth. ...
  339. [339]
    How to Check National Identification Number in Kuwait? 2025
    Kuwait's Civil ID number follows a standardized format that encodes personal information in a simple 12-digit string. Format: NYYMMDDNNNNN. Here's what it means ...Kuwait Civil ID Number Format... · Why Is the Kuwait Civil ID...
  340. [340]
    PACI Services - The Public Authority for Civil Information
    Card Status; Card Renewal; Address Availability; Card Validity; Establishment & Address Request; MOI to Civil Number. Civil ID or Envelope No. Submit.
  341. [341]
    Kuwait Government Online Inquiring about Civil ID Status
    Inquiring about Civil ID Status. This service is provided by Public Authority For Civil Information. Skip Navigation Links Kuwait Government OnlineCivil ID Renewal for Expatriates · Civil ID Renewal for Kuwaiti... · About Kuwait
  342. [342]
    Kuwait: Five-Year Civil IDs Issued for Wives of Citizens with ...
    PACI has announced that the issuance of new civil ID cards for this group will commence by the end of this month. These civil ID cards, valid ...<|separator|>
  343. [343]
    PUBLIC AUTHORITY FOR CIVIL INFORMATION MARKS ... - KUNA
    Apr 30, 2002 · IN 1986, ALL THE CITIZENS AND RESIDENTS WERE GIVEN IDENTIFICATION CARDS AND MANY FIELD STUDIES AND POLLS WERE CARRIED OUT BY THE AUTHORITY OVER ...
  344. [344]
    Kuwait Government Online multi – civil renewal and payments
    Kuwait Government Online > Citizens and Residents > Personal and Family > Civil ID Renewal. This service allows citizens and residents to do Multi-Civil ids ...
  345. [345]
    What is State of Kuwait Civil id Card & Its Types Guide 2025
    Civil ID Number: A unique identification number assigned to each individual, crucial for all administrative processes. Date of Birth: The holder's birth date, ...State of Kuwait Civil ID Card... · Structure and Information...
  346. [346]
    Kuwait - Travel.gov - U.S. Department of State
    Available. Fees: 2 Kuwaiti Dinars. Document Name: Civil ID card /البطاقة المدنية. Issuing Authority: Public Authority for Civil Information (PACI). Special Seal ...
  347. [347]
    Malaysia National Registration Identity Card (NRIC) - AJobThing
    Dec 19, 2024 · The Malaysia National Registration Identity Card (NRIC or MyKad) is an official identification card issued to Malaysian citizens and permanent residents.
  348. [348]
    Portal JPN - Identity Card
    Identity Card · MyKad Application For Children Aged 12 · Late Registration Of Identity Card (MyKad Or MyPR) · Application For Identity Card (MyKad Or MyPR) ...MyKad Application For... · English · Application For Replacement...
  349. [349]
    PERSONAL IDENTIFICATION | MyKad Registration - MyGOV
    MyKad Registration. Information includes MyKad processes for Children for 12 years old, Identity Card (MyPR) for Children 12 years old Or First Time ...
  350. [350]
    MyKad - Shaping The Future Of Malaysia's Digital Citizens - Bernama
    Aug 18, 2025 · MyKad, or the Government Multipurpose Identity Card, was introduced in 2001 as one of the seven flagship applications under the Multimedia Super ...
  351. [351]
    MyGOV - PERSONAL IDENTIFICATION | MyKad Application
    A citizen who was not resident in Malaysia from age 12 to 16 must register for the identity card within 30 days of the date of arrival in Malaysia.
  352. [352]
    Malaysia identification card number entity definition | Microsoft Learn
    Aug 19, 2024 · Format. 12 digits containing optional hyphens. Pattern. 12 digits: six digits in the format YYMMDD, which are the date of birth ...Missing: structure | Show results with:structure
  353. [353]
    MyKad in Malaysia: Types, Features, and Differences - ClearTax
    Oct 21, 2024 · MyKid (Kad Pengenalan Kanak-Kanak / Malaysian Children's Identity Card) ... The format of the MyKad number consists of 12 digits in the ...
  354. [354]
    e-Invoicing in Malaysia: Understanding Tax Identification Number ...
    Apr 4, 2024 · The NRIC number structure comprises 12 digits, each conveying specific information about the cardholder. The first 6 digits represent the date ...
  355. [355]
    Malaysia Identification Card Number| Download PII Data Examples
    What is the Malaysia Identification Card Number? The current format of the Malaysian identity card number, introduced in 1990, features 12 digits separated ...Missing: structure | Show results with:structure
  356. [356]
    Malaysia's MyKad ID card to get upgraded security - Biometric Update
    Aug 18, 2025 · Standard uses for MyKad in Malaysia include basic ID verification, for hospital or toll or parking payments, and for receiving financial aid. ...
  357. [357]
    MyKad Registration | Application for the Replacement of Identity Card
    Application for identity card replacement includes the application for the replacement of a damaged or lost card, change of address on the card, replacement at ...
  358. [358]
    National Identity Card - NADRA
    You can apply for your NIC by either visiting NADRA Registration Center (NRC) or through Pak Identity Mobile App. · Visit the nearest NADRA Registration Center ( ...
  359. [359]
    About NADRA
    NADRA set out on the journey of Civil Registration of all Pakistanis in March 2000 and in a short span of time NADRA's team indigenously created a state of the ...
  360. [360]
    Technology in the Service of Development: The NADRA Story
    Nov 7, 2014 · To recap a little, Pakistan's first registration office was established by Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, Benazir's father, in 1973 under Article 30 of ...
  361. [361]
    [PDF] pakistan-tin.pdf - OECD
    CNIC number is a 13 digit (XXXXX-XXXXXX-X), which may be broken down into following: a. 1st digit: The very first digit of a CNIC number shows the province e.g. ...
  362. [362]
    NADRA mandates national identity card for citizens upon turning 18
    Dec 27, 2024 · The National Database and Registration Authority (NADRA) has made it mandatory for every citizen to obtain a national identity card upon reaching the age of 18.
  363. [363]
    National Identity Card for Overseas Pakistanis (NICOP) - NADRA
    The NICOP is for Pakistani citizens abroad with dual nationality, allowing visa-free travel to Pakistan. It is for citizens of countries like Australia, Canada ...
  364. [364]
    National Registration Act 1965 - Singapore Statutes Online
    The National Registration Act 1965 is for the registration of persons in Singapore, the issue of identity cards, and related purposes.<|separator|>
  365. [365]
    National Registration Act of 1965 - SG101
    May 9, 2022 · #OnThisDay (9 May) in 1966, Singaporeans began registering for pink and blue identity cards, after the National Registration Act of 1965 took ...Missing: history | Show results with:history
  366. [366]
    Register Identity Card for 15-year-olds - Singapore - ICA
    Sep 22, 2025 · The Identity Card (IC) is a compulsory document that Singapore citizens and permanent residents must register when they reach the age of 15 (before their 16 th ...
  367. [367]
    ICA | What is the difference between Identity Card (IC) Number and ...
    May 23, 2025 · National Registration Identity Card (NRIC) number is a unique 9-character alpha-numeric identification number, with prefix 'S' or 'T', issued ...
  368. [368]
    What does it mean for Singaporeans now that NRIC numbers will be ...
    Dec 16, 2024 · Those born before the year 2000 have NRIC numbers prefixed with “S”, while those born after the turn of the millennium have NRIC numbers ...
  369. [369]
    Creation of Singapore Identity Number — NRIC | by Ivan - Medium
    Aug 4, 2020 · For Singapore citizens and permanent residents born in 1968 and after, their NRIC number will start with their year of birth e.g. 71xxxxx#. For ...
  370. [370]
    The NRIC Check Digit Algorithm: Unbelievable facts to know about
    The NRIC check digit algorithm is used to validate the NRIC, a compulsory identity document for Singapore citizens and permanent residents, using a checksum.
  371. [371]
    Chue Wai Lian's Singapore NRIC Check Program - OoCities.org
    Dec 26, 2007 · The steps involved in the computation are as follows: Multiply each digit in the NRIC number by its weight. Add together the above products. For ...
  372. [372]
    Immigration & Checkpoints Authority - ICA | Our Heritage
    Mar 6, 2024 · 1966 - 69: With the introduction of the National Registration Act, two types of identity cards were issued for citizens and permanent residents.
  373. [373]
    https://www.ica.gov.sg/news-and-publications/newsroom/media-release/new-m-fin-series-to-be-introduced-from-1-january-2022
  374. [374]
    National Identification Numbers and the NRIC | SPIC
    Rating 5.0 (105) The NRIC is the legal ID for Singapore citizens and permanent residents, with a unique nine-digit number. It is issued by the Immigration and Checkpoints ...
  375. [375]
    National Registration Regulations - Singapore Statutes Online
    (3) A registration officer or a police officer may, in his discretion, require a person in possession of an identity card which, in the opinion of the ...Missing: mandatory | Show results with:mandatory
  376. [376]
    Resident registration number - KoreanLII
    The resident registration number (the "RR number", 주민등록번호/住民登錄番號) shall be given to each Korean citizen at birth or by naturalization.Missing: details | Show results with:details
  377. [377]
    Residence Card > Immigration > Overview > ibs
    The 13-digit number with a dash in the middle of your ID card is your resident registration number. The first six digits are your birthday in YYMMDD format. So ...
  378. [378]
    Law Viewer - Statutes of the Republic of Korea
    ENFORCEMENT DECREE OF THE RESIDENT REGISTRATION ACT. Wholly Amended by Presidential Decree No. 20615, Feb. 22, 2008. Amended by Presidential Decree No.
  379. [379]
    South Korea resident registration number entity definition
    Aug 19, 2024 · South Korea resident registration number · Format. Thirteen digits containing a hyphen · Pattern. 13 digits: · Checksum. No · Keyword Highlighting.Format · PatternMissing: details | Show results with:details
  380. [380]
    What is the format of a Korean Alien Registration Number (ARN)?
    Nov 3, 2021 · Foreigners residing in South Korea receive an alien registration number (ARN) rather than a RRN. These numbers follow a different encoding pattern.<|separator|>
  381. [381]
    Paradox of Trust: Korean Resident Registration Numbers | OPEN NET
    May 28, 2014 · RRN was made for the purpose of identifying spies in 1970's. The theory was that, if all Koreans receive a number each, whoever does not have it ...
  382. [382]
    Korea Rolls Back 'Real Name' and ID Number Surveillance
    Dec 10, 2012 · In August 2012 South Korea's Constitutional Court unanimously held that the 'real name' statute is unconstitutional.
  383. [383]
    [PDF] The Evolution of the Resident Registration System in Korea
    In Korea, the Resident Registration System (RRS) is the national identification system that collects a citizen's biometric data, such as their facial ...
  384. [384]
    [PDF] On the Guessability of Resident Registration Numbers in South Korea
    A RRN is a government issued 13-digit identification number assigned to South Korean residents, which is used when residents register online or make online ...<|separator|>
  385. [385]
    26.6% of Netizens have had their resident registration identity ...
    Regarding the problem of fraudulent use of resident registration numbers, no less than 26.6% of respondents reported that they had actually “experienced not ...
  386. [386]
    Leaks May Face a Fine of up to 0.5 Billion Korean Won - Inside Privacy
    Aug 7, 2013 · Korea Strengthens Protection for 'Resident Registration Numbers' (RRNs): Leaks May Face a Fine of up to 0.5 Billion Korean Won · No consent-based ...Missing: issues | Show results with:issues
  387. [387]
    Data protection laws in South Korea
    Jan 20, 2025 · The main laws that apply to the handling of data about individuals are the Personal Information Protection Act (“PIPA”), the Act on the Use and ...
  388. [388]
    [PDF] Identity Card Act B.E. 2526 (1983)
    The Identity Card Act requires Thais aged 7-17 with a house registration to get a card. Application must be within 60 days of certain events.
  389. [389]
    Thai Civil Registration and Vital Statistics and Unique Identification ...
    A unique identification number (UIN) system was implemented in 1982, along with a computerized CR database system. The Thai citizen identification card has ...Missing: national | Show results with:national
  390. [390]
    Thai population identification code entity definition - Microsoft Learn
    Aug 19, 2024 · Thai population identification code · Format. 13 digits · Pattern. 13 digits: first digit isn't zero or nine · Checksum. Yes · Keyword Highlighting.Format · Pattern
  391. [391]
    Verifying Thai Personal Identification Number (PIN) And Citizen ...
    Nov 20, 2024 · The 13 digits are not just a random sequence but follow a structured format, with each digit carrying a specific meaning to distinguish ...
  392. [392]
    Pink Thai ID Card for Foreigners - Isaan Lawyers
    This is an official ID from Thailand, with your name in Thai and your Thai ID number. It will also fix the spelling of your Thai name.
  393. [393]
    Emirates ID | The Official Portal of the UAE Government
    Dec 30, 2024 · Emirates ID is a mandatory UAE government-issued identity card for citizens and residents, used for government services, voting, and travel ...
  394. [394]
    Read ID Card Personal Information - Federal Authority for Identity ...
    The Emirates ID card contains detailed information about the card holders identity as well as the card itself, such as card number, ID number, name, ...
  395. [395]
    Emirates ID and the greatest achievement
    Emirates ID and the greatest achievement. Sunday 10 February 2013. Some 9 years have elapsed since the Emirates Identity Authority was established in 2004.Missing: history | Show results with:history
  396. [396]
    Federal Authority for Identity, Citizenship, Customs & Port Security
    Established on September 29, 2004, under Federal Law No. (2) of 2004, it was originally known as the Emirates Identity Authority. The primary aim of the ...
  397. [397]
    Emirates ID hits record number with 4.6 million eID cards printed in ...
    Sep 25, 2012 · The Emirates ID printed 4.6 million eID cards by September 20, 2012, a record number, up from 1.7 million in the same period last year.
  398. [398]
    Emirates ID Format - Understand Everything About UAE ID Number
    Nov 2, 2024 · The Emirates ID number is a unique 15-digit identifier found in the center of every Emirates ID card, formatted like this: 784-1234-1234567-1.
  399. [399]
    784 Number in Emirates ID: The Ultimate Guide You Must Know ...
    784 → UAE country code · YYYY → Cardholder's year of birth · ####### → A unique seven-digit personal identifier · # → A final verification digit for security.Missing: breakdown | Show results with:breakdown
  400. [400]
    Emirates ID: identification in the United Arab Emirates | Expatica
    The card will have your name, your photo, and your 15-digit ID number, as well as your nationality.
  401. [401]
    National database systems on population and ID issuance takes the ...
    On February 25, 2021, the Ministry of Public Security officially launched the national database systems on population and citizen identification card issuance ...
  402. [402]
    Law on Identity - Vietnam Law and Legal Forum
    May 10, 2024 · Under Article 31 of the Law, every Vietnamese citizen will be granted an electronic identity card, which will be valid for proving the holder's ...Missing: details format
  403. [403]
    Meaning of the Citizen Identification Number in Hanoi, Vietnam
    Feb 3, 2023 · Personal identification number is a sequence of natural numbers consisting of 12 numbers, showing the following information.
  404. [404]
    New design of identity card effective as of July 1, 2024
    Jun 23, 2024 · The QR code-encoded information includes Personal identification number; Full name (surname, middle name and given name); Date of birth; Sex; ...Missing: system | Show results with:system
  405. [405]
    Citizen identification number as tax identification number - Proton tech
    Jun 24, 2025 · Citizen ID number replaces tax identification number from July 1. Beginning July 1, 2025, Vietnamese citizens who have been issued a citizen ID ...
  406. [406]
    Use of PIN as tax code for Vietnamese and Issuance of E ...
    Jul 4, 2025 · USE OF PERSONAL IDENTIFICATION NUMBER AS TAX CODE FOR VIETNAMESE CITIZENS AND ISSUANCE OF ELECTRONIC IDENTIFICATION FOR FOREIGNERS.
  407. [407]
    Vietnam shifts to citizen ID for all social insurance procedures
    Aug 7, 2025 · Starting August 1, citizen ID numbers will serve as the official ID for social insurance, marking a milestone in administrative modernization.
  408. [408]
    [PPT] ZMR – Zentrales Melderegister
    Jede Person im ZMR erhält eine eindeutige, 12-stellige Identifikationsnummer, die sogenannte ZMR-Zahl. ZMR – Zentrales Melderegister. 3. Wer kann das ZMR ...
  409. [409]
    Zentrales Melderegister (ZMR) - Oesterreich.gv.at
    Sep 11, 2025 · Im ZMR werden die Identitätsdaten ( z.B. Name, Geschlecht, Geburtsdatum, ZMR -Zahl, Staatsangehörigkeit etc. ) und die Wohnsitzdaten von ...Meldeauskunft · An-/Abmeldung des Wohnsitzes · Meldebehörde · Hauptwohnsitz
  410. [410]
    SZR / ERnP - Zentrales Melderegister - Bundesministerium für Inneres
    Feb 5, 2025 · ... ZMR Zahl oder der Ordnungsnummer des ERnP abgeleitet wird. Aus der Stammzahl werden die bPK's abgeleitet. Das Bundesministerium für Finanzen ...
  411. [411]
    Identifikation im elektronischen Verfahren
    Die Lösung ist die ZMR-Zahl aus dem zentralen Melderegister. Jede Person, die in Österreich gemeldet ist, erhält eine ZMR-Zahl, die ihr lebenslang erhalten ...
  412. [412]
    Aufenthaltsermittlung in Österreich - Deutsche Botschaft Wien
    Jede Person hat ihre persönliche ZMR-Zahl. Sie steht auf der Meldebestätigung, ist im Zentralen Melderegister gespeichert und begleitet die Bürgerin ...
  413. [413]
    Identity card - Oesterreich.gv.at
    Jul 3, 2024 · An identity card is a travel document, and can be for Austrians living abroad, and for minors under 18.
  414. [414]
    Austria social security number entity definition | Microsoft Learn
    Jan 27, 2025 · 10 digits: three digits that correspond to a serial number; one check digit; six digits that correspond to the birth date (DDMMYY with valid MM ...Missing: identification | Show results with:identification
  415. [415]
    Veröffentlichungen der Stammzahlenregisterbehörde
    Die Stammzahl wird durch eine symmetrische Verschlüsselung der Zahl der Eintragung im Zentralen Melderegisters (ZMR-Zahl) gebildet. Eine dauerhafte Speicherung ...
  416. [416]
    Datenschutz - ID Austria
    Die Stammzahl ist eine Ableitung aus der ZMR -Zahl (das ist die Zahl des Zentralen Melderegisters, in das Bürgerinnen/Bürger mit ordentlichem Wohnsitz in ...
  417. [417]
    Where can I find my national registration number? | Help Centre
    The national registration number is a unique identification number of natural persons who are registered in Belgium. Every citizen having either a Belgian ...
  418. [418]
    National number - informatieplatform voor asielzoekers in België
    You find the number at the top of your annex from the Immigration Office and on your immatriculation certificate (orange card).
  419. [419]
    [PDF] The National Register, the Belgian eID-card, and some lessons ...
    The composition of this number was fixed by the Royal Decree of April the 3rd 1984 (M.D. of 21/4/1984) and modified by the Royal Decision of November the 11th ...
  420. [420]
    National Register Number - Dodona
    Belgian ID card where the national register number is marked with a red arrow. The national register number consists of 11 digits: A first group of six digits ...
  421. [421]
    What is the National number (BE)?
    The National Register number is made up of 11 digits in the following format: xx.xx.xx-xxx.xx The first six figures correspond with the person's date of birth, ...
  422. [422]
    Belgium Tax ID Number (TIN) Guide - TaxDo
    TIN Format and Structure. The formats and structures for Belgium's TINs are as follows: Numéro National (NN) / Rijksregisternummer (RRN): An 11-digit number ...
  423. [423]
    INSZ - Sociale Zekerheid
    Het INSZ komt overeen met het rijksregisternummer. Aan werknemers die niet in het Rijksregister opgenomen zijn, wordt een bis-nummer toegekend uit het bis ...
  424. [424]
    Strict conditions for consultation / use of the National Register ...
    May 12, 2021 · In Belgium, the national register number is accorded special protection. Indeed, the processing of the national register number is, in principle ...
  425. [425]
    Danish civil registration number (CPR number) - Nordic cooperation
    Since 1968, Denmark has kept a register of everyone who lives or has lived in Denmark. This register is called the Central Person Register (CPR).
  426. [426]
    [PDF] Denmark | OECD
    Natural persons: In Denmark the TIN equals the Danish CPR number. The CPR number is issued after the rules in the Civil Registration System Act by the ...
  427. [427]
    Danish Social Security Number (CPR) - Aarhus University
    The Danish Social Security Number (CPR number) is widely used in Denmark when dealing with public authorities, health authorities, libraries, banks etc.<|separator|>
  428. [428]
    CPR number - International.kk.dk
    The CPR number consists of ten digits. The first six digits are your date of birth (day, month and year) while the last four digits provide a unique ...
  429. [429]
    When you arrive - Lifeindenmark.dk
    When you register an address at the local municipality, you will also be given a Danish CPR number. You therefore need an EU residence document before you can ...
  430. [430]
    CPR registration | International House Copenhagen
    You can apply for a CPR registration, if you have a place to live in Denmark and plan to stay for more than 3 months.
  431. [431]
    [PDF] Estonia - Information on Tax Identification Numbers Section I – TIN ...
    An Estonian personal identification code consists of 11 digits, generally given without any whitespace or other delimiters. The form is GYYMMDDSSSC, where G ...<|separator|>
  432. [432]
    [PDF] eID Estonian experience
    Natural persons' identity management history begins in 1992, when the. Personal Identity Code (PIC) - a unique number assigned to every Estonian citizen and ...
  433. [433]
    The History of Digital Identity in Estonia - Cybernetica
    Feb 17, 2020 · In 2007, the very convenient Mobile-ID was released. This achieved the same level of security as a smart card by storing private keys on SIM ...
  434. [434]
    Estonia Personal Identification Code entity definition | Microsoft Learn
    Aug 19, 2024 · one digit that corresponds to sex and century of birth (odd number male, even number female; 1-2: 19th century; 3-4: 20th century; 5-6: 21st ...Format · Pattern
  435. [435]
    Personal identification code - | Tartu linn
    Mar 19, 2025 · A personal identification code is comprised of 11 digits, the first indicating a person's sex and the next six their date of birth. The next ...
  436. [436]
    Estonia TIN number guide | Lookup Tax
    Jan 19, 2024 · An Estonian personal identification code comprises 11 digits, typically presented without any spaces or delimiters. The format is GYYMMDDSSSC, ...
  437. [437]
    Personal identification code formation | Tallinn
    The employer receives a personal identification code for an employee from a third country by registering the alien's short-term employment in Estonia.
  438. [438]
    The ID-card turned 20 years old | RIA
    Jan 28, 2022 · The first 174 ID-cards were ceremoniously handed over on 28 January 2002 in the Old Town studio in Tallinn, and the first document was received ...
  439. [439]
    Personal identity code | Digital and population data services agency
    A personal identity code is issued to a person who is registered in Finland's Population Information System. Personal identity codes were introduced in Finland ...
  440. [440]
    Personal identity code - Rights and obligations - Suomi.fi
    Feb 24, 2025 · The personal identity code is a means of identification that is more specific than a name.
  441. [441]
    [PDF] Validating and Extracting Information from National Identification ...
    Jun 3, 2025 · DD: day, MM: month, YY: year, C: century marker, N: individual number / serial number, Q: check digit or a control character.
  442. [442]
    What makes Finland's real world data special? | Health from Data
    In the early 1960s, mathematician Erkki Pale developed a personal identity code for the Finnish salary-related pension system. The personal identity code ...
  443. [443]
    Finnish ID Codes – Key to Combining Data for Your RWE Research
    May 2, 2024 · The system was introduced already in the 1960s, and today, it benefits researchers who collect longitudinal data from multiple Finnish registers ...
  444. [444]
    Personal identity code in connection with a residence permit
    A personal identity code is a number sequence with 11 characters, formed on the basis of your date of birth and your gender.
  445. [445]
    Structural Handling of Finnish Personal Identity Codes • hetu
    hetu is an R package for structural handling of identification codes used in Finland, most importantly Finnish flavour of national identification numbers.
  446. [446]
    Reform of the separators in the personal identity code
    Previously, there was a very limited number of personal identity codes available for each birth date and gender, as before 2023, the separator in the ...
  447. [447]
    Personal identity code in Finland - Nordic cooperation
    As well as completing the online form, to get a personal identity code you must visit a Digital and Population Data Services Agency service location in person.
  448. [448]
    Finnish personal identity codes for workers arriving in Finland - vero.fi
    Sep 8, 2025 · You can request a identity code from the Tax Administration if you need it for tax-related reasons when you start working in Finland. You need ...
  449. [449]
    Personal identity code | Data Protection Ombudsman's Office
    The postal service company's right to ask for the personal identity code and record it is based on the Postal Act (415/2011). Postal service companies ...<|control11|><|separator|>
  450. [450]
    The PIN as an operator of interoperability in the Nordic welfare state
    Jul 23, 2021 · Mathematician and wartime cipher solver Erkki Pale is usually credited with inventing the Finnish PIN (Kinnunen, 1998; Varho, 1993). Working for ...
  451. [451]
    Definition - National Registration Number | Insee
    May 21, 2019 · This identification number is unique to the individual and is composed of 13 figures denoting: sex (1 digit), year of birth (2 digits), month of birth (2 ...
  452. [452]
    The National Register for the Identification of Individuals (RNIPP) at ...
    May 11, 2023 · An identification number is given to each of them, the NIR, better known as the “social security number”. INSEE manages the RNIPP using ...
  453. [453]
    National Directory for the Identification of Natural Persons / RNIPP
    Oct 13, 2016 · The national directory for the identification of natural persons (RNIPP), maintained by INSEE since 1946, is the model for public service registers.
  454. [454]
    German ID Card - Personalausweisportal
    German ID Card. Thanks to its practical format of a typical credit-card the ID card easily fits into your wallet. It is the size of 8.6 cm x 5.4 cm.
  455. [455]
    National identity card - BMI
    Germany's national identity card meets the highest requirements for document security. Its tough security features offer a high level of protection for the ...
  456. [456]
    The identification number - BZSt
    The identification number (IdNo) concerns an eleven-digit number, and does not contain any information about the person concerned. It is permanently valid.
  457. [457]
    Tax ID and Tax Number: Everything You Need to Know! - German tax
    Apr 1, 2021 · Every person who is registered in Germany (or is liable to pay taxes here) automatically receives an 11-digit tax ID which is used for all tax purposes and ...
  458. [458]
    Social security number for working in Germany - HalloGermany
    Feb 14, 2025 · The tax ID consists of 11 digits and is issued by the German tax office. How to get your social security number as an employee in Germany. The ...
  459. [459]
    Greece launches Personal Citizen Number for unified digital ID system
    May 28, 2025 · The PCN is the new universal ID for Greek citizens across all public services, and will replace the older numbers issued by various state agencies.
  460. [460]
    Greece Launches Personal Citizen Number, a Unified Digital ID ...
    May 27, 2025 · The PCN is intended to become a universal identifier for citizens across all public services, reducing bureaucracy and streamlining interactions with the state.
  461. [461]
    Issue your Personal Number - Gov.gr
    Select two of the three alphanumeric digits that will be added as a prefix to your Taxisnet number to form your Personal Number. You can then follow the same ...
  462. [462]
    Greece Launches Unified Digital ID System to Modernize Public ...
    May 26, 2025 · The PCN is a 12-digit alphanumeric code, with the first nine digits corresponding to a citizen's AFM. The remaining three digits include two ...
  463. [463]
    Greece Extends Deadline to Nov. 5 for Personal Citizen Numbers
    Aug 28, 2025 · ATHENS – Greek citizens will have until Nov. 5 to pick a unique Personal Numbers under an extended deadline, or be issued one randomly in a ...
  464. [464]
    Greece to Automatically Assign Personal Numbers to All Citizens ...
    Sep 4, 2025 · All Greek citizens and residents will be assigned a Personal Number by Sept 5, 2025. Learn what it is, how to get it, and what it means for ...<|separator|>
  465. [465]
    Official premiere for Personal Number: Everything you need to know ...
    Jun 1, 2025 · The Personal Number will be displayed on the new ID cards (on the back side) and on the digital identity in the gov.gr wallet, as the unique ...
  466. [466]
    Greece national ID card entity definition | Microsoft Learn
    Aug 19, 2024 · Format: Combination of 7-8 letters and numbers plus a dash. Pattern: Seven letters and numbers (old format): Eight letters and numbers (new format):Format · Pattern
  467. [467]
    Greek citizens under deadline to secure their digital ID
    Aug 20, 2025 · Citizens can obtain their PCN immediately by visiting gov.gr, verifying their details against public registries and confirming any corrections ...
  468. [468]
    ID numbers - Kennitala - Þjóðskrá
    ID numbers are composed of ten digits. The first six of these are the individual's date of birth in the format DDMMYY.
  469. [469]
    Getting a National ID Number as an Immigrant | Ísland.is - Island.is
    Every person who lives in Iceland is registered at Registers Iceland and has a national ID number (kennitala), which is a unique, ten-digit number.
  470. [470]
    Get a Personal Public Service (PPS) Number - Government of Ireland
    Oct 10, 2019 · A Personal Public Service (PPS) Number helps you access social welfare benefits, public services and information in Ireland.
  471. [471]
    Personal Public Service Number (PPSN) - Revenue
    Jun 25, 2025 · Your Personal Public Service Number (PPSN) is a unique reference number that is needed for all dealings with public service agencies, including Revenue.
  472. [472]
    Personal Public Service (PPS) Number - MyWelfare
    What is a PPS Number? Your PPS Number is a unique reference number that helps you access social welfare benefits, public services and information in Ireland.
  473. [473]
    Public Services Card - Social Welfare - Citizens Information
    Jul 2, 2025 · A Public Services Card proves your identity to help you access a range of public services such as getting social welfare payments.
  474. [474]
    Ireland's ID card for accessing public services - Digital Freedom Fund
    Ireland recently deployed a “Public Services Card” – an ID card with an electronic chip letting the government store people's personal data (including photos).
  475. [475]
    Che cos'è e a cosa serve il Codice Fiscale? - Fattura24
    È stato introdotto (d.P.R. 605/1973) per rendere più efficiente l'Anagrafe tributaria. Esso viene attribuito e rilasciato dalla Agenzia delle Entrate e può ...
  476. [476]
    Calcolo Codice Fiscale Italiano ed Estero
    Rating 4.5 (3,654) · FreeIl Codice Fiscale è stato introdotto con il DPR 29 settembre 1973, n. 605 per rendere più efficiente l'Amministrazione Finanziaria. Attualmente è rilasciato ...
  477. [477]
    Da quanto tempo esiste il codice fiscale? Curiosità e informazioni ...
    Apr 5, 2024 · I primi codici fiscali, infatti, furono distribuiti solo nel 1976, quando venivano richiesti obbligatoriamente per la dichiarazione dei redditi.
  478. [478]
    Tax identification number for foreign citizens - Agenzia delle Entrate
    The tax identification number provides a means of identification of foreign citizens in their relations with public authorities and other administrations.
  479. [479]
    Codice Fiscale (Italian Tax Code)
    The Codice Fiscale is an alphanumerical code issued by the Italian Revenue Authority, similar to the U.S. Social Security Number. The Codice Fiscale is always ...
  480. [480]
    The codice fiscale: ID numbers in Italy - Expatica
    How the codice fiscale is calculated · Six letters: the first three consonants from your surname, followed by the first three from your first name. · Five numbers ...The codice fiscale in Italy · How to apply for a codice fiscale
  481. [481]
    The Italian Fiscal Code Number - Taxing.It
    An algorithm is used to calculate the tax code and works as follows: Surname (three letters): The consonants of your surname are taken in their order (last ...
  482. [482]
    Italian Tax Code (Codice Fiscale) - Studio Legale Metta
    Feb 24, 2023 · The Italian Codice Fiscale is an Italian identification code. The personal codice fiscale is the result of a formula applied to a person's name, date and place ...
  483. [483]
    [PDF] COS'È IL CODICE FISCALE A COSA SERVE - Agenzia Entrate
    Il codice fiscale identifica un cittadino nei rapporti con la Pubblica amministrazione ed è necessario per iscriversi al Servizio Sanitario Nazionale (Asl).
  484. [484]
    Il Codice Fiscale – Che cos'è e come si ottiene - Agenzia Entrate
    Mar 7, 2025 · I cittadini sprovvisti del codice fiscale possono richiederlo presentando il modello AA4/8 - pdf, compilato e sottoscritto, tramite posta ...
  485. [485]
    Verifica codice fiscale - Agenzia delle Entrate
    Verifica codice fiscale. Il servizio consente di: verificare l'esistenza e la corrispondenza di un codice fiscale con i dati anagrafici di una persona ...
  486. [486]
    Citizen service number (BSN) | Personal data - Government.nl
    The citizen service number (BSN) is a unique personal number allocated to everyone registered in the Personal Records Database (BRP).
  487. [487]
    How do I arrange for a Dutch BSN number (Sofi number)? - Carriere
    Sep 27, 2022 · Consisting of nine digits, this unique number replaced the so-called Sofi number ( Sociaal Fiscaal nummer) on January 1, 2007. Both numbers ...
  488. [488]
    What is a citizen service number? - NetherlandsWorldwide
    A citizen service number (BSN) is the unique personal number you are registered under in the Personal Records Database (BRP).Missing: introduction | Show results with:introduction
  489. [489]
    Netherlands TIN number guide | Lookup Tax
    Jan 24, 2024 · The Dutch Tax Identification Number (TIN) consists of 9 digits, for example, 999999999. It adheres to specific validation rules and a check digit verification ...
  490. [490]
    Dutch Burgerservicenummer (BSN) eleven-test
    Dec 8, 2016 · Introduction: A Dutch BSN (BurgerServiceNummer) is valid when it complies to the following rules: It only contains digits. The length should be ...
  491. [491]
    What is a Citizen Service Number | Tax Administration
    If you are registered in a Municipality in the Netherlands, you have a Citizen Service Number also known as Burgerservicenummer (BSN). What is a Citizen ...Missing: national | Show results with:national
  492. [492]
    Where can I find my citizen service number on my Dutch passport?
    Your citizen service number (BSN) is located either on the front or back of the personal details page of your Dutch passport.Missing: introduction format<|separator|>
  493. [493]
    The Burgerservicenummer (BSN) in the Netherlands - Expatica
    The Burgerservicenummer functions as a social security number, a national identification number, and a tax number in the Netherlands.
  494. [494]
    Citizen service number (BSN) in the Netherlands - Business.gov.nl
    This is a unique personal number, which you use to identify yourself to government agencies. As a non-governmental organisation, you may only ask for and record ...
  495. [495]
    Citizen Service Number (BSN) | Autoriteit Persoonsgegevens
    Apr 9, 2025 · The citizen service number (Dutch BSN) is a unique personal identification number that is intended for the contact between citizens and the government.Missing: history | Show results with:history
  496. [496]
    Identification numbers in Norway - The Norwegian Tax Administration
    A national identity number consists of 11 digits, of which the first six digits indicate the person's date of birth. Both Norwegian and foreign citizens can be ...
  497. [497]
    National identity number - UDI
    The national identity number consists of 11 digits. The first six digits normally correspond to your date of birth while the five last digits are known as the ...
  498. [498]
    The Norwegian national identification numbering system - NTNU Open
    The Norwegian national identification numbering system, introduced in the 1960s, is an important tool used in all parts of public administration in Norway today ...
  499. [499]
    National identity numbers - The Norwegian Tax Administration
    A Norwegian national identity number is a unique identification number that will remain the same all your life. It consists of 11 digits, of which the first six ...
  500. [500]
    Norwegian identification numbers | Nordic cooperation
    Norway has two ID numbers: a national ID for those living/born there, and a temporary D number for those staying less than six months.
  501. [501]
    D number - UDI
    The D number consists of 11 numbers. The first six numbers show the date of birth, with the first number increased by 4. For example, if you were born on 01.01.
  502. [502]
    [PDF] Poland – Information on Tax Identification Numbers | OECD
    PESEL register operates since 1977 and contains details of persons residing permanently in the territory of the Republic of. Poland, domiciled for permanent ...
  503. [503]
    Obtain a PESEL Number – a service provided to foreigners - Gov.pl
    Eligibility for obtaining a PESEL Number · You will obtain the PESEL Number ex officio – if you register your residence in Poland for a stay of over 30 days.
  504. [504]
    The process of assigning PESEL numbers to war refugees ... - Gov.pl
    Mar 16, 2022 · "The process of assigning PESEL numbers to refugees started today. Within two weeks, we passed a law providing a legal basis for the ...
  505. [505]
    Czym jest rejestr PESEL - Gov.pl
    PESEL, czyli Powszechny Elektroniczny System Ewidencji Ludności, jest jednym z podstawowych rejestrów w Polsce. Zawiera informacje o obywatelach polskich ...
  506. [506]
    Check your or your child's details in the PESEL register and ... - Gov.pl
    Mar 20, 2025 · Click this button: Check the details in the PESEL register or download the certificate. The system will redirect you to your trusted profile ...
  507. [507]
    Citizen Card - Consulado Geral de Portugal em Goa
    The Citizen's Card is the new multipurpose identification document for Portuguese Citizens, in a smart card format, with an integrated chip.
  508. [508]
    PRADO - PRT-BO-03001 - Council of the European Union
    The Citizen Card replaces the following cards: identity card, tax number identification card, social security card, national health service user card, polling ...Missing: structure | Show results with:structure
  509. [509]
    Cartão de Cidadão 2024 - IRN - Justiça.gov.pt
    O novo Cartão de Cidadão entrou em vigor a 11 de junho de 2024. Instituto dos Registos e do Notariado / Documentos de Identificação / Cartão de Cidadão ...Missing: introduction date
  510. [510]
    https://trustdochub.com/en/product/portuguese-identity-card-validity/
  511. [511]
    Definição de entidade de número de cidadão de Portugal card
    Padrão. Doze carateres alfanuméricos: Oito dígitos; Um espaço opcional ou um travessão "-"; Um dígito; Um espaço opcional; Dois ...Formatar · Padrão<|separator|>
  512. [512]
    [PDF] Portugal - Information on Tax Identification Numbers Section I – TIN ...
    The structure of the numbering System consists by 9 sequential digits with a control digit. The structure of fiscal numbers depending on the type of taxpayer.
  513. [513]
    Applying for a taxpayer identification number (NIF) for a natural person
    A NIF is needed for purchasing goods/services. Portuguese nationals get it with a Citizen's Card. Others can apply at the Tax Office, or via a tax ...
  514. [514]
    Apply for a Social Security Identification Number (NISS) - gov.pt
    Non-nationals and Portuguese citizens with a lifetime ID card can apply for an NISS. You can apply for an NISS online.
  515. [515]
    Cartão de Cidadão - Serviços consulares - Assuntos Consulares
    O cartão de cidadão é o novo documento de identificação multifuncional dos cidadãos portugueses, em formato de um cartão magnético, com um chip que permite o ...
  516. [516]
    Cálculo del Dígito de Control del NIF-NIE - Ministerio del Interior
    Los NIE de extranjeros residentes en España tienen una letra (X, Y, Z), 7 números y dígito de control. Para el cálculo del dígito de control se sustituye: X → 0 ...
  517. [517]
    Qué significa la letra del DNI y cómo calcularla - Infobae
    Sep 2, 2024 · Al ser calculada mediante un algoritmo específico, la letra actúa como un código de control. Esto significa que, si alguien intenta ingresar un ...
  518. [518]
    Spanish ID cards, evolution and meaning of DNI 3.0 fields - Mobbeel
    The current Spanish ID Card was born on March 2, 1944 but it has evolved until the DNI 3.0, an electronic identity card with unique features.
  519. [519]
    ¿Cómo se asignan los números del DNI? - NIUS - Telecinco
    Sep 27, 2022 · Un número: es el primer dígito de control. Número del DNI, con letra. Fecha de nacimiento, con el formato de dos últimas cifras del año, mes y ...
  520. [520]
    Differences between the DNI, the NIE and the NIF - La Moncloa
    Dec 20, 2024 · The National Identity Document (DNI) is the public, official, personal and non-transferable document that proves the identity, personal details ...
  521. [521]
    PRADO - ESP-BO-03001 - Council of the European Union
    From the age of 14, all Spanish nationals are obliged to have a Documento Nacional de Identidad (identity card); before that age it is optional.
  522. [522]
    Spanish DNI: Complete Guide to the Identity Card | Hiliv
    The DNI number is a unique identification number whose structure includes eight digits followed by a control letter. These letters and numbers have a specific ...Missing: history | Show results with:history
  523. [523]
    [PDF] The evolution of the Spanish eID Card - OC-CCN
    DNI is absolutely integrated in Spanish society. • Universal and mandatory Spanish identification card since. 1937. • Compulsory for all main documents ...
  524. [524]
    Tax Identification Number (NIF)
    As a general rule, the Tax Identification Number of natural persons of Spanish nationality will be their Spanish National ID (DNI), followed by a verification ...<|separator|>
  525. [525]
    https://www.skatteverket.se/servicelankar/otherlanguages/englishengelska/individualsandemployees/livinginsweden/personalidentitynumbers.4.2cf1b5cd163796a5c8b4295.html
  526. [526]
    Swedish personal identity number | Nordic cooperation
    It is made up of the date of birth (YYMMDD), followed by four figures. The personal identity number is usually used in contacts with Swedish public agencies, ...
  527. [527]
    [PDF] Sweden TIN - Information on Tax Identification Numbers - OECD
    This card is used for identification in Sweden and cannot replace a passport or national identity card when travelling. The. TIN is found under the heading ...
  528. [528]
    Coordination numbers - Skatteverket
    A coordination number is a unique identifier that the Swedish Tax Agency can assign to an individual who has never been listed in the Population Register.
  529. [529]
    National identity register destroyed as government consigns ID card ...
    Feb 10, 2011 · National Identity Register (NIR), built to hold the fingerprints and personal details of millions of ID card holders, publicly destroyed.<|control11|><|separator|>
  530. [530]
    introduction: Your National Insurance number - GOV.UK
    It's made up of 2 letters, 6 numbers and a final letter. For example, QQ123456B. You'll usually get a letter confirming your National Insurance number shortly ...
  531. [531]
    Apply for a National Insurance number: How to apply - GOV.UK
    What documents you'll need · a passport from any country · a national identity card from an EU country or from Norway, Liechtenstein or Switzerland.
  532. [532]
    Find your National Insurance number - GOV.UK
    Your National Insurance number is made up of 2 letters, 6 numbers and a final letter, for example, QQ123456B. This page is also available in Welsh (Cymraeg).
  533. [533]
    [PDF] United Kingdom Information on Tax Identification Numbers Section I
    The other reference used in the UK, is the National Insurance Number (NINO). This consists of two letters, six numbers and a suffix letter A, B, ...<|separator|>
  534. [534]
    Australia - Baker Mckenzie
    As there is no National ID card in Australia, individuals should refer to the respected Jurisdiction for further Information.<|separator|>
  535. [535]
    Roger Clarke's 'Australia Card'
    During 1985-86 the Federal Government developed a proposal for a national identification scheme. Following increasing public concern about the scheme's ...
  536. [536]
    JUST ANOTHER PIECE OF PLASTIC FOR YOUR WALLET
    During 1985–87 the Australian Government developed a proposal for a national identification scheme. With public concern about the scheme's implications ...
  537. [537]
    Definition of 'identifier' - Australian Law Reform Commission
    Aug 16, 2010 · A Commonwealth government identifier is a unique combination of letters and numbers, such as a Medicare number, which Commonwealth government agencies or ...
  538. [538]
    Welcome to USI - Unique Student Identifier
    Your Unique Student Identifier (USI) is your personal education number required for all nationally recognised study, including university and vocational ...Find your USI · Create your USI · Login · Students
  539. [539]
    Australia's Digital ID system - Department of Finance
    A national, economy-wide Digital ID System that provides Australians with a voluntary, secure, convenient, and inclusive way of verifying their identity online.
  540. [540]
    Digital ID | Digital ID System
    From 30 November 2024, state and territory government services will be able to apply to join the Australian Government Digital ID System as a relying service.
  541. [541]
    https://www.digital.govt.nz/standards-and-guidance/identity/identification-management/identification-standards/overview-of-the-identification-standards/
  542. [542]
    Proving and protecting your identity | New Zealand Government
    You can prove your identity by ordering birth, marriage, death, or name change certificates, using RealMe online, or getting documents translated.Missing: system | Show results with:system
  543. [543]
    How to verify a New Zealand citizen - Data Zoo
    Oct 4, 2019 · ... New Zealand does not issue a National Identity Card. Similar to Australia, acceptable types of government-issued ID New Zealand include ...
  544. [544]
    IRD numbers
    Oct 5, 2025 · An IRD number is for personal use (for example, you or your child) or if you have a company, trust, partnership or other type of business.New arrival to New Zealand · Find my IRD number · Living in New Zealand
  545. [545]
    IRD numbers for individuals
    Oct 5, 2025 · Your IRD number is unique to you, and you keep the same IRD number for life. How you apply for one depends on if you're currently in New Zealand ...New arrival to New Zealand · Living in New Zealand · Cannot get my IRD number...
  546. [546]
    https://www.ird.govt.nz/managing-my-tax/ird-numbers/ird-numbers-for-individuals/living-and-new-zealand-and-not-a-new-arrival---ird-number-application
  547. [547]
    [PDF] New Zealand Information on Tax Identification Numbers Section I ...
    May 11, 2023 · NZ's IRD number is a unique number issued by Inland Revenue to customers, both individuals and non-individuals (such as Companies, Partnerships ...
  548. [548]
    New Zealand finalizes Digital Identity Services Trust Framework
    Nov 28, 2024 · New Zealand's new Digital Identity Services Trust Framework (DISTF) rules are part of the country's larger push to roll out a suite of digital identity ...
  549. [549]
    New Zealand - Statelessness Encyclopedia Asia Pacific - SEAP
    Jul 3, 2025 · While not a digital ID in itself, Identity Check is a government facial recognition system, a part of New Zealand's digital ID system, which ...
  550. [550]
    Kiwi Access Card (18+) - Apply for evidence of age and identity card
    The Kiwi Access Card is a government-recognized photographic ID and evidence of age card, valid for 10 years, for those over 18, and can be applied for online ...Anyone needing photo ID · FAQs · Who is Kiwi Access Card for? · Where to apply